\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@setfilename gprof.info
-@c Copyright 1988, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@settitle GNU gprof
@setchapternewpage odd
-@ifinfo
+@c man begin INCLUDE
+@include bfdver.texi
+@c man end
+
+@ifnottex
@c This is a dir.info fragment to support semi-automated addition of
@c manuals to an info tree. zoo@cygnus.com is developing this facility.
-@format
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@dircategory Software development
+@direntry
* gprof: (gprof). Profiling your program's execution
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-@end format
-@end ifinfo
+@end direntry
+@end ifnottex
-@ifinfo
+@copying
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
-Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@c man end
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-@end ignore
-@end ifinfo
+@end copying
@finalout
@smallbook
@titlepage
@title GNU gprof
-@subtitle The @sc{gnu} Profiler
+@subtitle The @sc{gnu} Profiler
+@ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
+@subtitle @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
+@end ifset
+@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
@author Jay Fenlason and Richard Stallman
@page
Eric S. Raymond made some minor corrections and additions in 2003.
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@end titlepage
+@contents
@ifnottex
@node Top
execution time. We assume that you know how to write, compile, and
execute programs. @sc{gnu} @code{gprof} was written by Jay Fenlason.
+This manual is for @code{gprof}
+@ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
+@value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
+@end ifset
+version @value{VERSION}.
+
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
-Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
-section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
+Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included
+in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@menu
* Introduction:: What profiling means, and why it is useful.
@smallexample
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
-gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][@var{name}] ]
+gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQRStZ][@var{name}] ]
[ -I @var{dirs} ] [ -d[@var{num}] ] [ -k @var{from/to} ]
[ -m @var{min-count} ] [ -R @var{map_file} ] [ -t @var{table-length} ]
- [ --[no-]annotated-source[=@var{name}] ]
+ [ --[no-]annotated-source[=@var{name}] ]
[ --[no-]exec-counts[=@var{name}] ]
[ --[no-]flat-profile[=@var{name}] ] [ --[no-]graph[=@var{name}] ]
- [ --[no-]time=@var{name}] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ]
- [ --debug[=@var{level}] ] [ --function-ordering ]
+ [ --[no-]time=@var{name}] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ]
+ [ --debug[=@var{level}] ] [ --function-ordering ]
[ --file-ordering @var{map_file} ] [ --directory-path=@var{dirs} ]
[ --display-unused-functions ] [ --file-format=@var{name} ]
- [ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --min-count=@var{n} ]
- [ --no-static ] [ --print-path ] [ --separate-files ]
- [ --static-call-graph ] [ --sum ] [ --table-length=@var{len} ]
- [ --traditional ] [ --version ] [ --width=@var{n} ]
- [ --ignore-non-functions ] [ --demangle[=@var{STYLE}] ]
- [ --no-demangle ] [ @var{image-file} ] [ @var{profile-file} @dots{} ]
+ [ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --inline-file-names ]
+ [ --min-count=@var{n} ] [ --no-static ] [ --print-path ]
+ [ --separate-files ] [ --static-call-graph ] [ --sum ]
+ [ --table-length=@var{len} ] [ --traditional ] [ --version ]
+ [ --width=@var{n} ] [ --ignore-non-functions ]
+ [ --demangle[=@var{STYLE}] ] [ --no-demangle ]
+ [--external-symbol-table=name]
+ [ @var{image-file} ] [ @var{profile-file} @dots{} ]
@c man end
@end smallexample
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
-@code{gprof} produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77
-programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile
+@code{gprof} produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77
+programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile
of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file
(@file{gmon.out} default) which is created by programs
that are compiled with the @samp{-pg} option of
@code{cc}, @code{pc}, and @code{f77}.
The @samp{-pg} option also links in versions of the library routines
-that are compiled for profiling. @code{Gprof} reads the given object
+that are compiled for profiling. @code{Gprof} reads the given object
file (the default is @code{a.out}) and establishes the relation between
its symbol table and the call graph profile from @file{gmon.out}.
If more than one profile file is specified, the @code{gprof}
@item @file{gmon.out}
dynamic call graph and profile.
@item @file{gmon.sum}
-summarized dynamic call graph and profile.
+summarized dynamic call graph and profile.
