Make API CTF-agnostic
[babeltrace.git] / plugins / ctf / common / metadata / visitor-generate-ir.c
index 12e28398ef24a7781670e8c335b1841742ef6ca7..2ba0603c232394b13290074fb8618632456e4d16 100644 (file)
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Based on older ctf-visitor-generate-io-struct.c.
  *
  * Copyright 2010 - Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
- * Copyright 2015-2016 - Philippe Proulx <philippe.proulx@efficios.com>
+ * Copyright 2015-2018 - Philippe Proulx <philippe.proulx@efficios.com>
  *
  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  * SOFTWARE.
  */
 
+#define BT_LOG_TAG "PLUGIN-CTF-METADATA-IR-VISITOR"
+#include "logging.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <assert.h>
+#include <babeltrace/assert-internal.h>
 #include <glib.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <babeltrace/common-internal.h>
 #include <babeltrace/compat/uuid-internal.h>
 #include <babeltrace/endian-internal.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ref.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/trace.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/stream-class.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/event.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/event-class.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/field-types.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/field-types-internal.h>
-#include <babeltrace/ctf-ir/clock-class.h>
+#include <babeltrace/babeltrace.h>
 
 #include "scanner.h"
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "ast.h"
+#include "decoder.h"
+#include "ctf-meta.h"
+#include "ctf-meta-visitors.h"
 
 /* Bit value (left shift) */
 #define _BV(_val)              (1 << (_val))
 /* Set bit in a set of bits */
 #define _SET(_set, _mask)      (*(_set) |= (_mask))
 
+/* Try to push scope, or go to the `error` label */
+#define _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR()                                        \
+       do {                                                            \
+               ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);                              \
+               if (ret) {                                              \
+                       BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot push scope.");              \
+                       goto error;                                     \
+               }                                                       \
+       } while (0)
+
 /* Bits for verifying existing attributes in various declarations */
 enum {
        _CLOCK_NAME_SET =               _BV(0),
@@ -114,27 +124,27 @@ enum {
        _EVENT_ID_SET =                 _BV(1),
        _EVENT_MODEL_EMF_URI_SET =      _BV(2),
        _EVENT_STREAM_ID_SET =          _BV(3),
-       _EVENT_LOGLEVEL_SET =           _BV(4),
+       _EVENT_LOG_LEVEL_SET =          _BV(4),
        _EVENT_CONTEXT_SET =            _BV(5),
        _EVENT_FIELDS_SET =             _BV(6),
 };
 
 enum loglevel {
-        LOGLEVEL_EMERG                  = 0,
-        LOGLEVEL_ALERT                  = 1,
-        LOGLEVEL_CRIT                   = 2,
-        LOGLEVEL_ERR                    = 3,
-        LOGLEVEL_WARNING                = 4,
-        LOGLEVEL_NOTICE                 = 5,
-        LOGLEVEL_INFO                   = 6,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_SYSTEM           = 7,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_PROGRAM          = 8,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_PROCESS          = 9,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_MODULE           = 10,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_UNIT             = 11,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_FUNCTION         = 12,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_LINE             = 13,
-        LOGLEVEL_DEBUG                  = 14,
+        LOG_LEVEL_EMERG                  = 0,
+        LOG_LEVEL_ALERT                  = 1,
+        LOG_LEVEL_CRIT                   = 2,
+        LOG_LEVEL_ERR                    = 3,
+        LOG_LEVEL_WARNING                = 4,
+        LOG_LEVEL_NOTICE                 = 5,
+        LOG_LEVEL_INFO                   = 6,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_SYSTEM           = 7,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_PROGRAM          = 8,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_PROCESS          = 9,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_MODULE           = 10,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_UNIT             = 11,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_FUNCTION         = 12,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_LINE             = 13,
+        LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG                  = 14,
        _NR_LOGLEVELS                   = 15,
 };
 
@@ -145,47 +155,22 @@ enum loglevel {
 #define _PREFIX_VARIANT                        'v'
 
 /* First entry in a BT list */
-#define _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(_ptr, _type, _member)     \
+#define _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(_ptr, _type, _member)                     \
        bt_list_entry((_ptr)->next, _type, _member)
 
-#define _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(_name) struct bt_ctf_field_type *_name = NULL;
-
-/* Error printing wrappers */
-#define _PERROR(_fmt, ...)                                     \
-       do {                                                    \
-               if (!ctx->efd) break;                           \
-               fprintf(ctx->efd, "[error] %s: " _fmt "\n",     \
-                       __func__, __VA_ARGS__);                 \
-       } while (0)
-
-#define _PWARNING(_fmt, ...)                                   \
-       do {                                                    \
-               if (!ctx->efd) break;                           \
-               fprintf(ctx->efd, "[warning] %s: " _fmt "\n",   \
-                       __func__, __VA_ARGS__);                 \
-       } while (0)
+#define _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(_node, _attr, _entity)                       \
+       _BT_LOGE_LINENO((_node)->lineno,                                \
+               "Duplicate attribute in %s: attr-name=\"%s\"",          \
+               _entity, _attr)
 
-#define _FPERROR(_stream, _fmt, ...)                           \
-       do {                                                    \
-               if (!_stream) break;                            \
-               fprintf(_stream, "[error] %s: " _fmt "\n",      \
-                       __func__, __VA_ARGS__);                 \
-       } while (0)
+#define _BT_LOGE_NODE(_node, _msg, args...)                            \
+       _BT_LOGE_LINENO((_node)->lineno, _msg, ## args)
 
-#define _FPWARNING(_stream, _fmt, ...)                         \
-       do {                                                    \
-               if (!_stream) break;                            \
-               fprintf(_stream, "[warning] %s: " _fmt "\n",    \
-                       __func__, __VA_ARGS__);                 \
-       } while (0)
+#define _BT_LOGW_NODE(_node, _msg, args...)                            \
+       _BT_LOGW_LINENO((_node)->lineno, _msg, ## args)
 
-#define _PERROR_DUP_ATTR(_attr, _entity)                       \
-       do {                                                    \
-               if (!ctx->efd) break;                           \
-               fprintf(ctx->efd,                               \
-                       "[error] %s: duplicate attribute \""    \
-                       _attr "\" in " _entity "\n", __func__); \
-       } while (0)
+#define _BT_LOGV_NODE(_node, _msg, args...)                            \
+       _BT_LOGV_LINENO((_node)->lineno, _msg, ## args)
 
 /*
  * Declaration scope of a visitor context. This represents a TSDL
@@ -196,7 +181,7 @@ struct ctx_decl_scope {
        /*
         * Alias name to field type.
         *
-        * GQuark -> struct bt_ctf_field_type *
+        * GQuark -> struct ctf_field_type * (owned by this)
         */
        GHashTable *decl_map;
 
@@ -208,73 +193,32 @@ struct ctx_decl_scope {
  * Visitor context (private).
  */
 struct ctx {
-       /* Trace being filled (owned by this) */
-       struct bt_ctf_trace *trace;
+       /* Trace IR trace being filled (owned by this) */
+       struct bt_trace *trace;
 
-       /* Error stream to use during visit */
-       FILE *efd;
+       /* CTF meta trace being filled (owned by this) */
+       struct ctf_trace_class *ctf_tc;
 
-       /* Current declaration scope (top of the stack) */
+       /* Current declaration scope (top of the stack) (owned by this) */
        struct ctx_decl_scope *current_scope;
 
-       /* 1 if trace declaration is visited */
-       int is_trace_visited;
+       /* True if trace declaration is visited */
+       bool is_trace_visited;
 
-       /* 1 if this is an LTTng trace */
+       /* True if this is an LTTng trace */
        bool is_lttng;
 
-       /* Offset (ns) to apply to clock classes on creation */
-       uint64_t clock_class_offset_ns;
+       /* Eventual name suffix of the trace to set (owned by this) */
+       char *trace_class_name_suffix;
 
-       /* Trace attributes */
-       enum bt_ctf_byte_order trace_bo;
-       uint64_t trace_major;
-       uint64_t trace_minor;
-       unsigned char trace_uuid[BABELTRACE_UUID_LEN];
-
-       /*
-        * Stream IDs to stream classes.
-        *
-        * int64_t -> struct bt_ctf_stream_class *
-        */
-       GHashTable *stream_classes;
+       /* Config passed by the user */
+       struct ctf_metadata_decoder_config decoder_config;
 };
 
 /*
  * Visitor (public).
  */
-struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir { };
-
-static
-const char *loglevel_str [] = {
-       [ LOGLEVEL_EMERG ] = "TRACE_EMERG",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_ALERT ] = "TRACE_ALERT",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_CRIT ] = "TRACE_CRIT",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_ERR ] = "TRACE_ERR",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_WARNING ] = "TRACE_WARNING",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_NOTICE ] = "TRACE_NOTICE",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_INFO ] = "TRACE_INFO",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_SYSTEM ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_SYSTEM",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_PROGRAM ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_PROGRAM",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_PROCESS ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_PROCESS",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_MODULE ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_MODULE",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_UNIT ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_UNIT",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_FUNCTION ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_FUNCTION",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG_LINE ] = "TRACE_DEBUG_LINE",
-       [ LOGLEVEL_DEBUG ] = "TRACE_DEBUG",
-};
-
-static
-const char *print_loglevel(int64_t value)
-{
-       if (value < 0) {
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       if (value >= _NR_LOGLEVELS) {
-               return "<<UNKNOWN>>";
-       }
-       return loglevel_str[value];
-}
+struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir;
 
 /**
  * Creates a new declaration scope.
@@ -289,11 +233,12 @@ struct ctx_decl_scope *ctx_decl_scope_create(struct ctx_decl_scope *par_scope)
 
        scope = g_new(struct ctx_decl_scope, 1);
        if (!scope) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Failed to allocate one declaration scope.");
                goto end;
        }
 
        scope->decl_map = g_hash_table_new_full(g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal,
-               NULL, (GDestroyNotify) bt_ctf_field_type_put);
+               NULL, (GDestroyNotify) ctf_field_type_destroy);
        scope->parent_scope = par_scope;
 
 end:
@@ -333,11 +278,12 @@ GQuark get_prefixed_named_quark(char prefix, const char *name)
 {
        GQuark qname = 0;
 
-       assert(name);
+       BT_ASSERT(name);
 
        /* Prefix character + original string + '\0' */
        char *prname = g_new(char, strlen(name) + 2);
        if (!prname) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Failed to allocate a string.");
                goto end;
        }
 
@@ -355,24 +301,26 @@ end:
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param prefix       Prefix character
  * @param name         Alias name
- * @param level                Number of levels to dig (-1 means infinite)
- * @returns            Declaration, or NULL if not found
+ * @param levels       Number of levels to dig into (-1 means infinite)
+ * @param copy         True to return a copy
+ * @returns            Declaration (owned by caller if \p copy is true),
+ *                     or NULL if not found
  */
 static
-struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, char prefix,
-       const char *name, int levels)
+struct ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, char prefix, const char *name,
+               int levels, bool copy)
 {
        GQuark qname = 0;
        int cur_levels = 0;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type *decl = NULL;
        struct ctx_decl_scope *cur_scope = scope;
 
-       assert(scope);
-       assert(name);
+       BT_ASSERT(scope);
+       BT_ASSERT(name);
        qname = get_prefixed_named_quark(prefix, name);
        if (!qname) {
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
        }
 
        if (levels < 0) {
@@ -381,21 +329,23 @@ struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(
 
        while (cur_scope && cur_levels < levels) {
                decl = g_hash_table_lookup(cur_scope->decl_map,
-                       (gconstpointer) (unsigned long) qname);
+                       (gconstpointer) GUINT_TO_POINTER(qname));
                if (decl) {
                        /* Caller's reference */
-                       bt_get(decl);
-                       break;
+                       if (copy) {
+                               decl = ctf_field_type_copy(decl);
+                               BT_ASSERT(decl);
+                       }
+
+                       goto end;
                }
 
                cur_scope = cur_scope->parent_scope;
                cur_levels++;
        }
 
+end:
        return decl;
-
-error:
-       return NULL;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -403,15 +353,18 @@ error:
  *
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param name         Alias name
- * @param level                Number of levels to dig (-1 means infinite)
- * @returns            Declaration, or NULL if not found
+ * @param levels       Number of levels to dig into (-1 means infinite)
+ * @param copy         True to return a copy
+ * @returns            Declaration (owned by caller if \p copy is true),
+ *                     or NULL if not found
  */
 static
-struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels)
+struct ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels,
+               bool copy)
 {
        return ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_ALIAS,
-               name, levels);
+               name, levels, copy);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -419,15 +372,18 @@ struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(
  *
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param name         Enumeration name
- * @param level                Number of levels to dig (-1 means infinite)
- * @returns            Declaration, or NULL if not found
+ * @param levels       Number of levels to dig into (-1 means infinite)
+ * @param copy         True to return a copy
+ * @returns            Declaration (owned by caller if \p copy is true),
+ *                     or NULL if not found
  */
 static
-struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels)
+struct ctf_field_type_enum *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels,
+               bool copy)
 {
-       return ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_ENUM,
-               name, levels);
+       return (void *) ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_ENUM,
+               name, levels, copy);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -435,15 +391,18 @@ struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(
  *
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param name         Structure name
- * @param level                Number of levels to dig (-1 means infinite)
- * @returns            Declaration, or NULL if not found
+ * @param levels       Number of levels to dig into (-1 means infinite)
+ * @param copy         True to return a copy
+ * @returns            Declaration (owned by caller if \p copy is true),
+ *                     or NULL if not found
  */
 static
-struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels)
+struct ctf_field_type_struct *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels,
+               bool copy)
 {
-       return ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_STRUCT,
-               name, levels);
+       return (void *) ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope,
+               _PREFIX_STRUCT, name, levels, copy);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -451,15 +410,18 @@ struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(
  *
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param name         Variant name
- * @param level                Number of levels to dig (-1 means infinite)
- * @returns            Declaration, or NULL if not found
+ * @param levels       Number of levels to dig into (-1 means infinite)
+ * @param copy         True to return a copy
+ * @returns            Declaration (owned by caller if \p copy is true),
+ *                     or NULL if not found
  */
 static
-struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_variant(
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels)
+struct ctf_field_type_variant *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_variant(
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *scope, const char *name, int levels,
+               bool copy)
 {
-       return ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_VARIANT,
-               name, levels);
+       return (void *) ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope,
+               _PREFIX_VARIANT, name, levels, copy);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -468,43 +430,37 @@ struct bt_ctf_field_type *ctx_decl_scope_lookup_variant(
  * @param scope                Declaration scope
  * @param prefix       Prefix character
  * @param name         Alias name (non-NULL)
- * @param decl         Declaration to register
+ * @param decl         Field type to register (copied)
  * @returns            0 if registration went okay, negative value otherwise
  */
 static
 int ctx_decl_scope_register_prefix_alias(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
-       char prefix, const char *name, struct bt_ctf_field_type *decl)
+               char prefix, const char *name, struct ctf_field_type *decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        GQuark qname = 0;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(edecl);
 
