* dwarf2-frame.c (read_encoded_value): Change type of third

[deliverable/binutils-gdb.git] / gas / doc / c-xtensa.texi

@c Copyright (C) 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GAS manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
@c
@ifset GENERIC
@page
@node Xtensa-Dependent
@chapter Xtensa Dependent Features
@end ifset
@ifclear GENERIC
@node Machine Dependencies
@chapter Xtensa Dependent Features
@end ifclear

@cindex Xtensa architecture
This chapter covers features of the @sc{gnu} assembler that are specific
to the Xtensa architecture.  For details about the Xtensa instruction
set, please consult the @cite{Xtensa Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Reference Manual}.

@menu
* Xtensa Options::              Command-line Options.
* Xtensa Syntax::               Assembler Syntax for Xtensa Processors.
* Xtensa Optimizations::        Assembler Optimizations.
* Xtensa Relaxation::           Other Automatic Transformations.
* Xtensa Directives::           Directives for Xtensa Processors.
@end menu

@node Xtensa Options
@section Command Line Options

The Xtensa version of the @sc{gnu} assembler supports these
special options:

@table @code
@item --text-section-literals | --no-text-section-literals
@kindex --text-section-literals
@kindex --no-text-section-literals
Control the treatment of literal pools.  The default is
@samp{--no-@-text-@-section-@-literals}, which places literals in a
separate section in the output file.  This allows the literal pool to be
placed in a data RAM/ROM.  With @samp{--text-@-section-@-literals}, the
literals are interspersed in the text section in order to keep them as
close as possible to their references.  This may be necessary for large
assembly files, where the literals would otherwise be out of range of the
@code{L32R} instructions in the text section.  These options only affect
literals referenced via PC-relative @code{L32R} instructions; literals
for absolute mode @code{L32R} instructions are handled separately.

@item --absolute-literals | --no-absolute-literals
@kindex --absolute-literals
@kindex --no-absolute-literals
Indicate to the assembler whether @code{L32R} instructions use absolute
or PC-relative addressing.  If the processor includes the absolute
addressing option, the default is to use absolute @code{L32R}
relocations.  Otherwise, only the PC-relative @code{L32R} relocations
can be used.

@item --target-align | --no-target-align
@kindex --target-align
@kindex --no-target-align
Enable or disable automatic alignment to reduce branch penalties at some
expense in code size.  @xref{Xtensa Automatic Alignment, ,Automatic
Instruction Alignment}.  This optimization is enabled by default.  Note
that the assembler will always align instructions like @code{LOOP} that
have fixed alignment requirements.

@item --longcalls | --no-longcalls
@kindex --longcalls
@kindex --no-longcalls
Enable or disable transformation of call instructions to allow calls
across a greater range of addresses.  @xref{Xtensa Call Relaxation,
,Function Call Relaxation}.  This option should be used when call
targets can potentially be out of range.  It may degrade both code size
and performance, but the linker can generally optimize away the
unnecessary overhead when a call ends up within range.  The default is
@samp{--no-@-longcalls}.

@item --transform | --no-transform
@kindex --transform
@kindex --no-transform
Enable or disable all assembler transformations of Xtensa instructions,
including both relaxation and optimization.  The default is
@samp{--transform}; @samp{--no-transform} should only be used in the
rare cases when the instructions must be exactly as specified in the
assembly source.  Using @samp{--no-transform} causes out of range
instruction operands to be errors.
@end table

@node Xtensa Syntax
@section Assembler Syntax
@cindex syntax, Xtensa assembler
@cindex Xtensa assembler syntax
@cindex FLIX syntax

Block comments are delimited by @samp{/*} and @samp{*/}.  End of line
comments may be introduced with either @samp{#} or @samp{//}.

Instructions consist of a leading opcode or macro name followed by
whitespace and an optional comma-separated list of operands:

@smallexample
@var{opcode} [@var{operand}, @dots{}]
@end smallexample

Instructions must be separated by a newline or semicolon.