@end table
@c man end
Flat profile:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
- % cumulative self self total
- time seconds seconds calls Ts/call Ts/call name
+ % cumulative self self total
+ time seconds seconds calls Ts/call Ts/call name
44.12 0.07 0.07 zazLoop
35.29 0.14 0.06 main
20.59 0.17 0.04 bazMillion
ld -o myprog /lib/gcrt0.o myprog.o utils.o -lc_p
@end example
+If you are running the program on a system which supports shared
+libraries you may run into problems with the profiling support code in
+a shared library being called before that library has been fully
+initialised. This is usually detected by the program encountering a
+segmentation fault as soon as it is run. The solution is to link
+against a static version of the library containing the profiling
+support code, which for @code{gcc} users can be done via the
+@samp{-static} or @samp{-static-libgcc} command-line option. For
+example:
+
+@example
+gcc -g -pg -static-libgcc myprog.c utils.c -o myprog
+@end example
+
If you compile only some of the modules of the program with @samp{-pg}, you
can still profile the program, but you won't get complete information about
the modules that were compiled without @samp{-pg}. The only information
the functions will be blank), but will greatly reduce the usefulness of the
call graph.
-If you wish to perform line-by-line profiling,
-you will also need to specify the @samp{-g} option,
-instructing the compiler to insert debugging symbols into the program
-that match program addresses to source code lines.
-@xref{Line-by-line, ,Line-by-line Profiling}.
-
-In addition to the @samp{-pg} and @samp{-g} options, older versions of
-GCC required you to specify the @samp{-a} option when compiling in
-order to instrument it to perform basic-block counting. Newer
-versions do not require this option and will not accept it;
-basic-block counting is always enabled when @samp{-pg} is on.
-
-When basic-block counting is enabled, as the program runs
-it will count how many times it executed each branch of each @samp{if}
-statement, each iteration of each @samp{do} loop, etc. This will
-enable @code{gprof} to construct an annotated source code
-listing showing how many times each line of code was executed.
-
-It also worth noting that GCC supports a different profiling method
-which is enabled by the @samp{-fprofile-arcs}, @samp{-ftest-coverage}
-and @samp{-fprofile-values} switches. These switches do not produce
-data which is useful to @code{gprof} however, so they are not
-discussed further here. There is also the
-@samp{-finstrument-functions} switch which will cause GCC to insert
+If you wish to perform line-by-line profiling you should use the
+@code{gcov} tool instead of @code{gprof}. See that tool's manual or
+info pages for more details of how to do this.
+
+Note, older versions of @code{gcc} produce line-by-line profiling
+information that works with @code{gprof} rather than @code{gcov} so
+there is still support for displaying this kind of information in
+@code{gprof}. @xref{Line-by-line, ,Line-by-line Profiling}.
+
+It also worth noting that @code{gcc} implements a
+@samp{-finstrument-functions} command-line option which will insert
calls to special user supplied instrumentation routines at the entry
and exit of every function in their program. This can be used to
implement an alternative profiling scheme.
@itemx --no-demangle
These options control whether C++ symbol names should be demangled when
printing output. The default is to demangle symbols. The
-@code{--no-demangle} option may be used to turn off demangling. Different
-compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style
-argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
+@code{--no-demangle} option may be used to turn off demangling. Different
+compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style
+argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
compiler.
@end table
file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these
functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the
function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.
-@c This is compatible with Unix @code{gprof}, but a bad idea.
+@c This is compatible with Unix @code{gprof}, but a bad idea.
This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.
@item -c
@itemx --line
The @samp{-l} option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes
histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,
-instead of functions.
+instead of functions. This feature only works with programs compiled
+by older versions of the @code{gcc} compiler. Newer versions of
+@code{gcc} are designed to work with the @code{gcov} tool instead.
+
If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,
this option will also identify how many times each line of
code was executed.
inaccuracies.
@xref{Sampling Error, ,Statistical Sampling Error}.
+@item --inline-file-names
+This option causes @code{gprof} to print the source file after each
+symbol in both the flat profile and the call graph. The full path to the
+file is printed if used with the @samp{-L} option.
+
@item -m @var{num}
@itemx --min-count=@var{num}
This option affects execution count output only.
Symbols that are executed less than @var{num} times are suppressed.
-@item -n[@var{symspec}]
-@itemx --time[=@var{symspec}]
+@item -n@var{symspec}
+@itemx --time=@var{symspec}
The @samp{-n} option causes @code{gprof}, in its call graph analysis,
to only propagate times for symbols matching @var{symspec}.
-@item -N[@var{symspec}]
-@itemx --no-time[=@var{symspec}]
+@item -N@var{symspec}
+@itemx --no-time=@var{symspec}
The @samp{-n} option causes @code{gprof}, in its call graph analysis,
not to propagate times for symbols matching @var{symspec}.
+@item -S@var{filename}
+@itemx --external-symbol-table=@var{filename}
+The @samp{-S} option causes @code{gprof} to read an external symbol table
+file, such as @file{/proc/kallsyms}, rather than read the symbol table
+from the given object file (the default is @code{a.out}). This is useful
+for profiling kernel modules.