-       assert(scope);
-       assert(name);
-       assert(decl);
+       BT_ASSERT(scope);
+       BT_ASSERT(name);
+       BT_ASSERT(decl);
        qname = get_prefixed_named_quark(prefix, name);
        if (!qname) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
        }
 
        /* Make sure alias does not exist in local scope */
-       edecl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, prefix, name, 1);
-       if (edecl) {
-               BT_PUT(edecl);
+       if (ctx_decl_scope_lookup_prefix_alias(scope, prefix, name, 1,
+                       false)) {
                ret = -EEXIST;
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
        }
 
-       g_hash_table_insert(scope->decl_map,
-               (gpointer) (unsigned long) qname, decl);
-
-       /* Hash table's reference */
-       bt_get(decl);
-
-       return 0;
+       decl = ctf_field_type_copy(decl);
+       BT_ASSERT(decl);
+       g_hash_table_insert(scope->decl_map, GUINT_TO_POINTER(qname), decl);
 
-error:
+end:
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -513,15 +469,15 @@ error:
  *
  * @param scope        Declaration scope
  * @param name Alias name (non-NULL)
- * @param decl Declaration to register
+ * @param decl Field type to register (copied)
  * @returns    0 if registration went okay, negative value otherwise
  */
 static
 int ctx_decl_scope_register_alias(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
-       const char *name, struct bt_ctf_field_type *decl)
+               const char *name, struct ctf_field_type *decl)
 {
        return ctx_decl_scope_register_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_ALIAS,
-               name, decl);
+               name, (void *) decl);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -529,15 +485,15 @@ int ctx_decl_scope_register_alias(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
  *
  * @param scope        Declaration scope
  * @param name Enumeration name (non-NULL)
- * @param decl Enumeration declaration to register
+ * @param decl Enumeration field type to register (copied)
  * @returns    0 if registration went okay, negative value otherwise
  */
 static
 int ctx_decl_scope_register_enum(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
-       const char *name, struct bt_ctf_field_type *decl)
+               const char *name, struct ctf_field_type_enum *decl)
 {
        return ctx_decl_scope_register_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_ENUM,
-               name, decl);
+               name, (void *) decl);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -545,15 +501,15 @@ int ctx_decl_scope_register_enum(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
  *
  * @param scope        Declaration scope
  * @param name Structure name (non-NULL)
- * @param decl Structure declaration to register
+ * @param decl Structure field type to register (copied)
  * @returns    0 if registration went okay, negative value otherwise
  */
 static
 int ctx_decl_scope_register_struct(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
-       const char *name, struct bt_ctf_field_type *decl)
+               const char *name, struct ctf_field_type_struct *decl)
 {
        return ctx_decl_scope_register_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_STRUCT,
-               name, decl);
+               name, (void *) decl);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -561,93 +517,115 @@ int ctx_decl_scope_register_struct(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
  *
  * @param scope        Declaration scope
  * @param name Variant name (non-NULL)
- * @param decl Variant declaration to register
+ * @param decl Variant field type to register
  * @returns    0 if registration went okay, negative value otherwise
  */
 static
 int ctx_decl_scope_register_variant(struct ctx_decl_scope *scope,
-       const char *name, struct bt_ctf_field_type *decl)
+               const char *name, struct ctf_field_type_variant *decl)
 {
        return ctx_decl_scope_register_prefix_alias(scope, _PREFIX_VARIANT,
-               name, decl);
+               name, (void *) decl);
 }
 
 /**
- * Creates a new visitor context.
+ * Destroys a visitor context.
  *
- * @param trace        Associated trace
- * @param efd  Error stream
- * @returns    New visitor context, or NULL on error
+ * @param ctx  Visitor context to destroy
  */
 static
-struct ctx *ctx_create(struct bt_ctf_trace *trace, FILE *efd,
-               uint64_t clock_class_offset_ns)
+void ctx_destroy(struct ctx *ctx)
 {
-       struct ctx *ctx = NULL;
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope = NULL;
+       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope;
 
-       ctx = g_new0(struct ctx, 1);
        if (!ctx) {
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
        }
 
-       /* Root declaration scope */
-       scope = ctx_decl_scope_create(NULL);
-       if (!scope) {
-               goto error;
+       scope = ctx->current_scope;
+
+       /*
+        * Destroy all scopes, from current one to the root scope.
+        */
+       while (scope) {
+               struct ctx_decl_scope *parent_scope = scope->parent_scope;
+
+               ctx_decl_scope_destroy(scope);
+               scope = parent_scope;
        }
 
-       ctx->stream_classes = g_hash_table_new_full(g_direct_hash,
-               g_direct_equal, NULL, (GDestroyNotify) bt_put);
-       if (!ctx->stream_classes) {
-               goto error;
+       bt_put(ctx->trace);
+
+       if (ctx->ctf_tc) {
+               ctf_trace_class_destroy(ctx->ctf_tc);
        }
 
-       ctx->trace = trace;
-       ctx->efd = efd;
-       ctx->current_scope = scope;
-       ctx->trace_bo = BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_NATIVE;
-       ctx->clock_class_offset_ns = clock_class_offset_ns;
-       return ctx;
+       if (ctx->trace_class_name_suffix) {
+               free(ctx->trace_class_name_suffix);
+       }
 
-error:
        g_free(ctx);
-       ctx_decl_scope_destroy(scope);
-       return NULL;
+
+end:
+       return;
 }
 
 /**
- * Destroys a visitor context.
+ * Creates a new visitor context.
  *
- * @param ctx  Visitor context to destroy
+ * @param trace        Associated trace
+ * @returns    New visitor context, or NULL on error
  */
 static
-void ctx_destroy(struct ctx *ctx)
+struct ctx *ctx_create(const struct ctf_metadata_decoder_config *decoder_config,
+               const char *trace_class_name_suffix)
 {
-       struct ctx_decl_scope *scope;
-       /*
-        * Destroy all scopes, from current one to the root scope.
-        */
+       struct ctx *ctx = NULL;
+
+       BT_ASSERT(decoder_config);
 
+       ctx = g_new0(struct ctx, 1);
        if (!ctx) {
-               goto end;
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Failed to allocate one visitor context.");
+               goto error;
        }
 
-       scope = ctx->current_scope;
+       ctx->trace = bt_trace_create();
+       if (!ctx->trace) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot create empty trace.");
+               goto error;
+       }
 
-       while (scope) {
-               struct ctx_decl_scope *parent_scope = scope->parent_scope;
+       ctx->ctf_tc = ctf_trace_class_create();
+       if (!ctx->ctf_tc) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot create CTF trace class.");
+               goto error;
+       }
 
-               ctx_decl_scope_destroy(scope);
-               scope = parent_scope;
+       /* Root declaration scope */
+       ctx->current_scope = ctx_decl_scope_create(NULL);
+       if (!ctx->current_scope) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot create declaration scope.");
+               goto error;
        }
 
-       bt_put(ctx->trace);
-       g_hash_table_destroy(ctx->stream_classes);
-       g_free(ctx);
+       if (trace_class_name_suffix) {
+               ctx->trace_class_name_suffix = strdup(trace_class_name_suffix);
+               if (!ctx->trace_class_name_suffix) {
+                       BT_LOGE_STR("Failed to copy string.");
+                       goto error;
+               }
+       }
+
+       ctx->decoder_config = *decoder_config;
+       goto end;
+
+error:
+       ctx_destroy(ctx);
+       ctx = NULL;
 
 end:
-       return;
+       return ctx;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -663,9 +641,10 @@ int ctx_push_scope(struct ctx *ctx)
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctx_decl_scope *new_scope;
 
-       assert(ctx);
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx);
        new_scope = ctx_decl_scope_create(ctx->current_scope);
        if (!new_scope) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot create declaration scope.");
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -681,7 +660,7 @@ void ctx_pop_scope(struct ctx *ctx)
 {
        struct ctx_decl_scope *parent_scope = NULL;
 
-       assert(ctx);
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx);
 
        if (!ctx->current_scope) {
                goto end;
@@ -697,7 +676,62 @@ end:
 
 static
 int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *ts_list,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **decl);
+               struct ctf_field_type **decl);
+
+static
+char *remove_underscores_from_field_ref(const char *field_ref)
+{
+       const char *in_ch;
+       char *out_ch;
+       char *ret;
+       enum {
+               UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE,
+               UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_DO_NOT_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE,
+       } state = UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE;
+
+       BT_ASSERT(field_ref);
+       ret = calloc(strlen(field_ref) + 1, 1);
+       if (!ret) {
+               BT_LOGE("Failed to allocate a string: size=%zu",
+                       strlen(field_ref) + 1);
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       in_ch = field_ref;
+       out_ch = ret;
+
+       while (*in_ch != '\0') {
+               switch (*in_ch) {
+               case ' ':
+               case '\t':
+                       /* Remove whitespace */
+                       in_ch++;
+                       continue;
+               case '_':
+                       if (state == UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE) {
+                               in_ch++;
+                               state = UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_DO_NOT_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+
+                       goto copy;
+               case '.':
+                       state = UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE;
+                       goto copy;
+               default:
+                       state = UNDERSCORE_REMOVE_STATE_DO_NOT_REMOVE_NEXT_UNDERSCORE;
+                       goto copy;
+               }
+
+copy:
+               *out_ch = *in_ch;
+               in_ch++;
+               out_ch++;
+       }
+
+end:
+       return ret;
+}
 
 static
 int is_unary_string(struct bt_list_head *head)
@@ -726,6 +760,7 @@ char *concatenate_unary_strings(struct bt_list_head *head)
        struct ctf_node *node;
 
        str = g_string_new(NULL);
+       BT_ASSERT(str);
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(node, head, siblings) {
                char *src_string;
@@ -855,6 +890,13 @@ int get_unary_unsigned(struct bt_list_head *head, uint64_t *value)
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *node;
 
+       *value = 0;
+
+       if (bt_list_empty(head)) {
+               ret = -1;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
        bt_list_for_each_entry(node, head, siblings) {
                int uexpr_type = node->u.unary_expression.type;
                int uexpr_link = node->u.unary_expression.link;
@@ -862,6 +904,7 @@ int get_unary_unsigned(struct bt_list_head *head, uint64_t *value)
                        uexpr_type != UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT ||
                        uexpr_link != UNARY_LINK_UNKNOWN || i != 0;
                if (cond) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Invalid constant unsigned integer.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
@@ -904,7 +947,6 @@ int get_unary_signed(struct bt_list_head *head, int64_t *value)
                int uexpr_type = node->u.unary_expression.type;
                int uexpr_link = node->u.unary_expression.link;
                int cond = node->type != NODE_UNARY_EXPRESSION ||
-                       (uexpr_type != UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) ||
                        (uexpr_type != UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT &&
                                uexpr_type != UNARY_SIGNED_CONSTANT) ||
                        uexpr_link != UNARY_LINK_UNKNOWN || i != 0;
@@ -913,7 +955,7 @@ int get_unary_signed(struct bt_list_head *head, int64_t *value)
                        goto end;
                }
 
-               switch (node->u.unary_expression.type) {
+               switch (uexpr_type) {
                case UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT:
                        *value = (int64_t)
                                node->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
@@ -956,6 +998,8 @@ int get_unary_uuid(struct bt_list_head *head, unsigned char *uuid)
                src_string = node->u.unary_expression.u.string;
                ret = bt_uuid_parse(src_string, uuid);
                if (ret) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot parse UUID: uuid=\"%s\"", src_string);
                        goto end;
                }
        }
@@ -965,12 +1009,14 @@ end:
 }
 
 static
-int get_boolean(FILE *efd, struct ctf_node *unary_expr)
+int get_boolean(struct ctf_node *unary_expr)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (unary_expr->type != NODE_UNARY_EXPRESSION) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s", "expecting unary expression");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(unary_expr,
+                       "Expecting unary expression: node-type=%d",
+                       unary_expr->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -991,14 +1037,17 @@ int get_boolean(FILE *efd, struct ctf_node *unary_expr)
                } else if (!strcmp(str, "false") || !strcmp(str, "FALSE")) {
                        ret = FALSE;
                } else {
-                       _FPERROR(efd, "unexpected string \"%s\"", str);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(unary_expr,
+                               "Unexpected boolean value: value=\"%s\"", str);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
        }
        default:
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s", "unexpected unary expression type");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(unary_expr,
+                       "Unexpected unary expression type: node-type=%d",
+                       unary_expr->u.unary_expression.type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1008,28 +1057,29 @@ end:
 }
 
 static
-enum bt_ctf_byte_order byte_order_from_unary_expr(FILE *efd,
-       struct ctf_node *unary_expr)
+enum ctf_byte_order byte_order_from_unary_expr(struct ctf_node *unary_expr)
 {
        const char *str;
-       enum bt_ctf_byte_order bo = BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_UNKNOWN;
+       enum ctf_byte_order bo = -1;
 
        if (unary_expr->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s",
-                       "\"byte_order\" attribute: expecting string");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(unary_expr,
+                       "\"byte_order\" attribute: expecting `be`, `le`, `network`, or `native`.");
                goto end;
        }
 
        str = unary_expr->u.unary_expression.u.string;
 
        if (!strcmp(str, "be") || !strcmp(str, "network")) {
-               bo = BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN;
+               bo = CTF_BYTE_ORDER_BIG;
        } else if (!strcmp(str, "le")) {
-               bo = BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN;
+               bo = CTF_BYTE_ORDER_LITTLE;
        } else if (!strcmp(str, "native")) {
-               bo = BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_NATIVE;
+               bo = CTF_BYTE_ORDER_DEFAULT;
        } else {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "unexpected \"byte_order\" attribute value \"%s\"; should be \"be\", \"le\", \"network\", or \"native\"",
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(unary_expr,
+                       "Unexpected \"byte_order\" attribute value: "
+                       "expecting `be`, `le`, `network`, or `native`: value=\"%s\"",
                        str);
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1039,13 +1089,13 @@ end:
 }
 
 static
-enum bt_ctf_byte_order get_real_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct ctf_node *uexpr)
+enum ctf_byte_order get_real_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx,
+               struct ctf_node *uexpr)
 {
-       enum bt_ctf_byte_order bo = byte_order_from_unary_expr(ctx->efd, uexpr);
+       enum ctf_byte_order bo = byte_order_from_unary_expr(uexpr);
 