FLIX instructions, which bundle multiple opcodes together in a single
instruction, are specified by enclosing the bundled opcodes inside
braces:

@smallexample
@{
[@var{format}]
@var{opcode0} [@var{operands}]
@var{opcode1} [@var{operands}]
@var{opcode2} [@var{operands}]
@dots{}
@}
@end smallexample

The opcodes in a FLIX instruction are listed in the same order as the
corresponding instruction slots in the TIE format declaration.
Directives and labels are not allowed inside the braces of a FLIX
instruction.  A particular TIE format name can optionally be specified
immediately after the opening brace, but this is usually unnecessary.
The assembler will automatically search for a format that can encode the
specified opcodes, so the format name need only be specified in rare
cases where there is more than one applicable format and where it
matters which of those formats is used.  A FLIX instruction can also be
specified on a single line by separating the opcodes with semicolons:

@smallexample
@{ [@var{format};] @var{opcode0} [@var{operands}]; @var{opcode1} [@var{operands}]; @var{opcode2} [@var{operands}]; @dots{} @}
@end smallexample

The assembler can automatically bundle opcodes into FLIX instructions.
It encodes the opcodes in order, one at a time,
choosing the smallest format where each opcode can be encoded and
filling unused instruction slots with no-ops.

@menu
* Xtensa Opcodes::              Opcode Naming Conventions.
* Xtensa Registers::            Register Naming.
@end menu

@node Xtensa Opcodes
@subsection Opcode Names
@cindex Xtensa opcode names
@cindex opcode names, Xtensa

See the @cite{Xtensa Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Reference
Manual} for a complete list of opcodes and descriptions of their
semantics.

@cindex _ opcode prefix
If an opcode name is prefixed with an underscore character (@samp{_}),
@command{@value{AS}} will not transform that instruction in any way.  The
underscore prefix disables both optimization (@pxref{Xtensa
Optimizations, ,Xtensa Optimizations}) and relaxation (@pxref{Xtensa
Relaxation, ,Xtensa Relaxation}) for that particular instruction.  Only
use the underscore prefix when it is essential to select the exact
opcode produced by the assembler.  Using this feature unnecessarily
makes the code less efficient by disabling assembler optimization and
less flexible by disabling relaxation.

Note that this special handling of underscore prefixes only applies to
Xtensa opcodes, not to either built-in macros or user-defined macros.
When an underscore prefix is used with a macro (e.g., @code{_MOV}), it
refers to a different macro.  The assembler generally provides built-in
macros both with and without the underscore prefix, where the underscore
versions behave as if the underscore carries through to the instructions
in the macros.  For example, @code{_MOV} may expand to @code{_MOV.N}@.

The underscore prefix only applies to individual instructions, not to
series of instructions.  For example, if a series of instructions have
underscore prefixes, the assembler will not transform the individual
instructions, but it may insert other instructions between them (e.g.,
to align a @code{LOOP} instruction).  To prevent the assembler from
modifying a series of instructions as a whole, use the
@code{no-transform} directive.  @xref{Transform Directive, ,transform}.

@node Xtensa Registers
@subsection Register Names
@cindex Xtensa register names
@cindex register names, Xtensa
@cindex sp register

The assembly syntax for a register file entry is the ``short'' name for
a TIE register file followed by the index into that register file.  For
example, the general-purpose @code{AR} register file has a short name of
@code{a}, so these registers are named @code{a0}@dots{}@code{a15}.
As a special feature, @code{sp} is also supported as a synonym for
@code{a1}.  Additional registers may be added by processor configuration
options and by designer-defined TIE extensions.  An initial @samp{$}
character is optional in all register names.

@node Xtensa Optimizations
@section Xtensa Optimizations
@cindex optimizations

The optimizations currently supported by @command{@value{AS}} are
generation of density instructions where appropriate and automatic
branch target alignment.

@menu
* Density Instructions::        Using Density Instructions.
* Xtensa Automatic Alignment::  Automatic Instruction Alignment.
@end menu

@node Density Instructions
@subsection Using Density Instructions
@cindex density instructions

The Xtensa instruction set has a code density option that provides
16-bit versions of some of the most commonly used opcodes.  Use of these
opcodes can significantly reduce code size.  When possible, the
assembler automatically translates instructions from the core
Xtensa instruction set into equivalent instructions from the Xtensa code
density option.  This translation can be disabled by using underscore
prefixes (@pxref{Xtensa Opcodes, ,Opcode Names}), by using the
@samp{--no-transform} command-line option (@pxref{Xtensa Options, ,Command
Line Options}), or by using the @code{no-transform} directive
(@pxref{Transform Directive, ,transform}).