+
@item -z
@itemx --display-unused-functions
If you give the @samp{-z} option, @code{gprof} will mention all
@node Deprecated Options
@section Deprecated Options
-@table @code
-
These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.
+@table @code
+
@item -e @var{function_name}
The @samp{-e @var{function}} option tells @code{gprof} to not print
information about the function @var{function_name} (and its
as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be
shown as @samp{[not printed]}. More than one @samp{-e} option may be
given; only one @var{function_name} may be indicated with each @samp{-e}
-option.
+option.
@item -E @var{function_name}
The @code{-E @var{function}} option works like the @code{-e} option, but
call graph to the function @var{function_name} and its children (and
their children@dots{}). More than one @samp{-f} option may be given;
only one @var{function_name} may be indicated with each @samp{-f}
-option.
+option.
@item -F @var{function_name}
The @samp{-F @var{function}} option works like the @code{-f} option, but
Flat profile:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
- % cumulative self self total
- time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name
+ % cumulative self self total
+ time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name
33.34 0.02 0.02 7208 0.00 0.00 open
16.67 0.03 0.01 244 0.04 0.12 offtime
16.67 0.04 0.01 8 1.25 1.25 memccpy
The entries are sorted by time spent in the function and its subroutines.
-The internal profiling function @code{mcount} (@pxref{Flat Profile, ,The
+The internal profiling function @code{mcount} (@pxref{Flat Profile, ,The
Flat Profile}) is never mentioned in the call graph.
@menu
@code{gprof}'s @samp{-l} option causes the program to perform
@dfn{line-by-line} profiling. In this mode, histogram
samples are assigned not to functions, but to individual
-lines of source code. The program usually must be compiled
-with a @samp{-g} option, in addition to @samp{-pg}, in order
+lines of source code. This only works with programs compiled with
+older versions of the @code{gcc} compiler. Newer versions of @code{gcc}
+use a different program - @code{gcov} - to display line-by-line
+profiling information.
+
+With the older versions of @code{gcc} the program usually has to be
+compiled with a @samp{-g} option, in addition to @samp{-pg}, in order
to generate debugging symbols for tracking source code lines.
+Note, in much older versions of @code{gcc} the program had to be
+compiled with the @samp{-a} command-line option as well.
The flat profile is the most useful output table
in line-by-line mode.
Flat profile:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
- % cumulative self self total
- time seconds seconds calls us/call us/call name
+ % cumulative self self total
+ time seconds seconds calls us/call us/call name
30.77 0.13 0.04 6335 6.31 6.31 ct_init
Flat profile:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
- % cumulative self
- time seconds seconds calls name
+ % cumulative self
+ time seconds seconds calls name
7.69 0.10 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:349)
7.69 0.11 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:351)
7.69 0.12 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:382)
number of times it was called. You may also need to specify the
@samp{-I} option, if @code{gprof} can't find the source code files.
-Compiling with @samp{gcc @dots{} -g -pg -a} augments your program
-with basic-block counting code, in addition to function counting code.
-This enables @code{gprof} to determine how many times each line
-of code was executed.
+With older versions of @code{gcc} compiling with @samp{gcc @dots{} -g
+-pg -a} augments your program with basic-block counting code, in
+addition to function counting code. This enables @code{gprof} to
+determine how many times each line of code was executed. With newer
+versions of @code{gcc} support for displaying basic-block counts is
+provided by the @code{gcov} program.
+
For example, consider the following function, taken from gzip,
with line numbers added:
unsigned n;
2 ->@{
register ulg c;
-
+
static ulg crc = (ulg)0xffffffffL;
-
+
2 -> if (s == NULL) @{
1 -> c = 0xffffffffL;
1 -> @} else @{
ought to catch that function in the act only once, there is a pretty good
chance it will actually find that function zero times, or twice.
-By contrast, the number-of-calls and basic-block figures
-are derived by counting, not
-sampling. They are completely accurate and will not vary from run to run
-if your program is deterministic.
+By contrast, the number-of-calls and basic-block figures are derived
+by counting, not sampling. They are completely accurate and will not
+vary from run to run if your program is deterministic and single
+threaded. In multi-threaded applications, or single threaded
+applications that link with multi-threaded libraries, the counts are
+only deterministic if the counting function is thread-safe. (Note:
+beware that the mcount counting function in glibc is @emph{not}
+thread-safe). @xref{Implementation, ,Implementation of Profiling}.
The @dfn{sampling period} that is printed at the beginning of the flat
profile says how often samples are taken. The rule of thumb is that a
@item How do I find which lines in my program were executed the most times?