-       if (bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_NATIVE) {
-               bo = bt_ctf_trace_get_native_byte_order(ctx->trace);
+       if (bo == CTF_BYTE_ORDER_DEFAULT) {
+               bo = ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order;
        }
 
        return bo;
@@ -1054,16 +1104,19 @@ enum bt_ctf_byte_order get_real_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx,
 static
 int is_align_valid(uint64_t align)
 {
-       return (align != 0) && !(align & (align - 1));
+       return (align != 0) && !(align & (align - UINT64_C(1)));
 }
 
 static
 int get_type_specifier_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier,
-       GString *str)
+               GString *str)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (type_specifier->type != NODE_TYPE_SPECIFIER) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                       type_specifier->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1119,7 +1172,7 @@ int get_type_specifier_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier,
                struct ctf_node *node = type_specifier->u.type_specifier.node;
 
                if (!node->u._struct.name) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected empty structure name");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Unexpected empty structure field type name.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
@@ -1133,7 +1186,7 @@ int get_type_specifier_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier,
                struct ctf_node *node = type_specifier->u.type_specifier.node;
 
                if (!node->u.variant.name) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected empty variant name");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Unexpected empty variant field type name.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
@@ -1147,7 +1200,8 @@ int get_type_specifier_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier,
                struct ctf_node *node = type_specifier->u.type_specifier.node;
 
                if (!node->u._enum.enum_id) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected empty enum name");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Unexpected empty enumeration field type (`enum`) name.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
@@ -1160,7 +1214,9 @@ int get_type_specifier_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier,
        case TYPESPEC_INTEGER:
        case TYPESPEC_STRING:
        default:
-               _PERROR("%s", "unknown specifier");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier->u.type_specifier.node,
+                       "Unexpected type specifier type: %d",
+                       type_specifier->u.type_specifier.type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1171,9 +1227,9 @@ end:
 
 static
 int get_type_specifier_list_name(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list, GString *str)
+               struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list, GString *str)
 {
-       int ret;
+       int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
        int alias_item_nr = 0;
        struct bt_list_head *head =
@@ -1197,8 +1253,8 @@ end:
 
 static
 GQuark create_typealias_identifier(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       struct ctf_node *node_type_declarator)
+               struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
+               struct ctf_node *node_type_declarator)
 {
        int ret;
        char *str_c;
@@ -1233,16 +1289,15 @@ end:
 
 static
 int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       GQuark *field_name, struct ctf_node *node_type_declarator,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **field_decl,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *nested_decl)
+               GQuark *field_name, struct ctf_node *node_type_declarator,
+               struct ctf_field_type **field_decl,
+               struct ctf_field_type *nested_decl)
 {
        /*
         * During this whole function, nested_decl is always OURS,
         * whereas field_decl is an output which we create, but
         * belongs to the caller (it is moved).
         */
-
        int ret = 0;
        *field_decl = NULL;
 
@@ -1250,6 +1305,9 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
        if (node_type_declarator) {
                if (node_type_declarator->u.type_declarator.type ==
                                TYPEDEC_UNKNOWN) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                               "Unexpected type declarator type: type=%d",
+                               node_type_declarator->u.type_declarator.type);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -1257,7 +1315,8 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                /* TODO: GCC bitfields not supported yet */
                if (node_type_declarator->u.type_declarator.bitfield_len !=
                                NULL) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "GCC bitfields are not supported as of this version");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                               "GCC bitfields are not supported as of this version.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -1270,54 +1329,47 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
 
                if (node_type_declarator && !bt_list_empty(pointers)) {
                        GQuark qalias;
-                       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(nested_decl_copy);
 
                        /*
                         * If we have a pointer declarator, it HAS to
-                        * be present in the typealiases (else fail).
+                        * be present in the typealiases (else fail).
                         */
                        qalias = create_typealias_identifier(ctx,
                                type_specifier_list, node_type_declarator);
                        nested_decl =
                                ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(ctx->current_scope,
-                                       g_quark_to_string(qalias), -1);
+                                       g_quark_to_string(qalias), -1, true);
                        if (!nested_decl) {
-                               _PERROR("cannot find typealias \"%s\"",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                                       "Cannot find type alias: name=\"%s\"",
                                        g_quark_to_string(qalias));
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       /* Make a copy of it */
-                       nested_decl_copy = bt_ctf_field_type_copy(nested_decl);
-                       BT_PUT(nested_decl);
-                       if (!nested_decl_copy) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot copy nested field type");
-                               ret = -EINVAL;
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       BT_MOVE(nested_decl, nested_decl_copy);
+                       if (nested_decl->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_INT) {
+                               /* Pointer: force integer's base to 16 */
+                               struct ctf_field_type_int *int_ft =
+                                       (void *) nested_decl;
 
-                       /* Force integer's base to 16 since it's a pointer */
-                       if (bt_ctf_field_type_is_integer(nested_decl)) {
-                               bt_ctf_field_type_integer_set_base(nested_decl,
-                                       BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_HEXADECIMAL);
+                               int_ft->disp_base =
+                                       BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_HEXADECIMAL;
                        }
                } else {
                        ret = visit_type_specifier_list(ctx,
                                type_specifier_list, &nested_decl);
                        if (ret) {
-                               assert(!nested_decl);
+                               BT_ASSERT(!nested_decl);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
        }
 
-       assert(nested_decl);
+       BT_ASSERT(nested_decl);
 
        if (!node_type_declarator) {
-               BT_MOVE(*field_decl, nested_decl);
+               *field_decl = nested_decl;
+               nested_decl = NULL;
                goto end;
        }
 
@@ -1326,31 +1378,39 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                        const char *id =
                                node_type_declarator->u.type_declarator.u.id;
 
+                       if (id[0] == '_') {
+                               id++;
+                       }
+
                        *field_name = g_quark_from_string(id);
                } else {
                        *field_name = 0;
                }
 
-               BT_MOVE(*field_decl, nested_decl);
+               *field_decl = nested_decl;
+               nested_decl = NULL;
                goto end;
        } else {
                struct ctf_node *first;
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl);
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(outer_field_decl);
+               struct ctf_field_type *decl = NULL;
+               struct ctf_field_type *outer_field_decl = NULL;
                struct bt_list_head *length =
                        &node_type_declarator->
                                u.type_declarator.u.nested.length;
 
                /* Create array/sequence, pass nested_decl as child */
                if (bt_list_empty(length)) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "expecting length field reference or value");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                               "Expecting length field reference or value.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                first = _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(length, struct ctf_node, siblings);
                if (first->type != NODE_UNARY_EXPRESSION) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(first,
+                               "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                               first->type);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -1358,46 +1418,96 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                switch (first->u.unary_expression.type) {
                case UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT:
                {
-                       size_t len;
-                       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(array_decl);
-
-                       len = first->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
-                       array_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_array_create(nested_decl,
-                               len);
-                       BT_PUT(nested_decl);
-                       if (!array_decl) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "cannot create array field type");
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       BT_MOVE(decl, array_decl);
+                       struct ctf_field_type_array *array_decl = NULL;
+
+                       array_decl = ctf_field_type_array_create();
+                       BT_ASSERT(array_decl);
+                       array_decl->length =
+                               first->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
+                       array_decl->base.elem_ft = nested_decl;
+                       nested_decl = NULL;
+                       decl = (void *) array_decl;
                        break;
                }
                case UNARY_STRING:
                {
                        /* Lookup unsigned integer definition, create seq. */
-                       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(seq_decl);
+                       struct ctf_field_type_sequence *seq_decl = NULL;
                        char *length_name = concatenate_unary_strings(length);
 
                        if (!length_name) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                                       "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       seq_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_sequence_create(
-                               nested_decl, length_name);
-                       g_free(length_name);
-                       BT_PUT(nested_decl);
-                       if (!seq_decl) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "cannot create sequence field type");
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               goto error;
+                       if (strncmp(length_name, "env.", 4) == 0) {
+                               /* This is, in fact, an array */
+                               const char *env_entry_name = &length_name[4];
+                               struct ctf_trace_class_env_entry *env_entry =
+                                       ctf_trace_class_borrow_env_entry_by_name(
+                                               ctx->ctf_tc, env_entry_name);
+                               struct ctf_field_type_array *array_decl;
+
+                               if (!env_entry) {
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                                               "Cannot find environment entry: "
+                                               "name=\"%s\"", env_entry_name);
+                                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                                       goto error;
+                               }
+
+                               if (env_entry->type != CTF_TRACE_CLASS_ENV_ENTRY_TYPE_INT) {
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                                               "Wrong environment entry type "
+                                               "(expecting integer): "
+                                               "name=\"%s\"", env_entry_name);
+                                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                                       goto error;
+                               }
+
+                               if (env_entry->value.i < 0) {
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node_type_declarator,
+                                               "Invalid, negative array length: "
+                                               "env-entry-name=\"%s\", "
+                                               "value=%" PRId64,
+                                               env_entry_name,
+                                               env_entry->value.i);
+                                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                                       goto error;
+                               }
+
+                               array_decl = ctf_field_type_array_create();
+                               BT_ASSERT(array_decl);
+                               array_decl->length =
+                                       (uint64_t) env_entry->value.i;
+                               array_decl->base.elem_ft = nested_decl;
+                               nested_decl = NULL;
+                               decl = (void *) array_decl;
+                       } else {
+                               char *length_name_no_underscore =
+                                       remove_underscores_from_field_ref(
+                                               length_name);
+                               if (!length_name_no_underscore) {
+                                       /*
+                                        * remove_underscores_from_field_ref()
+                                        * logs errors
+                                        */
+                                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                                       goto error;
+                               }
+                               seq_decl = ctf_field_type_sequence_create();
+                               BT_ASSERT(seq_decl);
+                               seq_decl->base.elem_ft = nested_decl;
+                               nested_decl = NULL;
+                               g_string_assign(seq_decl->length_ref,
+                                       length_name_no_underscore);
+                               free(length_name_no_underscore);
+                               decl = (void *) seq_decl;
                        }
 
-                       BT_MOVE(decl, seq_decl);
+                       g_free(length_name);
                        break;
                }
                default:
@@ -1405,9 +1515,9 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               assert(!nested_decl);
-               assert(decl);
-               assert(!*field_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(!nested_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(!*field_decl);
 
                /*
                 * At this point, we found the next nested declaration.
@@ -1423,167 +1533,162 @@ int visit_type_declarator(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                        &outer_field_decl, decl);
                decl = NULL;
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!outer_field_decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!outer_field_decl);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               assert(outer_field_decl);
-               BT_MOVE(*field_decl, outer_field_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(outer_field_decl);
+               *field_decl = outer_field_decl;
+               outer_field_decl = NULL;
        }
 
-end:
-       BT_PUT(nested_decl);
-       assert(*field_decl);
-
-       return 0;
+       BT_ASSERT(*field_decl);
+       goto end;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(nested_decl);
-       BT_PUT(*field_decl);
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(*field_decl);
+       *field_decl = NULL;
 
+       if (ret >= 0) {
+               ret = -1;
+       }
+
+end:
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(nested_decl);
+       nested_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_struct_decl_field(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *struct_decl,
-       struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
+               struct ctf_field_type_struct *struct_decl,
+               struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
+               struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(field_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type *field_decl = NULL;
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, type_declarators, siblings) {
                field_decl = NULL;
                GQuark qfield_name;
                const char *field_name;
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(efield_decl);
 
                ret = visit_type_declarator(ctx, type_specifier_list,
                        &qfield_name, iter, &field_decl, NULL);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!field_decl);
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot visit type declarator");
+                       BT_ASSERT(!field_decl);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                               "Cannot visit type declarator: ret=%d", ret);
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               assert(field_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(field_decl);
                field_name = g_quark_to_string(qfield_name);
 
                /* Check if field with same name already exists */
-               efield_decl =
-                       bt_ctf_field_type_structure_get_field_type_by_name(
-                               struct_decl, field_name);
-               if (efield_decl) {
-                       BT_PUT(efield_decl);
-                       _PERROR("duplicate field \"%s\" in structure",
-                               field_name);
+               if (ctf_field_type_struct_borrow_member_by_name(
+                               struct_decl, field_name)) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                               "Duplicate field in structure field type: "
+                               "field-name=\"%s\"", field_name);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                /* Add field to structure */
-               ret = bt_ctf_field_type_structure_add_field(struct_decl,
-                       field_decl, field_name);
-               BT_PUT(field_decl);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot add field \"%s\" to structure",
-                               g_quark_to_string(qfield_name));
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               ctf_field_type_struct_append_member(struct_decl,
+                       field_name, field_decl);
+               field_decl = NULL;
        }
 
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(field_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(field_decl);
+       field_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_variant_decl_field(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *variant_decl,
-       struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
+               struct ctf_field_type_variant *variant_decl,
+               struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
+               struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(field_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type *field_decl = NULL;
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, type_declarators, siblings) {
                field_decl = NULL;
                GQuark qfield_name;
                const char *field_name;
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(efield_decl);
 
                ret = visit_type_declarator(ctx, type_specifier_list,
                        &qfield_name, iter, &field_decl, NULL);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!field_decl);
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot visit type declarator");
+                       BT_ASSERT(!field_decl);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                               "Cannot visit type declarator: ret=%d", ret);
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               assert(field_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(field_decl);
                field_name = g_quark_to_string(qfield_name);
 
                /* Check if field with same name already exists */
-               efield_decl =
-                       bt_ctf_field_type_variant_get_field_type_by_name(
-                               variant_decl, field_name);
-               if (efield_decl) {
-                       BT_PUT(efield_decl);
-                       _PERROR("duplicate field \"%s\" in variant",
-                               field_name);
+               if (ctf_field_type_variant_borrow_option_by_name(
+                               variant_decl, field_name)) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                               "Duplicate field in variant field type: "
+                               "field-name=\"%s\"", field_name);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                /* Add field to structure */
-               ret = bt_ctf_field_type_variant_add_field(variant_decl,
-                       field_decl, field_name);
-               BT_PUT(field_decl);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot add field \"%s\" to variant",
-                               g_quark_to_string(qfield_name));
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               ctf_field_type_variant_append_option(variant_decl,
+                       field_name, field_decl);
+               field_decl = NULL;
        }
 
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(field_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(field_decl);
+       field_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_typedef(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
+               struct bt_list_head *type_declarators)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        GQuark qidentifier;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(type_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type *type_decl = NULL;
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, type_declarators, siblings) {
                ret = visit_type_declarator(ctx, type_specifier_list,
                        &qidentifier, iter, &type_decl, NULL);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot visit type declarator");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Cannot visit type declarator: ret=%d", ret);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto end;
                }
 
                /* Do not allow typedef and typealias of untagged variants */
-               if (bt_ctf_field_type_is_variant(type_decl)) {
-                       if (bt_ctf_field_type_variant_get_tag_name(type_decl)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "typedef of untagged variant is not allowed");
+               if (type_decl->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_VARIANT) {
+                       struct ctf_field_type_variant *var_ft =
+                               (void *) type_decl;
+
+                       if (var_ft->tag_path.path->len == 0) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Type definition of untagged variant field type is not allowed.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto end;
                        }
@@ -1592,27 +1697,28 @@ int visit_typedef(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
                ret = ctx_decl_scope_register_alias(ctx->current_scope,
                        g_quark_to_string(qidentifier), type_decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot register typedef \"%s\"",
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Cannot register type definition: name=\"%s\"",
                                g_quark_to_string(qidentifier));
                        goto end;
                }
        }
 
 end:
-       BT_PUT(type_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(type_decl);
+       type_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_typealias(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *target,
-       struct ctf_node *alias)
+               struct ctf_node *alias)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        GQuark qalias;
        struct ctf_node *node;
        GQuark qdummy_field_name;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(type_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type *type_decl = NULL;
 