It is a good idea @emph{not} to use the density instructions directly.
The assembler will automatically select dense instructions where
possible.  If you later need to use an Xtensa processor without the code
density option, the same assembly code will then work without modification.

@node Xtensa Automatic Alignment
@subsection Automatic Instruction Alignment
@cindex alignment of @code{LOOP} instructions
@cindex alignment of @code{ENTRY} instructions
@cindex alignment of branch targets
@cindex @code{LOOP} instructions, alignment
@cindex @code{ENTRY} instructions, alignment
@cindex branch target alignment

The Xtensa assembler will automatically align certain instructions, both
to optimize performance and to satisfy architectural requirements.

As an optimization to improve performance, the assembler attempts to
align branch targets so they do not cross instruction fetch boundaries.
(Xtensa processors can be configured with either 32-bit or 64-bit
instruction fetch widths.)  An
instruction immediately following a call is treated as a branch target
in this context, because it will be the target of a return from the
call.  This alignment has the potential to reduce branch penalties at
some expense in code size.  The assembler will not attempt to align
labels with the prefixes @code{.Ln} and @code{.LM}, since these labels
are used for debugging information and are not typically branch targets.
This optimization is enabled by default.  You can disable it with the
@samp{--no-target-@-align} command-line option (@pxref{Xtensa Options,
,Command Line Options}).

The target alignment optimization is done without adding instructions
that could increase the execution time of the program.  If there are
density instructions in the code preceding a target, the assembler can
change the target alignment by widening some of those instructions to
the equivalent 24-bit instructions.  Extra bytes of padding can be
inserted immediately following unconditional jump and return
instructions.
This approach is usually successful in aligning many, but not all,
branch targets.

The @code{LOOP} family of instructions must be aligned such that the
first instruction in the loop body does not cross an instruction fetch
boundary (e.g., with a 32-bit fetch width, a @code{LOOP} instruction
must be on either a 1 or 2 mod 4 byte boundary).  The assembler knows
about this restriction and inserts the minimal number of 2 or 3 byte
no-op instructions to satisfy it.  When no-op instructions are added,
any label immediately preceding the original loop will be moved in order
to refer to the loop instruction, not the newly generated no-op
instruction.  To preserve binary compatibility across processors with
different fetch widths, the assembler conservatively assumes a 32-bit
fetch width when aligning @code{LOOP} instructions (except if the first
instruction in the loop is a 64-bit instruction).

Similarly, the @code{ENTRY} instruction must be aligned on a 0 mod 4
byte boundary.  The assembler satisfies this requirement by inserting
zero bytes when required.  In addition, labels immediately preceding the
@code{ENTRY} instruction will be moved to the newly aligned instruction
location.

@node Xtensa Relaxation
@section Xtensa Relaxation
@cindex relaxation

When an instruction operand is outside the range allowed for that
particular instruction field, @command{@value{AS}} can transform the code
to use a functionally-equivalent instruction or sequence of
instructions.  This process is known as @dfn{relaxation}.  This is
typically done for branch instructions because the distance of the
branch targets is not known until assembly-time.  The Xtensa assembler
offers branch relaxation and also extends this concept to function
calls, @code{MOVI} instructions and other instructions with immediate
fields.

@menu
* Xtensa Branch Relaxation::        Relaxation of Branches.
* Xtensa Call Relaxation::          Relaxation of Function Calls.
* Xtensa Immediate Relaxation::     Relaxation of other Immediate Fields.
@end menu

@node Xtensa Branch Relaxation
@subsection Conditional Branch Relaxation
@cindex relaxation of branch instructions
@cindex branch instructions, relaxation

When the target of a branch is too far away from the branch itself,
i.e., when the offset from the branch to the target is too large to fit
in the immediate field of the branch instruction, it may be necessary to
replace the branch with a branch around a jump.  For example,

@smallexample
    beqz    a2, L
@end smallexample

may result in:

@smallexample
    bnez.n  a2, M
    j L
M:
@end smallexample

(The @code{BNEZ.N} instruction would be used in this example only if the
density option is available.  Otherwise, @code{BNEZ} would be used.)