-Compile your program with basic-block counting enabled, run it, then
-use the following pipeline:
-
-@example
-gprof -l -C @var{objfile} | sort -k 3 -n -r
-@end example
-
-This listing will show you the lines in your code executed most often,
-but not necessarily those that consumed the most time.
+Use the @code{gcov} program.
@item How do I find which lines in my program called a particular function?
added delay required to deliver the signal, this method is
less accurate as well.
-A special startup routine allocates memory for the histogram and
+A special startup routine allocates memory for the histogram and
either calls @code{profil()} or sets up
a clock signal handler.
This routine (@code{monstartup}) can be invoked in several ways.
For the first histogram record, allocate a memory array to hold
all the bins, and read them in.
When multiple profile data files (or files with multiple histogram
-records) are read, the starting address, ending address, number
-of bins and sampling rate must match between the various histograms,
-or a fatal error will result.
-If everything matches, just sum the additional histograms into
-the existing in-memory array.
+records) are read, the memory ranges of each pair of histogram records
+must be either equal, or non-overlapping. For each pair of histogram
+records, the resolution (memory region size divided by the number of
+bins) must be the same. The time unit must be the same for all
+histogram records. If the above containts are met, all histograms
+for the same memory range are merged.
As each call graph record is read (@code{call_graph.c:@-cg_read_rec}),
the parent and child addresses
@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
-@center Version 1.1, March 2000
-
-@display
-Copyright (C) 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
-of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-@end display
-@sp 1
-@enumerate 0
-@item
-PREAMBLE
-
-The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
-written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
-the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
-modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
-this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
-credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
-modifications made by others.
-
-This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
-works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
-complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
-license designed for free software.
-
-We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
-software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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-principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-
-@sp 1
-@item
-APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-
-This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
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-@sp 1
-@item
-VERBATIM COPYING
-
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-@sp 1
-@item
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-@sp 1
-@item
-MODIFICATIONS
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-Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
-and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
-of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
-
-A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
- from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
- (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
- of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
- if the original publisher of that version gives permission.@*
-B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
- responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
- Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
- Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).@*
-C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
- Modified Version, as the publisher.@*
-D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.@*
-E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
- adjacent to the other copyright notices.@*
-F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
- giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
- terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.@*
-G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
- and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.@*
-H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.@*
-I. Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to
- it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
- publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
- there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
- stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
- given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
- Version as stated in the previous sentence.@*
-J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
- public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
- the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
- it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
- You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
- least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
- publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.@*
-K. In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
- preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
- substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
- and/or dedications given therein.@*
-L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.@*
-M. Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements.'' Such a section
- may not be included in the Modified Version.@*
-N. Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements''
- or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.@*
-@sp 1
-If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
-appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
-copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
-of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
-list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
-These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
-
-You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
-nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
-parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
-been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
-standard.
-
-You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
-passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
-of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
-Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
-through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
-includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
-by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
-you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
-permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
-
-The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
-give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
-imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
-@sp 1
-@item
-COMBINING DOCUMENTS
-
-You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
-License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
-versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
-Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
-list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
-license notice.
-
-The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
-multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
-copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
-different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
-adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
-author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
-Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
-Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
-
-In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History''
-in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
-``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
-and any sections entitled ``Dedications.'' You must delete all sections
-entitled ``Endorsements.''
-@sp 1
-@item
-COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
-
-You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
-released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
-License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
-the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
-verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
-
-You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
-it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
-License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
-other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
-@sp 1
-@item
-AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
-
-A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
-and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
-distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
-of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
-compilation. Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this
-License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
-with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
-are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
-
-If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
-copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
-of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
-covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
-Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
-@sp 1
-@item
-TRANSLATION
-
-Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
-distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
-Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
-permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
-translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
-original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
-translation of this License provided that you also include the
-original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
-between the translation and the original English version of this
-License, the original English version will prevail.
-@sp 1
-@item
-TERMINATION
-
-You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
-as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
-copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
-automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
-parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
-License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
-parties remain in full compliance.
-@sp 1
-@item
-FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
-
-The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
-of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
-versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
-differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
-http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
-
-Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
-If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
-License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
-following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
-of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
-Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
-number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
-as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-@unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+@include fdl.texi
-To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
-the License in the document and put the following copyright and
-license notices just after the title page:
-
-@smallexample
-@group
-Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
-or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
-with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the
-Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}.
-A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
-Free Documentation License."
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections''
-instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
-Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of
-``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
-
-If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
-to permit their use in free software.
-
-@contents
@bye
NEEDS AN INDEX
projects / deliverable / binutils-gdb.git / blobdiff