        /* Create target type declaration */
        if (bt_list_empty(&target->u.typealias_target.type_declarators)) {
@@ -1627,16 +1733,19 @@ int visit_typealias(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *target,
                target->u.typealias_target.type_specifier_list,
                &qdummy_field_name, node, &type_decl, NULL);
        if (ret) {
-               assert(!type_decl);
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot visit type declarator");
+               BT_ASSERT(!type_decl);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Cannot visit type declarator: ret=%d", ret);
                goto end;
        }
 
        /* Do not allow typedef and typealias of untagged variants */
-       if (bt_ctf_field_type_is_variant(type_decl)) {
-               if (bt_ctf_field_type_variant_get_tag_name(type_decl)) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "typealias of untagged variant is not allowed");
+       if (type_decl->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_VARIANT) {
+               struct ctf_field_type_variant *var_ft = (void *) type_decl;
+
+               if (var_ft->tag_path.path->len == 0) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(target,
+                               "Type definition of untagged variant field type is not allowed.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto end;
                }
@@ -1647,7 +1756,9 @@ int visit_typealias(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *target,
         * abstract or not (if it has an identifier). Check it here.
         */
        if (qdummy_field_name != 0) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "expecting empty identifier");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(target,
+                       "Expecting empty identifier: id=\"%s\"",
+                       g_quark_to_string(qdummy_field_name));
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1660,20 +1771,21 @@ int visit_typealias(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *target,
        ret = ctx_decl_scope_register_alias(ctx->current_scope,
                g_quark_to_string(qalias), type_decl);
        if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("cannot register typealias \"%s\"",
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Cannot register type alias: name=\"%s\"",
                        g_quark_to_string(qalias));
                goto end;
        }
 
 end:
-       BT_PUT(type_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(type_decl);
+       type_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_struct_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *struct_decl)
+               struct ctf_field_type_struct *struct_decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
@@ -1683,8 +1795,9 @@ int visit_struct_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                        entry_node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &entry_node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typedef in \"struct\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in structure field type: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
@@ -1692,8 +1805,9 @@ int visit_struct_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, entry_node->u.typealias.target,
                        entry_node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typealias in \"struct\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in structure field type: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
@@ -1709,7 +1823,8 @@ int visit_struct_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                }
                break;
        default:
-               _PERROR("unexpected node type: %d", (int) entry_node->type);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d", entry_node->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1720,7 +1835,7 @@ end:
 
 static
 int visit_variant_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *variant_decl)
+               struct ctf_field_type_variant *variant_decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
@@ -1730,8 +1845,9 @@ int visit_variant_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                        entry_node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &entry_node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typedef in \"variant\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in variant field type: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
@@ -1739,8 +1855,9 @@ int visit_variant_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, entry_node->u.typealias.target,
                        entry_node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typealias in \"variant\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in variant field type: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
@@ -1756,7 +1873,9 @@ int visit_variant_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                }
                break;
        default:
-               _PERROR("unexpected node type: %d", (int) entry_node->type);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                       entry_node->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -1767,54 +1886,40 @@ end:
 
 static
 int visit_struct_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
-       struct bt_list_head *decl_list, int has_body,
-       struct bt_list_head *min_align,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **struct_decl)
+               struct bt_list_head *decl_list, int has_body,
+               struct bt_list_head *min_align,
+               struct ctf_field_type_struct **struct_decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
+       BT_ASSERT(struct_decl);
        *struct_decl = NULL;
 
        /* For named struct (without body), lookup in declaration scope */
        if (!has_body) {
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(struct_decl_copy);
-
                if (!name) {
+                       BT_LOGE_STR("Bodyless structure field type: missing name.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                *struct_decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(ctx->current_scope,
-                       name, -1);
+                       name, -1, true);
                if (!*struct_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot find \"struct %s\"", name);
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
-               /* Make a copy of it */
-               struct_decl_copy = bt_ctf_field_type_copy(*struct_decl);
-               if (!struct_decl_copy) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot create copy of structure field type");
+                       BT_LOGE("Cannot find structure field type: name=\"struct %s\"",
+                               name);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
-
-               BT_MOVE(*struct_decl, struct_decl_copy);
        } else {
                struct ctf_node *entry_node;
                uint64_t min_align_value = 0;
 
                if (name) {
-                       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(estruct_decl);
-
-                       estruct_decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(
-                               ctx->current_scope, name, 1);
-                       if (estruct_decl) {
-                               BT_PUT(estruct_decl);
-                               _PERROR("\"struct %s\" already declared in local scope",
-                                       name);
+                       if (ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(
+                                       ctx->current_scope, name, 1, false)) {
+                               BT_LOGE("Structure field type already declared in local scope: "
+                                       "name=\"struct %s\"", name);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -1823,37 +1928,28 @@ int visit_struct_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
                if (!bt_list_empty(min_align)) {
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(min_align, &min_align_value);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for structure declaration's \"align\" attribute");
+                               BT_LOGE("Unexpected unary expression for structure field type's `align` attribute: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
 
-               *struct_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_structure_create();
-               if (!*struct_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot create structure field type");
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               *struct_decl = ctf_field_type_struct_create();
+               BT_ASSERT(*struct_decl);
 
                if (min_align_value != 0) {
-                       ret = bt_ctf_field_type_set_alignment(*struct_decl,
-                                       min_align_value);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "failed to set structure's minimal alignment");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
+                       (*struct_decl)->base.alignment = min_align_value;
                }
 
-               ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot push scope");
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR();
 
                bt_list_for_each_entry(entry_node, decl_list, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_struct_decl_entry(ctx, entry_node,
                                *struct_decl);
                        if (ret) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                                       "Cannot visit structure field type entry: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -1865,8 +1961,8 @@ int visit_struct_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
                        ret = ctx_decl_scope_register_struct(ctx->current_scope,
                                name, *struct_decl);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("cannot register \"struct %s\" in declaration scope",
-                                       name);
+                               BT_LOGE("Cannot register structure field type in declaration scope: "
+                                       "name=\"struct %s\", ret=%d", name, ret);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
@@ -1875,85 +1971,63 @@ int visit_struct_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(*struct_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *struct_decl);
+       *struct_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_variant_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
        const char *tag, struct bt_list_head *decl_list,
-       int has_body, struct bt_ctf_field_type **variant_decl)
+       int has_body, struct ctf_field_type_variant **variant_decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(untagged_variant_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type_variant *untagged_variant_decl = NULL;
 
+       BT_ASSERT(variant_decl);
        *variant_decl = NULL;
 
        /* For named variant (without body), lookup in declaration scope */
        if (!has_body) {
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(variant_decl_copy);
-
                if (!name) {
+                       BT_LOGE_STR("Bodyless variant field type: missing name.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                untagged_variant_decl =
                        ctx_decl_scope_lookup_variant(ctx->current_scope,
-                               name, -1);
+                               name, -1, true);
                if (!untagged_variant_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot find \"variant %s\"", name);
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
-               /* Make a copy of it */
-               variant_decl_copy = bt_ctf_field_type_copy(
-                       untagged_variant_decl);
-               if (!variant_decl_copy) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot create copy of variant field type");
+                       BT_LOGE("Cannot find variant field type: name=\"variant %s\"",
+                               name);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
-
-               BT_MOVE(untagged_variant_decl, variant_decl_copy);
        } else {
                struct ctf_node *entry_node;
 
                if (name) {
-                       struct bt_ctf_field_type *evariant_decl =
-                               ctx_decl_scope_lookup_struct(ctx->current_scope,
-                                       name, 1);
-
-                       if (evariant_decl) {
-                               BT_PUT(evariant_decl);
-                               _PERROR("\"variant %s\" already declared in local scope",
-                                       name);
+                       if (ctx_decl_scope_lookup_variant(ctx->current_scope,
+                                       name, 1, false)) {
+                               BT_LOGE("Variant field type already declared in local scope: "
+                                       "name=\"variant %s\"", name);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
 
-               untagged_variant_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_variant_create(NULL,
-                       NULL);
-               if (!untagged_variant_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot create variant field type");
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
-               ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot push scope");
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               untagged_variant_decl = ctf_field_type_variant_create();
+               BT_ASSERT(untagged_variant_decl);
+               _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR();
 
                bt_list_for_each_entry(entry_node, decl_list, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_variant_decl_entry(ctx, entry_node,
                                untagged_variant_decl);
                        if (ret) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                                       "Cannot visit variant field type entry: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -1966,8 +2040,8 @@ int visit_variant_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
                                ctx->current_scope, name,
                                untagged_variant_decl);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("cannot register \"variant %s\" in declaration scope",
-                                       name);
+                               BT_LOGE("Cannot register variant field type in declaration scope: "
+                                       "name=\"variant %s\", ret=%d", name, ret);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
@@ -1978,49 +2052,74 @@ int visit_variant_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
         * return untagged variant.
         */
        if (!tag) {
-               BT_MOVE(*variant_decl, untagged_variant_decl);
+               *variant_decl = untagged_variant_decl;
+               untagged_variant_decl = NULL;
        } else {
                /*
                 * At this point, we have a fresh untagged variant; nobody
                 * else owns it. Set its tag now.
                 */
-               ret = bt_ctf_field_type_variant_set_tag_name(
-                       untagged_variant_decl, tag);
-               if (ret) {
+               char *tag_no_underscore =
+                       remove_underscores_from_field_ref(tag);
+
+               if (!tag_no_underscore) {
+                       /* remove_underscores_from_field_ref() logs errors */
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               BT_MOVE(*variant_decl, untagged_variant_decl);
+               g_string_assign(untagged_variant_decl->tag_ref,
+                       tag_no_underscore);
+               free(tag_no_underscore);
+               *variant_decl = untagged_variant_decl;
+               untagged_variant_decl = NULL;
        }
 
-       assert(!untagged_variant_decl);
-       assert(*variant_decl);
-
+       BT_ASSERT(!untagged_variant_decl);
+       BT_ASSERT(*variant_decl);
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(untagged_variant_decl);
-       BT_PUT(*variant_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) untagged_variant_decl);
+       untagged_variant_decl = NULL;
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *variant_decl);
+       *variant_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
+struct uori {
+       bool is_signed;
+       union {
+               uint64_t u;
+               uint64_t i;
+       } value;
+};
+
 static
 int visit_enum_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *enumerator,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type *enum_decl, int64_t *last, int is_signed)
+               struct ctf_field_type_enum *enum_decl, struct uori *last)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        int nr_vals = 0;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       int64_t start = 0, end = 0;
+       struct uori start = {
+               .is_signed = false,
+               .value.u = 0,
+       };
+       struct uori end = {
+               .is_signed = false,
+               .value.u = 0,
+       };
        const char *label = enumerator->u.enumerator.id;
+       const char *effective_label = label;
        struct bt_list_head *values = &enumerator->u.enumerator.values;
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, values, siblings) {
-               int64_t *target;
+               struct uori *target;
 
                if (iter->type != NODE_UNARY_EXPRESSION) {
-                       _PERROR("wrong unary expression for enumeration label \"%s\"",
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Wrong expression for enumeration field type label: "
+                               "node-type=%d, label=\"%s\"", iter->type,
                                label);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
@@ -2034,21 +2133,28 @@ int visit_enum_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *enumerator,
 
                switch (iter->u.unary_expression.type) {
                case UNARY_SIGNED_CONSTANT:
-                       *target = iter->u.unary_expression.u.signed_constant;
+                       target->is_signed = true;
+                       target->value.i =
+                               iter->u.unary_expression.u.signed_constant;
                        break;
                case UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT:
-                       *target = (int64_t)
+                       target->is_signed = false;
+                       target->value.u =
                                iter->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
                        break;
                default:
-                       _PERROR("invalid enumeration entry: \"%s\"",
-                               label);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Invalid enumeration field type entry: "
+                               "expecting constant signed or unsigned integer: "
+                               "node-type=%d, label=\"%s\"",
+                               iter->u.unary_expression.type, label);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                if (nr_vals > 1) {
-                       _PERROR("invalid enumeration entry: \"%s\"",
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Invalid enumeration field type entry: label=\"%s\"",
                                label);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
@@ -2065,21 +2171,26 @@ int visit_enum_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *enumerator,
                end = start;
        }
 
-       *last = end + 1;
-
-       if (is_signed) {
-               ret = bt_ctf_field_type_enumeration_add_mapping(enum_decl, label,
-                       start, end);
+       if (end.is_signed) {
+               last->value.i = end.value.i + 1;
        } else {
-               ret = bt_ctf_field_type_enumeration_add_mapping_unsigned(enum_decl,
-                       label, (uint64_t) start, (uint64_t) end);
+               last->value.u = end.value.u + 1;
        }
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("cannot add mapping to enumeration for label \"%s\"",
-                       label);
-               goto error;
+
+       if (label[0] == '_') {
+               /*
+                * Strip the first underscore of any enumeration field
+                * type's label in case this enumeration FT is used as
+                * a variant FT tag later. The variant FT choice names
+                * could also start with `_`, in which case the prefix
+                * is removed, and it the resulting choice name needs to
+                * match tag labels.
+                */
+               effective_label = &label[1];
        }
 
+       ctf_field_type_enum_append_mapping(enum_decl, effective_label,
+               start.value.u, end.value.u);
        return 0;
 
 error:
@@ -2088,101 +2199,93 @@ error:
 
 static
 int visit_enum_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
-       struct ctf_node *container_type,
-       struct bt_list_head *enumerator_list,
-       int has_body,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **enum_decl)
+               struct ctf_node *container_type,
+               struct bt_list_head *enumerator_list,
+               int has_body, struct ctf_field_type_enum **enum_decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        GQuark qdummy_id;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(integer_decl);
+       struct ctf_field_type_int *integer_decl = NULL;
 
+       BT_ASSERT(enum_decl);
        *enum_decl = NULL;
 
        /* For named enum (without body), lookup in declaration scope */
        if (!has_body) {
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(enum_decl_copy);
-
                if (!name) {
+                       BT_LOGE_STR("Bodyless enumeration field type: missing name.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                *enum_decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(ctx->current_scope,
-                       name, -1);
+                       name, -1, true);
                if (!*enum_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot find \"enum %s\"", name);
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
-               /* Make a copy of it */
-               enum_decl_copy = bt_ctf_field_type_copy(*enum_decl);
-               if (!enum_decl_copy) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot create copy of enumeration field type");
+                       BT_LOGE("Cannot find enumeration field type: "
+                               "name=\"enum %s\"", name);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
-
-               BT_PUT(*enum_decl);
-               BT_MOVE(*enum_decl, enum_decl_copy);
        } else {
                struct ctf_node *iter;
-               int64_t last_value = 0;
+               struct uori last_value = {
+                       .is_signed = false,
+                       .value.u = 0,
+               };
 
                if (name) {
-                       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(eenum_decl);
-
-                       eenum_decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(
-                               ctx->current_scope, name, 1);
-                       if (eenum_decl) {
-                               BT_PUT(eenum_decl);
-                               _PERROR("\"enum %s\" already declared in local scope",
-                                       name);
+                       if (ctx_decl_scope_lookup_enum(ctx->current_scope,
+                                       name, 1, false)) {
+                               BT_LOGE("Enumeration field type already declared in local scope: "
+                                       "name=\"enum %s\"", name);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
 
                if (!container_type) {
-                       integer_decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(
-                               ctx->current_scope, "int", -1);
+                       integer_decl = (void *) ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(
+                               ctx->current_scope, "int", -1, true);
                        if (!integer_decl) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot find \"int\" type for enumeration");
+                               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot find implicit `int` field type alias for enumeration field type.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
                } else {
                        ret = visit_type_declarator(ctx, container_type,
-                               &qdummy_id, NULL, &integer_decl, NULL);
+                               &qdummy_id, NULL, (void *) &integer_decl,
+                               NULL);
                        if (ret) {
-                               assert(!integer_decl);
+                               BT_ASSERT(!integer_decl);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(integer_decl);
+               BT_ASSERT(integer_decl);
 