This relaxation works well because the unconditional jump instruction
has a much larger offset range than the various conditional branches.
However, an error will occur if a branch target is beyond the range of a
jump instruction.  @command{@value{AS}} cannot relax unconditional jumps.
Similarly, an error will occur if the original input contains an
unconditional jump to a target that is out of range.

Branch relaxation is enabled by default.  It can be disabled by using
underscore prefixes (@pxref{Xtensa Opcodes, ,Opcode Names}), the
@samp{--no-transform} command-line option (@pxref{Xtensa Options,
,Command Line Options}), or the @code{no-transform} directive
(@pxref{Transform Directive, ,transform}).

@node Xtensa Call Relaxation
@subsection Function Call Relaxation
@cindex relaxation of call instructions
@cindex call instructions, relaxation

Function calls may require relaxation because the Xtensa immediate call
instructions (@code{CALL0}, @code{CALL4}, @code{CALL8} and
@code{CALL12}) provide a PC-relative offset of only 512 Kbytes in either
direction.  For larger programs, it may be necessary to use indirect
calls (@code{CALLX0}, @code{CALLX4}, @code{CALLX8} and @code{CALLX12})
where the target address is specified in a register.  The Xtensa
assembler can automatically relax immediate call instructions into
indirect call instructions.  This relaxation is done by loading the
address of the called function into the callee's return address register
and then using a @code{CALLX} instruction.  So, for example:

@smallexample
    call8 func
@end smallexample

might be relaxed to:

@smallexample
    .literal .L1, func
    l32r    a8, .L1
    callx8  a8
@end smallexample

Because the addresses of targets of function calls are not generally
known until link-time, the assembler must assume the worst and relax all
the calls to functions in other source files, not just those that really
will be out of range.  The linker can recognize calls that were
unnecessarily relaxed, and it will remove the overhead introduced by the
assembler for those cases where direct calls are sufficient.

Call relaxation is disabled by default because it can have a negative
effect on both code size and performance, although the linker can
usually eliminate the unnecessary overhead.  If a program is too large
and some of the calls are out of range, function call relaxation can be
enabled using the @samp{--longcalls} command-line option or the
@code{longcalls} directive (@pxref{Longcalls Directive, ,longcalls}).

@node Xtensa Immediate Relaxation
@subsection Other Immediate Field Relaxation
@cindex immediate fields, relaxation
@cindex relaxation of immediate fields

The assembler normally performs the following other relaxations.  They
can be disabled by using underscore prefixes (@pxref{Xtensa Opcodes,
,Opcode Names}), the @samp{--no-transform} command-line option
(@pxref{Xtensa Options, ,Command Line Options}), or the
@code{no-transform} directive (@pxref{Transform Directive, ,transform}).

@cindex @code{MOVI} instructions, relaxation
@cindex relaxation of @code{MOVI} instructions
The @code{MOVI} machine instruction can only materialize values in the
range from -2048 to 2047.  Values outside this range are best
materialized with @code{L32R} instructions.  Thus:

@smallexample
    movi a0, 100000
@end smallexample

is assembled into the following machine code:

@smallexample
    .literal .L1, 100000
    l32r a0, .L1
@end smallexample

@cindex @code{L8UI} instructions, relaxation
@cindex @code{L16SI} instructions, relaxation
@cindex @code{L16UI} instructions, relaxation
@cindex @code{L32I} instructions, relaxation
@cindex relaxation of @code{L8UI} instructions
@cindex relaxation of @code{L16SI} instructions
@cindex relaxation of @code{L16UI} instructions
@cindex relaxation of @code{L32I} instructions
The @code{L8UI} machine instruction can only be used with immediate
offsets in the range from 0 to 255. The @code{L16SI} and @code{L16UI}
machine instructions can only be used with offsets from 0 to 510.  The
@code{L32I} machine instruction can only be used with offsets from 0 to
1020.  A load offset outside these ranges can be materalized with
an @code{L32R} instruction if the destination register of the load
is different than the source address register.  For example:

@smallexample
    l32i a1, a0, 2040
@end smallexample

is translated to:

@smallexample
    .literal .L1, 2040
    l32r a1, .L1
    addi a1, a0, a1
    l32i a1, a1, 0
@end smallexample

@noindent
If the load destination and source address register are the same, an
out-of-range offset causes an error.

@cindex @code{ADDI} instructions, relaxation
@cindex relaxation of @code{ADDI} instructions
The Xtensa @code{ADDI} instruction only allows immediate operands in the
range from -128 to 127.  There are a number of alternate instruction
sequences for the @code{ADDI} operation.  First, if the
immediate is 0, the @code{ADDI} will be turned into a @code{MOV.N}
instruction (or the equivalent @code{OR} instruction if the code density
option is not available).  If the @code{ADDI} immediate is outside of
the range -128 to 127, but inside the range -32896 to 32639, an
@code{ADDMI} instruction or @code{ADDMI}/@code{ADDI} sequence will be
used.  Finally, if the immediate is outside of this range and a free
register is available, an @code{L32R}/@code{ADD} sequence will be used
with a literal allocated from the literal pool.

For example:

@smallexample
    addi    a5, a6, 0
    addi    a5, a6, 512
    addi    a5, a6, 513
    addi    a5, a6, 50000
@end smallexample

is assembled into the following:

@smallexample
    .literal .L1, 50000
    mov.n   a5, a6
    addmi   a5, a6, 0x200
    addmi   a5, a6, 0x200
    addi    a5, a5, 1
    l32r    a5, .L1
    add     a5, a6, a5
@end smallexample

@node Xtensa Directives
@section Directives
@cindex Xtensa directives
@cindex directives, Xtensa

The Xtensa assember supports a region-based directive syntax:

@smallexample
    .begin @var{directive} [@var{options}]
    @dots{}
    .end @var{directive}
@end smallexample

All the Xtensa-specific directives that apply to a region of code use
this syntax.

The directive applies to code between the @code{.begin} and the
@code{.end}.  The state of the option after the @code{.end} reverts to
what it was before the @code{.begin}.
A nested @code{.begin}/@code{.end} region can further
change the state of the directive without having to be aware of its
outer state.  For example, consider:

@smallexample
    .begin no-transform
L:  add a0, a1, a2
    .begin transform
M:  add a0, a1, a2
    .end transform
N:  add a0, a1, a2
    .end no-transform
@end smallexample

The @code{ADD} opcodes at @code{L} and @code{N} in the outer
@code{no-transform} region both result in @code{ADD} machine instructions,
but the assembler selects an @code{ADD.N} instruction for the
@code{ADD} at @code{M} in the inner @code{transform} region.

The advantage of this style is that it works well inside macros which can
preserve the context of their callers.

The following directives are available:
@menu
* Schedule Directive::         Enable instruction scheduling.
* Longcalls Directive::        Use Indirect Calls for Greater Range.
* Transform Directive::        Disable All Assembler Transformations.
* Literal Directive::          Intermix Literals with Instructions.
* Literal Position Directive:: Specify Inline Literal Pool Locations.
* Literal Prefix Directive::   Specify Literal Section Name Prefix.
* Absolute Literals Directive:: Control PC-Relative vs. Absolute Literals.
* Frame Directive::            Describe a stack frame.
@end menu

@node Schedule Directive
@subsection schedule
@cindex @code{schedule} directive
@cindex @code{no-schedule} directive

The @code{schedule} directive is recognized only for compatibility with
Tensilica's assembler.

@smallexample
    .begin [no-]schedule
    .end [no-]schedule
@end smallexample

This directive is ignored and has no effect on @command{@value{AS}}.