-               if (!bt_ctf_field_type_is_integer(integer_decl)) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "container type for enumeration is not an integer");
+               if (integer_decl->base.base.id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_INT) {
+                       BT_LOGE("Container field type for enumeration field type is not an integer field type: "
+                               "ft-id=%d", integer_decl->base.base.id);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               *enum_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_enumeration_create(integer_decl);
-               if (!*enum_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot create enumeration field type");
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                       goto error;
-               }
+               *enum_decl = ctf_field_type_enum_create();
+               BT_ASSERT(*enum_decl);
+               (*enum_decl)->base.base.base.alignment =
+                       integer_decl->base.base.alignment;
+               ctf_field_type_int_copy_content((void *) *enum_decl,
+                               (void *) integer_decl);
+               last_value.is_signed = (*enum_decl)->base.is_signed;
 
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, enumerator_list, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_enum_decl_entry(ctx, iter, *enum_decl,
-                               &last_value,
-                               bt_ctf_field_type_integer_get_signed(integer_decl));
+                               &last_value);
                        if (ret) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit enumeration field type entry: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
@@ -2191,84 +2294,80 @@ int visit_enum_decl(struct ctx *ctx, const char *name,
                        ret = ctx_decl_scope_register_enum(ctx->current_scope,
                                name, *enum_decl);
                        if (ret) {
+                               BT_LOGE("Cannot register enumeration field type in declaration scope: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
        }
 
-       BT_PUT(integer_decl);
-
-       return 0;
+       goto end;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(integer_decl);
-       BT_PUT(*enum_decl);
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *enum_decl);
+       *enum_decl = NULL;
 
+end:
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) integer_decl);
+       integer_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_type_specifier(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **decl)
+               struct ctf_node *type_specifier_list,
+               struct ctf_field_type **decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        GString *str = NULL;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl_copy);
 
        *decl = NULL;
        str = g_string_new("");
        ret = get_type_specifier_list_name(ctx, type_specifier_list, str);
        if (ret) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                       "Cannot get type specifier list's name: ret=%d", ret);
                goto error;
        }
 
-       *decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(ctx->current_scope, str->str, -1);
+       *decl = ctx_decl_scope_lookup_alias(ctx->current_scope, str->str, -1,
+               true);
        if (!*decl) {
-               _PERROR("cannot find type alias \"%s\"", str->str);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(type_specifier_list,
+                       "Cannot find type alias: name=\"%s\"", str->str);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       /* Make a copy of the type declaration */
-       decl_copy = bt_ctf_field_type_copy(*decl);
-       if (!decl_copy) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create field type copy");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       BT_MOVE(*decl, decl_copy);
-       (void) g_string_free(str, TRUE);
-       str = NULL;
-
-       return 0;
+       goto end;
 
 error:
+       ctf_field_type_destroy(*decl);
+       *decl = NULL;
+
+end:
        if (str) {
-               (void) g_string_free(str, TRUE);
+               g_string_free(str, TRUE);
        }
 
-       BT_PUT(*decl);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_list_head *expressions,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **integer_decl)
+               struct bt_list_head *expressions,
+               struct ctf_field_type_int **integer_decl)
 {
        int set = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        int signedness = 0;
        struct ctf_node *expression;
        uint64_t alignment = 0, size = 0;
-       struct bt_ctf_clock_class *mapped_clock = NULL;
-       enum bt_ctf_string_encoding encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_NONE;
-       enum bt_ctf_integer_base base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_DECIMAL;
-       enum bt_ctf_byte_order byte_order =
-               bt_ctf_trace_get_native_byte_order(ctx->trace);
+       struct bt_clock_class *mapped_clock_class = NULL;
+       enum ctf_encoding encoding = CTF_ENCODING_NONE;
+       enum bt_field_type_integer_preferred_display_base base =
+               BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_DECIMAL;
+       enum ctf_byte_order byte_order = ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order;
 
        *integer_decl = NULL;
 
@@ -2282,20 +2381,26 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        siblings);
 
                if (left->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(left,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression type: type=%d",
+                               left->u.unary_expression.type);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string, "signed")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_SIGNED_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("signed",
-                                       "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "signed",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       signedness = get_boolean(ctx->efd, right);
+                       signedness = get_boolean(right);
                        if (signedness < 0) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid boolean value for integer field type's `signed` attribute: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2304,15 +2409,17 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string,
                                "byte_order")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("byte_order",
-                                       "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "byte_order",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        byte_order = get_real_byte_order(ctx, right);
-                       if (byte_order == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_UNKNOWN) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"byte_order\" attribute in integer declaration");
+                       if (byte_order == -1) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `byte_order` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2320,26 +2427,36 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        _SET(&set, _INTEGER_BYTE_ORDER_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string, "size")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_SIZE_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("size",
-                                       "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "size",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type !=
                                        UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"size\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting unsigned constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `size` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer: "
+                                       "node-type=%d",
+                                       right->u.unary_expression.type);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        size = right->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
                        if (size == 0) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"size\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting positive constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `size` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting positive constant integer: "
+                                       "size=%" PRIu64, size);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        } else if (size > 64) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"size\" attribute in integer declaration: integers over 64-bit are not supported as of this version");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `size` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "integer fields over 64 bits are not supported as of this version: "
+                                       "size=%" PRIu64, size);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2348,15 +2465,19 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string,
                                "align")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_ALIGN_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("align",
-                                       "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "align",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type !=
                                        UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"align\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting unsigned constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `align` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer: "
+                                       "node-type=%d",
+                                       right->u.unary_expression.type);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2364,7 +2485,10 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        alignment =
                                right->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant;
                        if (!is_align_valid(alignment)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"align\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting power of two");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `align` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting power of two: "
+                                       "align=%" PRIu64, alignment);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2372,7 +2496,8 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        _SET(&set, _INTEGER_ALIGN_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string, "base")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_BASE_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("base", "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "base",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2385,19 +2510,21 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
 
                                switch (constant) {
                                case 2:
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_BINARY;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_BINARY;
                                        break;
                                case 8:
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_OCTAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_OCTAL;
                                        break;
                                case 10:
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_DECIMAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_DECIMAL;
                                        break;
                                case 16:
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_HEXADECIMAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_HEXADECIMAL;
                                        break;
                                default:
-                                       _PERROR("invalid \"base\" attribute in integer declaration: %" PRIu64,
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                               "Invalid `base` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                               "base=%" PRIu64,
                                                right->u.unary_expression.u.unsigned_constant);
                                        ret = -EINVAL;
                                        goto error;
@@ -2409,7 +2536,8 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                                char *s_right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                        &expression->u.ctf_expression.right);
                                if (!s_right) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for integer declaration's \"base\" attribute");
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                               "Unexpected unary expression for integer field type's `base` attribute.");
                                        ret = -EINVAL;
                                        goto error;
                                }
@@ -2419,23 +2547,24 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "d") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "i") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "u")) {
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_DECIMAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_DECIMAL;
                                } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "hexadecimal") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "hex") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "x") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "X") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "p")) {
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_HEXADECIMAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_HEXADECIMAL;
                                } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "octal") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "oct") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "o")) {
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_OCTAL;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_OCTAL;
                                } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "binary") ||
                                                !strcmp(s_right, "b")) {
-                                       base = BT_CTF_INTEGER_BASE_BINARY;
+                                       base = BT_FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER_PREFERRED_DISPLAY_BASE_BINARY;
                                } else {
-                                       _PERROR("unexpected unary expression for integer declaration's \"base\" attribute: \"%s\"",
-                                               s_right);
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                               "Unexpected unary expression for integer field type's `base` attribute: "
+                                               "base=\"%s\"", s_right);
                                        g_free(s_right);
                                        ret = -EINVAL;
                                        goto error;
@@ -2445,7 +2574,9 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                                break;
                        }
                        default:
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"base\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting unsigned constant or unary string");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `base` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer or unary string.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2456,14 +2587,16 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        char *s_right;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_ENCODING_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("encoding",
-                                       "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "encoding",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"encoding\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting unary string");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `encoding` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting unary string.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2471,7 +2604,8 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        s_right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                &expression->u.ctf_expression.right);
                        if (!s_right) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for integer declaration's \"encoding\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for integer field type's `encoding` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2479,15 +2613,16 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        if (!strcmp(s_right, "UTF8") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "utf8") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "utf-8") ||
-                                       !strcmp(s_right, "UTF-8")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_UTF8;
-                       } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "ASCII") ||
+                                       !strcmp(s_right, "UTF-8") ||
+                                       !strcmp(s_right, "ASCII") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "ascii")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_ASCII;
+                               encoding = CTF_ENCODING_UTF8;
                        } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "none")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_NONE;
+                               encoding = CTF_ENCODING_NONE;
                        } else {
-                               _PERROR("invalid \"encoding\" attribute in integer declaration: unknown encoding \"%s\"",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `encoding` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "unknown encoding: encoding=\"%s\"",
                                        s_right);
                                g_free(s_right);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
@@ -2500,13 +2635,16 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        const char *clock_name;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_MAP_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("map", "integer declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "map",
+                                       "integer field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"map\" attribute in integer declaration: expecting unary string");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `map` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "expecting unary string.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2519,22 +2657,28 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                                        &expression->u.ctf_expression.right);
 
                                if (!s_right) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for integer declaration's \"map\" attribute");
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                               "Unexpected unary expression for integer field type's `map` attribute.");
                                        ret = -EINVAL;
                                        goto error;
                                }
 
-                               _PWARNING("invalid \"map\" attribute in integer declaration: unknown clock class: \"%s\"",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `map` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "cannot find clock class at this point: name=\"%s\"",
                                        s_right);
                                _SET(&set, _INTEGER_MAP_SET);
                                g_free(s_right);
                                continue;
                        }
 
-                       mapped_clock = bt_ctf_trace_get_clock_class_by_name(
-                               ctx->trace, clock_name);
-                       if (!mapped_clock) {
-                               _PERROR("invalid \"map\" attribute in integer declaration: cannot find clock class \"%s\"",
+                       mapped_clock_class =
+                               ctf_trace_class_borrow_clock_class_by_name(
+                                       ctx->ctf_tc, clock_name);
+                       if (!mapped_clock_class) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `map` attribute in integer field type: "
+                                       "cannot find clock class at this point: name=\"%s\"",
                                        clock_name);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
@@ -2542,14 +2686,15 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
 
                        _SET(&set, _INTEGER_MAP_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in integer declaration",
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(left,
+                               "Unknown attribute in integer field type: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"",
                                left->u.unary_expression.u.string);
                }
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _INTEGER_SIZE_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "missing \"size\" attribute in integer declaration");
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Missing `size` attribute in integer field type.");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -2564,57 +2709,33 @@ int visit_integer_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                }
        }
 
-       *integer_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_integer_create((unsigned int) size);
-       if (!*integer_decl) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create integer field type");
-               ret = -ENOMEM;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = bt_ctf_field_type_integer_set_signed(*integer_decl, signedness);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_integer_set_base(*integer_decl, base);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_integer_set_encoding(*integer_decl, encoding);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_set_alignment(*integer_decl,
-               (unsigned int) alignment);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_set_byte_order(*integer_decl, byte_order);
-
-       if (mapped_clock) {
-               /* Move clock */
-               ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_integer_set_mapped_clock_class(
-                       *integer_decl, mapped_clock);
-               bt_put(mapped_clock);
-               mapped_clock = NULL;
-       }
-
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot configure integer field type");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
+       *integer_decl = ctf_field_type_int_create();
+       BT_ASSERT(*integer_decl);
+       (*integer_decl)->base.base.alignment = alignment;
+       (*integer_decl)->base.byte_order = byte_order;
+       (*integer_decl)->base.size = size;
+       (*integer_decl)->is_signed = (signedness > 0);
+       (*integer_decl)->disp_base = base;
+       (*integer_decl)->encoding = encoding;
+       (*integer_decl)->mapped_clock_class = bt_get(mapped_clock_class);
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       if (mapped_clock) {
-               bt_put(mapped_clock);
-       }
-
-       BT_PUT(*integer_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *integer_decl);
+       *integer_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_list_head *expressions,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **float_decl)
+               struct bt_list_head *expressions,
+               struct ctf_field_type_float **float_decl)
 {
        int set = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *expression;
        uint64_t alignment = 1, exp_dig = 0, mant_dig = 0;
-       enum bt_ctf_byte_order byte_order =
-               bt_ctf_trace_get_native_byte_order(ctx->trace);
+       enum ctf_byte_order byte_order = ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order;
 
        *float_decl = NULL;
 
@@ -2628,21 +2749,26 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        siblings);
 
                if (left->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(left,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression type: type=%d",
+                               left->u.unary_expression.type);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string, "byte_order")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("byte_order",
-                                       "floating point number declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "byte_order",
+                                       "floating point number field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        byte_order = get_real_byte_order(ctx, right);
-                       if (byte_order == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_UNKNOWN) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"byte_order\" attribute in floating point number declaration");
+                       if (byte_order == -1) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `byte_order` attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2651,15 +2777,19 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string,
                                "exp_dig")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_EXP_DIG_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("exp_dig",
-                                       "floating point number declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "exp_dig",
+                                       "floating point number field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type !=
                                        UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"exp_dig\" attribute in floating point number declaration: expecting unsigned constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `exp_dig` attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer: "
+                                       "node-type=%d",
+                                       right->u.unary_expression.type);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2669,15 +2799,19 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string,
                                "mant_dig")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_MANT_DIG_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("mant_dig",
-                                       "floating point number declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "mant_dig",
+                                       "floating point number field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type !=
                                        UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"mant_dig\" attribute in floating point number declaration: expecting unsigned constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `mant_dig` attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer: "
+                                       "node-type=%d",
+                                       right->u.unary_expression.type);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2688,15 +2822,19 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                } else if (!strcmp(left->u.unary_expression.u.string,
                                "align")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_ALIGN_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("align",
-                                       "floating point number declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "align",
+                                       "floating point number field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type !=
                                        UNARY_UNSIGNED_CONSTANT) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"align\" attribute in floating point number declaration: expecting unsigned constant");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `align` attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                                       "expecting unsigned constant integer: "
+                                       "node-type=%d",
+                                       right->u.unary_expression.type);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2705,26 +2843,49 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                                unsigned_constant;
 
                        if (!is_align_valid(alignment)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"align\" attribute in floating point number declaration: expecting power of two");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `align` attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                                       "expecting power of two: "
+                                       "align=%" PRIu64, alignment);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        _SET(&set, _FLOAT_ALIGN_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in floating point number declaration",
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(left,
+                               "Unknown attribute in floating point number field type: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"",
                                left->u.unary_expression.u.string);
                }
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_MANT_DIG_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "missing \"mant_dig\" attribute in floating point number declaration");
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Missing `mant_dig` attribute in floating point number field type.");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _FLOAT_EXP_DIG_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "missing \"exp_dig\" attribute in floating point number declaration");
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Missing `exp_dig` attribute in floating point number field type.");
+               ret = -EPERM;
+               goto error;
+       }
+
+       if (mant_dig != 24 && mant_dig != 53) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("`mant_dig` attribute: expecting 24 or 53.");
+               ret = -EPERM;
+               goto error;
+       }
+
+       if (mant_dig == 24 && exp_dig != 8) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("`exp_dig` attribute: expecting 8 because `mant_dig` is 24.");
+               ret = -EPERM;
+               goto error;
+       }
+
+       if (mant_dig == 53 && exp_dig != 11) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("`exp_dig` attribute: expecting 11 because `mant_dig` is 53.");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -2739,44 +2900,28 @@ int visit_floating_point_number_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                }
        }
 
-       *float_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_floating_point_create();
-       if (!*float_decl) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "cannot create floating point number field type");
-               ret = -ENOMEM;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = bt_ctf_field_type_floating_point_set_exponent_digits(
-               *float_decl, exp_dig);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_floating_point_set_mantissa_digits(
-               *float_decl, mant_dig);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_set_byte_order(*float_decl, byte_order);
-       ret |= bt_ctf_field_type_set_alignment(*float_decl, alignment);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "cannot configure floating point number field type");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
+       *float_decl = ctf_field_type_float_create();
+       BT_ASSERT(*float_decl);
+       (*float_decl)->base.base.alignment = alignment;
+       (*float_decl)->base.byte_order = byte_order;
+       (*float_decl)->base.size = mant_dig + exp_dig;
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(*float_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *float_decl);
+       *float_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_list_head *expressions,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **string_decl)
+               struct bt_list_head *expressions,
+               struct ctf_field_type_string **string_decl)
 {
        int set = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *expression;
-       enum bt_ctf_string_encoding encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_UTF8;
+       enum ctf_encoding encoding = CTF_ENCODING_UTF8;
 
        *string_decl = NULL;
 
@@ -2790,6 +2935,9 @@ int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        siblings);
 
                if (left->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(left,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression type: type=%d",
+                               left->u.unary_expression.type);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -2798,14 +2946,16 @@ int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        char *s_right;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(&set, _STRING_ENCODING_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("encoding",
-                                       "string declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(left, "encoding",
+                                       "string field type");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (right->u.unary_expression.type != UNARY_STRING) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "invalid \"encoding\" attribute in string declaration: expecting unary string");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `encoding` attribute in string field type: "
+                                       "expecting unary string.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2813,7 +2963,8 @@ int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        s_right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                &expression->u.ctf_expression.right);
                        if (!s_right) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for string declaration's \"encoding\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for string field type's `encoding` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -2821,15 +2972,16 @@ int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        if (!strcmp(s_right, "UTF8") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "utf8") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "utf-8") ||
-                                       !strcmp(s_right, "UTF-8")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_UTF8;
-                       } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "ASCII") ||
+                                       !strcmp(s_right, "UTF-8") ||
+                                       !strcmp(s_right, "ASCII") ||
                                        !strcmp(s_right, "ascii")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_ASCII;
+                               encoding = CTF_ENCODING_UTF8;
                        } else if (!strcmp(s_right, "none")) {
-                               encoding = BT_CTF_STRING_ENCODING_NONE;
+                               encoding = CTF_ENCODING_NONE;
                        } else {
-                               _PERROR("invalid \"encoding\" attribute in string declaration: unknown encoding \"%s\"",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(right,
+                                       "Invalid `encoding` attribute in string field type: "
+                                       "unknown encoding: encoding=\"%s\"",
                                        s_right);
                                g_free(s_right);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
@@ -2839,37 +2991,27 @@ int visit_string_decl(struct ctx *ctx,
                        g_free(s_right);
                        _SET(&set, _STRING_ENCODING_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in string declaration",
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(left,
+                               "Unknown attribute in string field type: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"",
                                left->u.unary_expression.u.string);
                }
        }
 
-       *string_decl = bt_ctf_field_type_string_create();
-       if (!*string_decl) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create string field type");
-               ret = -ENOMEM;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = bt_ctf_field_type_string_set_encoding(*string_decl, encoding);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot configure string field type");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
+       *string_decl = ctf_field_type_string_create();
+       BT_ASSERT(*string_decl);
+       (*string_decl)->encoding = encoding;
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(*string_decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *string_decl);
+       *string_decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct ctf_node *ts_list,
-       struct bt_ctf_field_type **decl)
+               struct ctf_node *ts_list, struct ctf_field_type **decl)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *first, *node;
@@ -2877,6 +3019,8 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
        *decl = NULL;
 
        if (ts_list->type != NODE_TYPE_SPECIFIER_LIST) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(ts_list,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d", ts_list->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -2884,6 +3028,8 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
        first = _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(&ts_list->u.type_specifier_list.head,
                struct ctf_node, siblings);
        if (first->type != NODE_TYPE_SPECIFIER) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(first,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d", first->type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -2893,25 +3039,25 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
        switch (first->u.type_specifier.type) {
        case TYPESPEC_INTEGER:
                ret = visit_integer_decl(ctx, &node->u.integer.expressions,
-                       decl);
+                       (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
        case TYPESPEC_FLOATING_POINT:
                ret = visit_floating_point_number_decl(ctx,
-                       &node->u.floating_point.expressions, decl);
+                       &node->u.floating_point.expressions, (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
        case TYPESPEC_STRING:
                ret = visit_string_decl(ctx,
-                       &node->u.string.expressions, decl);
+                       &node->u.string.expressions, (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -2919,9 +3065,9 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
                ret = visit_struct_decl(ctx, node->u._struct.name,
                        &node->u._struct.declaration_list,
                        node->u._struct.has_body,
-                       &node->u._struct.min_align, decl);
+                       &node->u._struct.min_align, (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -2929,9 +3075,9 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
                ret = visit_variant_decl(ctx, node->u.variant.name,
                        node->u.variant.choice,
                        &node->u.variant.declaration_list,
-                       node->u.variant.has_body, decl);
+                       node->u.variant.has_body, (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -2939,9 +3085,9 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
                ret = visit_enum_decl(ctx, node->u._enum.enum_id,
                        node->u._enum.container_type,
                        &node->u._enum.enumerator_list,
-                       node->u._enum.has_body, decl);
+                       node->u._enum.has_body, (void *) decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -2961,43 +3107,45 @@ int visit_type_specifier_list(struct ctx *ctx,
        case TYPESPEC_ID_TYPE:
                ret = visit_type_specifier(ctx, ts_list, decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!*decl);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(first,
+                               "Cannot visit type specifier: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!*decl);
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
        default:
-               _PERROR("unexpected node type: %d",
-                       (int) first->u.type_specifier.type);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(first,
+                       "Unexpected type specifier type: node-type=%d",
+                       first->u.type_specifier.type);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       assert(*decl);
-
+       BT_ASSERT(*decl);
        return 0;
 
 error:
-       BT_PUT(*decl);
-
+       ctf_field_type_destroy((void *) *decl);
+       *decl = NULL;
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
-       struct bt_ctf_event_class *event_class, int64_t *stream_id,
-       int *set)
+               struct ctf_event_class *event_class, uint64_t *stream_id,
+               int *set)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        char *left = NULL;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl);
 
        switch (node->type) {
        case NODE_TYPEDEF:
                ret = visit_typedef(ctx, node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typedef in \"event\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in event class.");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3005,7 +3153,8 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, node->u.typealias.target,
                        node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot add typealias in \"event\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in event class.");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3013,6 +3162,7 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
        {
                left = concatenate_unary_strings(&node->u.ctf_expression.left);
                if (!left) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -3020,49 +3170,51 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                if (!strcmp(left, "name")) {
                        /* This is already known at this stage */
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_NAME_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("name", "event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "name", "event class");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_NAME_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "id")) {
-                       int64_t id;
+                       int64_t id = -1;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_ID_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("id", "event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "id", "event class");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                (uint64_t *) &id);
-                       if (ret || id < 0) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for event declaration's \"id\" attribute");
+                       /* Only read "id" if get_unary_unsigned() succeeded. */
+                       if (ret || (!ret && id < 0)) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for event class's `id` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_id(event_class, id);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "cannot set event declaration's ID");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
+                       event_class->id = id;
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_ID_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "stream_id")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_STREAM_ID_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("stream_id",
-                                       "event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "stream_id",
+                                       "event class");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
-                               (uint64_t *) stream_id);
-                       if (ret || *stream_id < 0) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for event declaration's \"stream_id\" attribute");
+                               stream_id);
+
+                       /*
+                        * Only read "stream_id" if get_unary_unsigned()
+                        * succeeded.
+                        */
+                       if (ret || (!ret && *stream_id < 0)) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for event class's `stream_id` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3070,7 +3222,8 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_STREAM_ID_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "context")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_CONTEXT_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"context\" entry in event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `context` entry in event class.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3079,25 +3232,19 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &decl);
+                               &event_class->spec_context_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create event context declaration");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       assert(decl);
-                       ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_context_type(
-                               event_class, decl);
-                       BT_PUT(decl);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set event's context declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create event class's context field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       BT_ASSERT(event_class->spec_context_ft);
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_CONTEXT_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "fields")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_FIELDS_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"fields\" entry in event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `fields` entry in event class.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3106,30 +3253,22 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &decl);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create event payload field type");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       assert(decl);
-                       ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_payload_type(
-                               event_class, decl);
-                       BT_PUT(decl);
+                               &event_class->payload_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set event's payload field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create event class's payload field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       BT_ASSERT(event_class->payload_ft);
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_FIELDS_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "loglevel")) {
                        uint64_t loglevel_value;
-                       const char *loglevel_str;
-                       struct bt_value *value_obj, *str_obj;
+                       enum bt_event_class_log_level log_level = -1;
 
-                       if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_LOGLEVEL_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("loglevel",
-                                       "event declaration");
+                       if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_LOG_LEVEL_SET)) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "loglevel",
+                                       "event class");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3137,43 +3276,74 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                &loglevel_value);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for event declaration's \"loglevel\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for event class's `loglevel` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
-                       value_obj = bt_value_integer_create_init(loglevel_value);
-                       if (!value_obj) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot allocate memory for loglevel value object");
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-                       if (bt_ctf_event_class_set_attribute(event_class,
-                               "loglevel", value_obj) != BT_VALUE_STATUS_OK) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set loglevel value");
-                               ret = -EINVAL;
-                               bt_put(value_obj);
-                               goto error;
+
+                       switch (loglevel_value) {
+                       case 0:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_EMERGENCY;
+                               break;
+                       case 1:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_ALERT;
+                               break;
+                       case 2:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_CRITICAL;
+                               break;
+                       case 3:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR;
+                               break;
+                       case 4:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING;
+                               break;
+                       case 5:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_NOTICE;
+                               break;
+                       case 6:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_INFO;
+                               break;
+                       case 7:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_SYSTEM;
+                               break;
+                       case 8:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_PROGRAM;
+                               break;
+                       case 9:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_PROCESS;
+                               break;
+                       case 10:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_MODULE;
+                               break;
+                       case 11:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_UNIT;
+                               break;
+                       case 12:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_FUNCTION;
+                               break;
+                       case 13:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG_LINE;
+                               break;
+                       case 14:
+                               log_level = BT_EVENT_CLASS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG;
+                               break;
+                       default:
+                               _BT_LOGW_NODE(node, "Not setting event class's log level because its value is unknown: "
+                                       "log-level=%" PRIu64, loglevel_value);
                        }
-                       loglevel_str = print_loglevel(loglevel_value);
-                       if (loglevel_str) {
-                               str_obj = bt_value_string_create_init(loglevel_str);
-                               if (bt_ctf_event_class_set_attribute(event_class,
-                                               "loglevel_string", str_obj) != BT_VALUE_STATUS_OK) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set loglevel string");
-                                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                                       bt_put(str_obj);
-                                       goto error;
-                               }
-                               bt_put(str_obj);
+
+                       if (log_level != -1) {
+                               event_class->log_level = log_level;
                        }
-                       bt_put(value_obj);
-                       _SET(set, _EVENT_LOGLEVEL_SET);
+
+                       _SET(set, _EVENT_LOG_LEVEL_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "model.emf.uri")) {
                        char *right;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _EVENT_MODEL_EMF_URI_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("model.emf.uri",
-                                       "event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "model.emf.uri",
+                                       "event class");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3181,18 +3351,26 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                        right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                &node->u.ctf_expression.right);
                        if (!right) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for event declaration's \"model.emf.uri\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for event class's `model.emf.uri` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       // TODO: FIXME: set model EMF URI here
+                       if (strlen(right) == 0) {
+                               _BT_LOGW_NODE(node,
+                                       "Not setting event class's EMF URI because it's empty.");
+                       } else {
+                               g_string_assign(event_class->emf_uri,
+                                       right);
+                       }
 
                        g_free(right);
                        _SET(set, _EVENT_MODEL_EMF_URI_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in event declaration",
-                               left);
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(node,
+                               "Unknown attribute in event class: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"", left);
                }
 
                g_free(left);
@@ -3204,15 +3382,14 @@ int visit_event_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                goto error;
        }
 
-       return 0;
+       goto end;
 
 error:
        if (left) {
                g_free(left);
        }
 
-       BT_PUT(decl);
-
+end:
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -3231,6 +3408,8 @@ char *get_event_decl_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
 
                left = concatenate_unary_strings(&iter->u.ctf_expression.left);
                if (!left) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
@@ -3238,7 +3417,8 @@ char *get_event_decl_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
                        name = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                &iter->u.ctf_expression.right);
                        if (!name) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for event declaration's \"name\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for event class's `name` attribute.");
                                goto error;
                        }
                }
@@ -3255,89 +3435,6 @@ char *get_event_decl_name(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-
-       return NULL;
-}
-
-static
-int reset_event_decl_types(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_ctf_event_class *event_class)
-{
-       int ret = 0;
-
-       /* Context type. */
-       ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_context_type(event_class, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set initial NULL event context");
-               goto end;
-       }
-
-       /* Event payload. */
-       ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_payload_type(event_class, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set initial NULL event payload");
-               goto end;
-       }
-end:
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static
-int reset_stream_decl_types(struct ctx *ctx,
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *stream_class)
-{
-       int ret = 0;
-
-       /* Packet context. */
-       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_packet_context_type(stream_class, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set initial empty packet context");
-               goto end;
-       }
-
-       /* Event header. */
-       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_event_header_type(stream_class, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set initial empty event header");
-               goto end;
-       }
-
-       /* Event context. */
-       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_event_context_type(stream_class, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set initial empty stream event context");
-               goto end;
-       }
-end:
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static
-struct bt_ctf_stream_class *create_reset_stream_class(struct ctx *ctx)
-{
-       int ret;
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *stream_class;
-
-       stream_class = bt_ctf_stream_class_create(NULL);
-       if (!stream_class) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create stream class");
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       /*
-        * Set packet context, event header, and event context to NULL to
-        * override the default ones.
-        */
-       ret = reset_stream_decl_types(ctx, stream_class);
-       if (ret) {
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       return stream_class;
-
-error:
-       BT_PUT(stream_class);
-
        return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -3346,13 +3443,11 @@ int visit_event_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        int set = 0;
-       int64_t event_id;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       int64_t stream_id = -1;
+       uint64_t stream_id = 0;
        char *event_name = NULL;
-       struct bt_ctf_event_class *event_class = NULL;
-       struct bt_ctf_event_class *eevent_class;
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *stream_class = NULL;
+       struct ctf_event_class *event_class = NULL;
+       struct ctf_stream_class *stream_class = NULL;
        struct bt_list_head *decl_list = &node->u.event.declaration_list;
        bool pop_scope = false;
 