@node Longcalls Directive
@subsection longcalls
@cindex @code{longcalls} directive
@cindex @code{no-longcalls} directive

The @code{longcalls} directive enables or disables function call
relaxation.  @xref{Xtensa Call Relaxation, ,Function Call Relaxation}.

@smallexample
    .begin [no-]longcalls
    .end [no-]longcalls
@end smallexample

Call relaxation is disabled by default unless the @samp{--longcalls}
command-line option is specified.  The @code{longcalls} directive
overrides the default determined by the command-line options.

@node Transform Directive
@subsection transform
@cindex @code{transform} directive
@cindex @code{no-transform} directive

This directive enables or disables all assembler transformation,
including relaxation (@pxref{Xtensa Relaxation, ,Xtensa Relaxation}) and
optimization (@pxref{Xtensa Optimizations, ,Xtensa Optimizations}).

@smallexample
    .begin [no-]transform
    .end [no-]transform
@end smallexample

Transformations are enabled by default unless the @samp{--no-transform}
option is used.  The @code{transform} directive overrides the default
determined by the command-line options.  An underscore opcode prefix,
disabling transformation of that opcode, always takes precedence over
both directives and command-line flags.

@node Literal Directive
@subsection literal
@cindex @code{literal} directive

The @code{.literal} directive is used to define literal pool data, i.e., 
read-only 32-bit data accessed via @code{L32R} instructions.

@smallexample
    .literal @var{label}, @var{value}[, @var{value}@dots{}]
@end smallexample

This directive is similar to the standard @code{.word} directive, except
that the actual location of the literal data is determined by the
assembler and linker, not by the position of the @code{.literal}
directive.  Using this directive gives the assembler freedom to locate
the literal data in the most appropriate place and possibly to combine
identical literals.  For example, the code:

@smallexample
    entry sp, 40
    .literal .L1, sym
    l32r    a4, .L1
@end smallexample

can be used to load a pointer to the symbol @code{sym} into register
@code{a4}.  The value of @code{sym} will not be placed between the
@code{ENTRY} and @code{L32R} instructions; instead, the assembler puts
the data in a literal pool.

Literal pools for absolute mode @code{L32R} instructions
(@pxref{Absolute Literals Directive}) are placed in a seperate
@code{.lit4} section.  By default literal pools for PC-relative mode
@code{L32R} instructions are placed in a separate @code{.literal}
section; however, when using the @samp{--text-@-section-@-literals}
option (@pxref{Xtensa Options, ,Command Line Options}), the literal
pools are placed in the current section.  These text section literal
pools are created automatically before @code{ENTRY} instructions and
manually after @samp{.literal_position} directives (@pxref{Literal
Position Directive, ,literal_position}).  If there are no preceding
@code{ENTRY} instructions, explicit @code{.literal_position} directives
must be used to place the text section literal pools; otherwise,
@command{@value{AS}} will report an error.

@node Literal Position Directive
@subsection literal_position
@cindex @code{literal_position} directive

When using @samp{--text-@-section-@-literals} to place literals inline
in the section being assembled, the @code{.literal_position} directive
can be used to mark a potential location for a literal pool.

@smallexample
    .literal_position
@end smallexample

The @code{.literal_position} directive is ignored when the
@samp{--text-@-section-@-literals} option is not used or when
@code{L32R} instructions use the absolute addressing mode.

The assembler will automatically place text section literal pools 
before @code{ENTRY} instructions, so the @code{.literal_position}
directive is only needed to specify some other location for a literal
pool.  You may need to add an explicit jump instruction to skip over an
inline literal pool.

For example, an interrupt vector does not begin with an @code{ENTRY}
instruction so the assembler will be unable to automatically find a good
place to put a literal pool.  Moreover, the code for the interrupt
vector must be at a specific starting address, so the literal pool
cannot come before the start of the code.  The literal pool for the
vector must be explicitly positioned in the middle of the vector (before
any uses of the literals, due to the negative offsets used by
PC-relative @code{L32R} instructions).  The @code{.literal_position}
directive can be used to do this.  In the following code, the literal
for @samp{M} will automatically be aligned correctly and is placed after
the unconditional jump.