@@ -3363,187 +3458,261 @@ int visit_event_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
        node->visited = TRUE;
        event_name = get_event_decl_name(ctx, node);
        if (!event_name) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "missing \"name\" attribute in event declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Missing `name` attribute in event class.");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       event_class = bt_ctf_event_class_create(event_name);
-
-       /*
-        * Unset context and fields to override the default ones.
-        */
-       ret = reset_event_decl_types(ctx, event_class);
-       if (ret) {
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot push scope");
-               goto error;
-       }
-
+       event_class = ctf_event_class_create();
+       BT_ASSERT(event_class);
+       g_string_assign(event_class->name, event_name);
+       _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR();
        pop_scope = true;
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, decl_list, siblings) {
                ret = visit_event_decl_entry(ctx, iter, event_class,
                        &stream_id, &set);
                if (ret) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter, "Cannot visit event class's entry: "
+                               "ret=%d", ret);
                        goto error;
                }
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _EVENT_STREAM_ID_SET)) {
-               GList *keys = NULL;
-               struct bt_ctf_stream_class *new_stream_class;
-               size_t stream_class_count =
-                       g_hash_table_size(ctx->stream_classes) +
-                       bt_ctf_trace_get_stream_class_count(ctx->trace);
-
                /*
                 * Allow missing stream_id if there is only a single
                 * stream class.
                 */
-               switch (stream_class_count) {
+               switch (ctx->ctf_tc->stream_classes->len) {
                case 0:
                        /* Create implicit stream class if there's none */
-                       new_stream_class = create_reset_stream_class(ctx);
-                       if (!new_stream_class) {
-                               ret = -EINVAL;
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_id(new_stream_class, 0);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set stream class's ID");
-                               BT_PUT(new_stream_class);
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
                        stream_id = 0;
-
-                       /* Move reference to visitor's context */
-                       g_hash_table_insert(ctx->stream_classes,
-                               (gpointer) stream_id, new_stream_class);
-                       new_stream_class = NULL;
+                       stream_class = ctf_stream_class_create();
+                       BT_ASSERT(stream_class);
+                       stream_class->id = stream_id;
+                       g_ptr_array_add(ctx->ctf_tc->stream_classes,
+                               stream_class);
+                       stream_class = stream_class;
                        break;
                case 1:
                        /* Single stream class: get its ID */
-                       if (g_hash_table_size(ctx->stream_classes) == 1) {
-                               keys = g_hash_table_get_keys(ctx->stream_classes);
-                               stream_id = (int64_t) keys->data;
-                               g_list_free(keys);
-                       } else {
-                               assert(bt_ctf_trace_get_stream_class_count(
-                                       ctx->trace) == 1);
-                               stream_class =
-                                       bt_ctf_trace_get_stream_class_by_index(
-                                               ctx->trace, 0);
-                               assert(stream_class);
-                               stream_id = bt_ctf_stream_class_get_id(
-                                       stream_class);
-                               BT_PUT(stream_class);
-                       }
+                       stream_class = ctx->ctf_tc->stream_classes->pdata[0];
+                       stream_id = stream_class->id;
                        break;
                default:
-                       _PERROR("%s", "missing \"stream_id\" attribute in event declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Missing `stream_id` attribute in event class.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
        }
 
-       assert(stream_id >= 0);
-
        /* We have the stream ID now; get the stream class if found */
-       stream_class = g_hash_table_lookup(ctx->stream_classes,
-               (gpointer) stream_id);
-       bt_get(stream_class);
        if (!stream_class) {
-               stream_class = bt_ctf_trace_get_stream_class_by_id(ctx->trace,
-                       stream_id);
+               stream_class = ctf_trace_class_borrow_stream_class_by_id(
+                       ctx->ctf_tc, stream_id);
                if (!stream_class) {
-                       _PERROR("cannot find stream class with ID %" PRId64,
-                               stream_id);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot find stream class at this point: "
+                               "id=%" PRId64, stream_id);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
        }
 
-       assert(stream_class);
+       BT_ASSERT(stream_class);
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _EVENT_ID_SET)) {
                /* Allow only one event without ID per stream */
-               if (bt_ctf_stream_class_get_event_class_count(stream_class) !=
-                               0) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "missing \"id\" field in event declaration");
+               if (stream_class->event_classes->len != 0) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Missing `id` attribute in event class.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                /* Automatic ID */
-               ret = bt_ctf_event_class_set_id(event_class, 0);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set event's ID");
-                       goto error;
-               }
-       }
-
-       event_id = bt_ctf_event_class_get_id(event_class);
-       if (event_id < 0) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot get event's ID");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
+               event_class->id = 0;
        }
 
-       eevent_class = bt_ctf_stream_class_get_event_class_by_id(stream_class,
-               event_id);
-       if (eevent_class) {
-               BT_PUT(eevent_class);
-               _PERROR("duplicate event with ID %" PRId64 " in same stream", event_id);
+       if (ctf_stream_class_borrow_event_class_by_id(stream_class,
+                       event_class->id)) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Duplicate event class (same ID) in the same stream class: "
+                       "id=%" PRId64, event_class->id);
                ret = -EEXIST;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_add_event_class(stream_class, event_class);
-       BT_PUT(event_class);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot add event class to stream class");
-               goto error;
-       }
-
+       ctf_stream_class_append_event_class(stream_class, event_class);
+       event_class = NULL;
        goto end;
 
 error:
-       bt_put(event_class);
+       ctf_event_class_destroy(event_class);
+       event_class = NULL;
+
+       if (ret >= 0) {
+               ret = -1;
+       }
 
 end:
        if (pop_scope) {
                ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
        }
 
-       g_free(event_name);
-       bt_put(stream_class);
+       if (event_name) {
+               g_free(event_name);
+       }
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static
+int auto_map_field_to_trace_clock_class(struct ctx *ctx,
+               struct ctf_field_type *ft)
+{
+       struct bt_clock_class *clock_class_to_map_to = NULL;
+       struct ctf_field_type_int *int_ft = (void *) ft;
+       int ret = 0;
+       uint64_t clock_class_count;
+
+       if (!ft) {
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       if (ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_INT &&
+                       ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_ENUM) {
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       if (int_ft->mapped_clock_class) {
+               /* Already mapped */
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       clock_class_count = ctx->ctf_tc->clock_classes->len;
+
+       switch (clock_class_count) {
+       case 0:
+               /*
+                * No clock class exists in the trace at this point. Create an
+                * implicit one at 1 GHz, named `default`, and use this clock
+                * class.
+                */
+               clock_class_to_map_to = bt_clock_class_create();
+               BT_ASSERT(clock_class_to_map_to);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_frequency(clock_class_to_map_to,
+                       UINT64_C(1000000000));
+               BT_ASSERT(ret == 0);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_name(clock_class_to_map_to,
+                       "default");
+               BT_ASSERT(ret == 0);
+               g_ptr_array_add(ctx->ctf_tc->clock_classes,
+                       bt_get(clock_class_to_map_to));
+               break;
+       case 1:
+               /*
+                * Only one clock class exists in the trace at this point: use
+                * this one.
+                */
+               clock_class_to_map_to =
+                       bt_get(ctx->ctf_tc->clock_classes->pdata[0]);
+               break;
+       default:
+               /*
+                * Timestamp field not mapped to a clock class and there's more
+                * than one clock class in the trace: this is an error.
+                */
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Timestamp field found with no mapped clock class, "
+                       "but there's more than one clock class in the trace at this point.");
+               ret = -1;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       BT_ASSERT(clock_class_to_map_to);
+       int_ft->mapped_clock_class = bt_get(clock_class_to_map_to);
+
+end:
+       bt_put(clock_class_to_map_to);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static
+int auto_map_fields_to_trace_clock_class(struct ctx *ctx,
+               struct ctf_field_type *root_ft, const char *field_name)
+{
+       int ret = 0;
+       uint64_t i, count;
+       struct ctf_field_type_struct *struct_ft = (void *) root_ft;
+       struct ctf_field_type_variant *var_ft = (void *) root_ft;
+
+       if (!root_ft) {
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       if (root_ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_STRUCT &&
+                       root_ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_VARIANT) {
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       if (root_ft->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_STRUCT) {
+               count = struct_ft->members->len;
+       } else {
+               count = var_ft->options->len;
+       }
+
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+               struct ctf_named_field_type *named_ft = NULL;
+
+               if (root_ft->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_STRUCT) {
+                       named_ft = ctf_field_type_struct_borrow_member_by_index(
+                               struct_ft, i);
+               } else if (root_ft->id == CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_VARIANT) {
+                       named_ft = ctf_field_type_variant_borrow_option_by_index(
+                               var_ft, i);
+               }
+
+               if (strcmp(named_ft->name->str, field_name) == 0) {
+                       ret = auto_map_field_to_trace_clock_class(ctx,
+                               named_ft->ft);
+                       if (ret) {
+                               BT_LOGE("Cannot automatically map field to trace's clock class: "
+                                       "field-name=\"%s\"", field_name);
+                               goto end;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               ret = auto_map_fields_to_trace_clock_class(ctx, named_ft->ft,
+                       field_name);
+               if (ret) {
+                       BT_LOGE("Cannot automatically map structure or variant field type's fields to trace's clock class: "
+                               "field-name=\"%s\", root-field-name=\"%s\"",
+                               field_name, named_ft->name->str);
+                       goto end;
+               }
+       }
+
+end:
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *stream_class, int *set)
+               struct ctf_stream_class *stream_class, int *set)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        char *left = NULL;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl);
 
        switch (node->type) {
        case NODE_TYPEDEF:
                ret = visit_typedef(ctx, node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typedef in \"stream\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in stream class.");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3551,7 +3720,8 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, node->u.typealias.target,
                        node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot add typealias in \"stream\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in stream class.");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3559,48 +3729,47 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
        {
                left = concatenate_unary_strings(&node->u.ctf_expression.left);
                if (!left) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                if (!strcmp(left, "id")) {
                        int64_t id;
-                       gpointer ptr;
 
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _STREAM_ID_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("id", "stream declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "id",
+                                       "stream declaration");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                (uint64_t *) &id);
-                       if (ret || id < 0) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for stream declaration's \"id\" attribute");
+
+                       /* Only read "id" if get_unary_unsigned() succeeded. */
+                       if (ret || (!ret && id < 0)) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for stream class's `id` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       ptr = g_hash_table_lookup(ctx->stream_classes,
-                               (gpointer) id);
-                       if (ptr) {
-                               _PERROR("duplicate stream with ID %" PRId64,
+                       if (ctf_trace_class_borrow_stream_class_by_id(
+                                       ctx->ctf_tc, id)) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate stream class (same ID): id=%" PRId64,
                                        id);
                                ret = -EEXIST;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_id(stream_class, id);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "cannot set stream class's ID");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
+                       stream_class->id = id;
                        _SET(set, _STREAM_ID_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "event.header")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _STREAM_EVENT_HEADER_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"event.header\" entry in stream declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `event.header` entry in stream class.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3609,26 +3778,27 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &decl);
+                               &stream_class->event_header_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create event header field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create stream class's event header field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       assert(decl);
-
-                       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_event_header_type(
-                               stream_class, decl);
-                       BT_PUT(decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(stream_class->event_header_ft);
+                       ret = auto_map_fields_to_trace_clock_class(ctx,
+                               stream_class->event_header_ft, "timestamp");
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set stream's event header field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot automatically map specific event header field type fields named `timestamp` to trace's clock class.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        _SET(set, _STREAM_EVENT_HEADER_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "event.context")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _STREAM_EVENT_CONTEXT_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"event.context\" entry in stream declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `event.context` entry in stream class.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3637,26 +3807,19 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &decl);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create stream event context field type");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       assert(decl);
-
-                       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_event_context_type(
-                               stream_class, decl);
-                       BT_PUT(decl);
+                               &stream_class->event_common_context_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set stream's event context field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create stream class's event context field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       BT_ASSERT(stream_class->event_common_context_ft);
                        _SET(set, _STREAM_EVENT_CONTEXT_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "packet.context")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _STREAM_PACKET_CONTEXT_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"packet.context\" entry in stream declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `packet.context` entry in stream class.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3665,26 +3828,37 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &decl);
+                               &stream_class->packet_context_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create packet context field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create stream class's packet context field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       assert(decl);
+                       BT_ASSERT(stream_class->packet_context_ft);
+                       ret = auto_map_fields_to_trace_clock_class(ctx,
+                               stream_class->packet_context_ft,
+                               "timestamp_begin");
+                       if (ret) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot automatically map specific packet context field type fields named `timestamp_begin` to trace's clock class.");
+                               goto error;
+                       }
 