@smallexample
    .global M
code_start:
    j continue
    .literal_position
    .align 4
continue:
    movi    a4, M
@end smallexample

@node Literal Prefix Directive
@subsection literal_prefix
@cindex @code{literal_prefix} directive

The @code{literal_prefix} directive allows you to specify different
sections to hold literals from different portions of an assembly file.
With this directive, a single assembly file can be used to generate code
into multiple sections, including literals generated by the assembler.

@smallexample
    .begin literal_prefix [@var{name}]
    .end literal_prefix
@end smallexample

By default the assembler places literal pools in sections separate from
the instructions, using the default literal section names of
@code{.literal} for PC-relative mode @code{L32R} instructions and
@code{.lit4} for absolute mode @code{L32R} instructions (@pxref{Absolute
Literals Directive}).  The @code{literal_prefix} directive causes
different literal sections to be used for the code inside the delimited
region.  The new literal sections are determined by including @var{name}
as a prefix to the default literal section names.  If the @var{name}
argument is omitted, the literal sections revert to the defaults.  This
directive has no effect when using the
@samp{--text-@-section-@-literals} option (@pxref{Xtensa Options,
,Command Line Options}).

Except for two special cases, the assembler determines the new literal
sections by simply prepending @var{name} to the default section names,
resulting in @code{@var{name}.literal} and @code{@var{name}.lit4}
sections.  The @code{literal_prefix} directive is often used with the
name of the current text section as the prefix argument.  To facilitate
this usage, the assembler uses special case rules when it recognizes
@var{name} as a text section name.  First, if @var{name} ends with
@code{.text}, that suffix is not included in the literal section name.
For example, if @var{name} is @code{.iram0.text}, then the literal
sections will be @code{.iram0.literal} and @code{.iram0.lit4}.  Second,
if @var{name} begins with @code{.gnu.linkonce.t.}, then the literal
section names are formed by replacing the @code{.t} substring with
@code{.literal} and @code{.lit4}.  For example, if @var{name} is
@code{.gnu.linkonce.t.func}, the literal sections will be
@code{.gnu.linkonce.literal.func} and @code{.gnu.linkonce.lit4.func}.

@node Absolute Literals Directive
@subsection absolute-literals
@cindex @code{absolute-literals} directive
@cindex @code{no-absolute-literals} directive

The @code{absolute-@-literals} and @code{no-@-absolute-@-literals}
directives control the absolute vs.@: PC-relative mode for @code{L32R}
instructions.  These are relevant only for Xtensa configurations that
include the absolute addressing option for @code{L32R} instructions.

@smallexample
    .begin [no-]absolute-literals
    .end [no-]absolute-literals
@end smallexample

These directives do not change the @code{L32R} mode---they only cause
the assembler to emit the appropriate kind of relocation for @code{L32R}
instructions and to place the literal values in the appropriate section.
To change the @code{L32R} mode, the program must write the
@code{LITBASE} special register.  It is the programmer's responsibility
to keep track of the mode and indicate to the assembler which mode is
used in each region of code.

If the Xtensa configuration includes the absolute @code{L32R} addressing
option, the default is to assume absolute @code{L32R} addressing unless
the @samp{--no-@-absolute-@-literals} command-line option is specified.
Otherwise, the default is to assume PC-relative @code{L32R} addressing.
The @code{absolute-@-literals} directive can then be used to override
the default determined by the command-line options.

@node Frame Directive
@subsection frame
@cindex @code{frame} directive

This directive tells the assembler to emit information to allow the
debugger to locate a function's stack frame.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
    .frame @var{reg}, @var{size}
@end smallexample

where @var{reg} is the register used to hold the frame pointer (usually
the same as the stack pointer) and @var{size} is the size in bytes of
the stack frame.  The @code{.frame} directive is typically placed
near the @code{ENTRY} instruction for a function.

In many circumstances, this information just duplicates the
information given in the function's @code{ENTRY} instruction; however,
there are two cases where this is not true:

@enumerate
@item
The size of the stack frame is too big to fit in the immediate field
of the @code{ENTRY} instruction.

@item
The frame pointer is different than the stack pointer, as with functions
that call @code{alloca}.
@end enumerate

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