-                       ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_packet_context_type(
-                               stream_class, decl);
-                       BT_PUT(decl);
+                       ret = auto_map_fields_to_trace_clock_class(ctx,
+                               stream_class->packet_context_ft,
+                               "timestamp_end");
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set stream's packet context field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot automatically map specific packet context field type fields named `timestamp_end` to trace's clock class.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        _SET(set, _STREAM_PACKET_CONTEXT_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in stream declaration",
-                               left);
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(node,
+                               "Unknown attribute in stream class: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"", left);
                }
 
                g_free(left);
@@ -3701,20 +3875,16 @@ int visit_stream_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node,
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-       BT_PUT(decl);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_stream_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
 {
-       int64_t id;
        int set = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctf_node *iter;
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *stream_class = NULL;
-       struct bt_ctf_stream_class *existing_stream_class = NULL;
+       struct ctf_stream_class *stream_class = NULL;
        struct bt_list_head *decl_list = &node->u.stream.declaration_list;
 
        if (node->visited) {
@@ -3722,21 +3892,16 @@ int visit_stream_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
        }
 
        node->visited = TRUE;
-       stream_class = create_reset_stream_class(ctx);
-       if (!stream_class) {
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot push scope");
-               goto error;
-       }
+       stream_class = ctf_stream_class_create();
+       BT_ASSERT(stream_class);
+       _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR();
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, decl_list, siblings) {
                ret = visit_stream_decl_entry(ctx, iter, stream_class, &set);
                if (ret) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                               "Cannot visit stream class's entry: "
+                               "ret=%d", ret);
                        ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -3745,83 +3910,67 @@ int visit_stream_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
        ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
 
        if (_IS_SET(&set, _STREAM_ID_SET)) {
-               /* Check that packet header has stream_id field */
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(stream_id_decl);
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(packet_header_decl);
-
-               packet_header_decl =
-                       bt_ctf_trace_get_packet_header_type(ctx->trace);
-               if (!packet_header_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot get trace packet header field type");
+               /* Check that packet header has `stream_id` field */
+               struct ctf_named_field_type *named_ft = NULL;
+
+               if (!ctx->ctf_tc->packet_header_ft) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Stream class has a `id` attribute, "
+                               "but trace has no packet header field type.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               stream_id_decl =
-                       bt_ctf_field_type_structure_get_field_type_by_name(
-                               packet_header_decl, "stream_id");
-               BT_PUT(packet_header_decl);
-               if (!stream_id_decl) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "missing \"stream_id\" field in packet header declaration, but \"id\" attribute is declared for stream");
+               named_ft = ctf_field_type_struct_borrow_member_by_name(
+                       (void *) ctx->ctf_tc->packet_header_ft, "stream_id");
+               if (!named_ft) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Stream class has a `id` attribute, "
+                               "but trace's packet header field type has no `stream_id` field.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               if (!bt_ctf_field_type_is_integer(stream_id_decl)) {
-                       BT_PUT(stream_id_decl);
-                       _PERROR("%s", "\"stream_id\" field in packet header declaration is not an integer");
+               if (named_ft->ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_INT &&
+                               named_ft->ft->id != CTF_FIELD_TYPE_ID_ENUM) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Stream class has a `id` attribute, "
+                               "but trace's packet header field type's `stream_id` field is not an integer field type.");
                        goto error;
                }
-
-               BT_PUT(stream_id_decl);
        } else {
                /* Allow only _one_ ID-less stream */
-               if (g_hash_table_size(ctx->stream_classes) != 0) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "missing \"id\" field in stream declaration");
+               if (ctx->ctf_tc->stream_classes->len != 0) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Missing `id` attribute in stream class as there's more than one stream class in the trace.");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                /* Automatic ID: 0 */
-               ret = bt_ctf_stream_class_set_id(stream_class, 0);
-       }
-
-       id = bt_ctf_stream_class_get_id(stream_class);
-       if (id < 0) {
-               _PERROR("wrong stream ID: %" PRId64, id);
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
+               stream_class->id = 0;
        }
 
        /*
         * Make sure that this stream class's ID is currently unique in
         * the trace.
         */
-       if (g_hash_table_lookup(ctx->stream_classes, (gpointer) id)) {
-               _PERROR("a stream class with ID: %" PRId64 " already exists in the trace", id);
+       if (ctf_trace_class_borrow_stream_class_by_id(ctx->ctf_tc,
+                       stream_class->id)) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Duplicate stream class (same ID): id=%" PRId64,
+                       stream_class->id);
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       existing_stream_class = bt_ctf_trace_get_stream_class_by_id(ctx->trace,
-               id);
-       if (existing_stream_class) {
-               _PERROR("a stream class with ID: %" PRId64 " already exists in the trace", id);
-               ret = -EINVAL;
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       /* Move reference to visitor's context */
-       g_hash_table_insert(ctx->stream_classes, (gpointer) (int64_t) id,
-               stream_class);
+       g_ptr_array_add(ctx->ctf_tc->stream_classes, stream_class);
        stream_class = NULL;
        goto end;
 
 error:
-       bt_put(stream_class);
+       ctf_stream_class_destroy(stream_class);
+       stream_class = NULL;
 
 end:
-       bt_put(existing_stream_class);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -3830,15 +3979,15 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        char *left = NULL;
-       _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(packet_header_decl);
+       uint64_t val;
 
        switch (node->type) {
        case NODE_TYPEDEF:
                ret = visit_typedef(ctx, node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typedef in \"trace\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in trace (`trace` block).");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3846,8 +3995,8 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, node->u.typealias.target,
                        node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s",
-                               "cannot add typealias in \"trace\" declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in trace (`trace` block).");
                        goto error;
                }
                break;
@@ -3855,78 +4004,91 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
        {
                left = concatenate_unary_strings(&node->u.ctf_expression.left);
                if (!left) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                if (!strcmp(left, "major")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _TRACE_MAJOR_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("major", "trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "major", "trace");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
-                               &ctx->trace_major);
+                               &val);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for trace's \"major\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for trace's `major` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       if (val != 1) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Invalid trace's `minor` attribute: expecting 1.");
+                               goto error;
+                       }
+
+                       ctx->ctf_tc->major = val;
                        _SET(set, _TRACE_MAJOR_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "minor")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _TRACE_MINOR_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("minor", "trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "minor", "trace");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_unsigned(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
-                               &ctx->trace_minor);
+                               &val);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for trace's \"minor\" attribute");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for trace's `minor` attribute.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       if (val != 8) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Invalid trace's `minor` attribute: expecting 8.");
+                               goto error;
+                       }
+
+                       ctx->ctf_tc->minor = val;
                        _SET(set, _TRACE_MINOR_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "uuid")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _TRACE_UUID_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("uuid", "trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "uuid", "trace");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        ret = get_unary_uuid(&node->u.ctf_expression.right,
-                               ctx->trace_uuid);
+                               ctx->ctf_tc->uuid);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "invalid trace declaration's UUID");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_uuid(ctx->trace, ctx->trace_uuid);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s",
-                                       "cannot set trace's UUID");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Invalid trace's `uuid` attribute.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       ctx->ctf_tc->is_uuid_set = true;
                        _SET(set, _TRACE_UUID_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "byte_order")) {
-                       /* Native byte order is already known at this stage */
+                       /* Default byte order is already known at this stage */
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _TRACE_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("byte_order",
-                                       "trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "byte_order",
+                                       "trace");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       BT_ASSERT(ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order != -1);
                        _SET(set, _TRACE_BYTE_ORDER_SET);
                } else if (!strcmp(left, "packet.header")) {
                        if (_IS_SET(set, _TRACE_PACKET_HEADER_SET)) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"packet.header\" entry in trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Duplicate `packet.header` entry in trace.");
                                ret = -EPERM;
                                goto error;
                        }
@@ -3935,24 +4097,19 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
                                _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings),
-                               &packet_header_decl);
+                               &ctx->ctf_tc->packet_header_ft);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create packet header field type");
-                               goto error;
-                       }
-
-                       assert(packet_header_decl);
-                       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_packet_header_type(ctx->trace,
-                               packet_header_decl);
-                       BT_PUT(packet_header_decl);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "cannot set trace's packet header field type");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot create trace's packet header field type.");
                                goto error;
                        }
 
+                       BT_ASSERT(ctx->ctf_tc->packet_header_ft);
                        _SET(set, _TRACE_PACKET_HEADER_SET);
                } else {
-                       _PWARNING("%s", "unknown attribute \"%s\" in trace declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(node,
+                               "Unknown attribute in stream class: "
+                               "attr-name=\"%s\"", left);
                }
 
                g_free(left);
@@ -3960,7 +4117,7 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
                break;
        }
        default:
-               _PERROR("%s", "unknown expression in trace declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Unknown expression in trace.");
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -3969,8 +4126,6 @@ int visit_trace_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node, int *set)
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-       BT_PUT(packet_header_decl);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -3989,20 +4144,18 @@ int visit_trace_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
        node->visited = TRUE;
 
        if (ctx->is_trace_visited) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "duplicate \"trace\" block");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node, "Duplicate trace (`trace` block).");
                ret = -EEXIST;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       ret = ctx_push_scope(ctx);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot push scope");
-               goto error;
-       }
+       _TRY_PUSH_SCOPE_OR_GOTO_ERROR();
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, decl_list, siblings) {
                ret = visit_trace_decl_entry(ctx, iter, &set);
                if (ret) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter, "Cannot visit trace's entry (`trace` block): "
+                               "ret=%d", ret);
                        ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4011,26 +4164,27 @@ int visit_trace_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
        ctx_pop_scope(ctx);
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _TRACE_MAJOR_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "missing \"major\" attribute in trace declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Missing `major` attribute in trace (`trace` block).");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _TRACE_MINOR_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "missing \"minor\" attribute in trace declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Missing `minor` attribute in trace (`trace` block).");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _TRACE_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "missing \"byte_order\" attribute in trace declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Missing `byte_order` attribute in trace (`trace` block).");
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
-       ctx->is_trace_visited = TRUE;
+       ctx->is_trace_visited = true;
 
 end:
        return 0;
@@ -4058,7 +4212,9 @@ int visit_env(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right;
 
                if (entry_node->type != NODE_CTF_EXPRESSION) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "wrong expression in environment entry");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Wrong expression in environment entry: "
+                               "node-type=%d", entry_node->type);
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4066,7 +4222,8 @@ int visit_env(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
                left = concatenate_unary_strings(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.left);
                if (!left) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot get environment entry name");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot get environment entry's name.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4075,28 +4232,26 @@ int visit_env(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
                        char *right = concatenate_unary_strings(right_head);
 
                        if (!right) {
-                               _PERROR("unexpected unary expression for environment entry's value (\"%s\")",
-                                       left);
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for environment entry's value: "
+                                       "name=\"%s\"", left);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (strcmp(left, "tracer_name") == 0) {
                                if (strncmp(right, "lttng", 5) == 0) {
-                                       ctx->is_lttng = 1;
+                                       BT_LOGI("Detected LTTng trace from `%s` environment value: "
+                                               "tracer-name=\"%s\"",
+                                               left, right);
+                                       ctx->is_lttng = true;
                                }
                        }
 
-                       printf_verbose("env.%s = \"%s\"\n", left, right);
-                       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_environment_field_string(
-                               ctx->trace, left, right);
+                       ctf_trace_class_append_env_entry(ctx->ctf_tc,
+                               left, CTF_TRACE_CLASS_ENV_ENTRY_TYPE_STR,
+                               right, 0);
                        g_free(right);
-
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("environment: cannot add entry \"%s\" to trace",
-                                       left);
-                               goto error;
-                       }
                } else if (is_unary_unsigned(right_head) ||
                                is_unary_signed(right_head)) {
                        int64_t v;
@@ -4108,23 +4263,20 @@ int visit_env(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *node)
                                ret = get_unary_signed(right_head, &v);
                        }
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("unexpected unary expression for environment entry's value (\"%s\")",
-                                       left);
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                                       "Unexpected unary expression for environment entry's value: "
+                                       "name=\"%s\"", left);
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
-                       printf_verbose("env.%s = %" PRId64 "\n", left, v);
-                       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_environment_field_integer(
-                               ctx->trace, left, v);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("environment: cannot add entry \"%s\" to trace",
-                                       left);
-                               goto error;
-                       }
+                       ctf_trace_class_append_env_entry(ctx->ctf_tc,
+                               left, CTF_TRACE_CLASS_ENV_ENTRY_TYPE_INT,
+                               NULL, v);
                } else {
-                       printf_verbose("%s: environment entry \"%s\" has unknown type\n",
-                               __func__, left);
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Environment entry has unknown type: "
+                               "name=\"%s\"", left);
                }
 
                g_free(left);
@@ -4136,7 +4288,6 @@ end:
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -4156,16 +4307,18 @@ int set_trace_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *trace_node)
                        left = concatenate_unary_strings(
                                &node->u.ctf_expression.left);
                        if (!left) {
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                       "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                goto error;
                        }
 
                        if (!strcmp(left, "byte_order")) {
-                               enum bt_ctf_byte_order bo;
+                               enum ctf_byte_order bo;
 
                                if (_IS_SET(&set, _TRACE_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-                                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("byte_order",
-                                               "trace declaration");
+                                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(node, "byte_order",
+                                               "trace");
                                        ret = -EPERM;
                                        goto error;
                                }
@@ -4174,26 +4327,22 @@ int set_trace_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *trace_node)
                                right_node = _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                                        &node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                                        struct ctf_node, siblings);
-                               bo = byte_order_from_unary_expr(ctx->efd,
-                                       right_node);
-                               if (bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_UNKNOWN) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "unknown \"byte_order\" attribute in trace declaration");
+                               bo = byte_order_from_unary_expr(right_node);
+                               if (bo == -1) {
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                               "Invalid `byte_order` attribute in trace (`trace` block): "
+                                               "expecting `le`, `be`, or `network`.");
                                        ret = -EINVAL;
                                        goto error;
-                               } else if (bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_NATIVE) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "\"byte_order\" attribute cannot be set to \"native\" in trace declaration");
+                               } else if (bo == CTF_BYTE_ORDER_DEFAULT) {
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                               "Invalid `byte_order` attribute in trace (`trace` block): "
+                                               "cannot be set to `native` here.");
                                        ret = -EPERM;
                                        goto error;
                                }
 
-                               ctx->trace_bo = bo;
-                               ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_native_byte_order(
-                                       ctx->trace, bo);
-                               if (ret) {
-                                       _PERROR("cannot set trace's byte order (%d)",
-                                               ret);
-                                       goto error;
-                               }
+                               ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order = bo;
                        }
 
                        g_free(left);
@@ -4202,7 +4351,8 @@ int set_trace_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *trace_node)
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _TRACE_BYTE_ORDER_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "missing \"byte_order\" attribute in trace declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(trace_node,
+                       "Missing `byte_order` attribute in trace (`trace` block).");
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -4211,24 +4361,28 @@ int set_trace_byte_order(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *trace_node)
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
 static
 int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
-       struct bt_ctf_clock_class *clock, int *set)
+       struct bt_clock_class *clock, int *set, int64_t *offset_seconds,
+       uint64_t *offset_cycles)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        char *left = NULL;
 
        if (entry_node->type != NODE_CTF_EXPRESSION) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                       entry_node->type);
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto error;
        }
 
        left = concatenate_unary_strings(&entry_node->u.ctf_expression.left);
        if (!left) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node, "Cannot concatenate unary strings.");
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto error;
        }
@@ -4237,7 +4391,7 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                char *right;
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_NAME_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("name", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "name", "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4245,14 +4399,16 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right);
                if (!right) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"name\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `name` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_name(clock, right);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_name(clock, right);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's name");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "cannot set clock class's name");
                        g_free(right);
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4260,23 +4416,25 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                g_free(right);
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_NAME_SET);
        } else if (!strcmp(left, "uuid")) {
-               unsigned char uuid[BABELTRACE_UUID_LEN];
+               uint8_t uuid[BABELTRACE_UUID_LEN];
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_UUID_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("uuid", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "uuid", "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                ret = get_unary_uuid(&entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, uuid);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "invalid clock class UUID");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Invalid clock class's `uuid` attribute.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_uuid(clock, uuid);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_uuid(clock, uuid);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's UUID");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's UUID.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
@@ -4285,7 +4443,8 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                char *right;
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_DESCRIPTION_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("description", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "description",
+                               "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4293,14 +4452,16 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                right = concatenate_unary_strings(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right);
                if (!right) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class's \"description\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `description` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_description(clock, right);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_description(clock, right);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's description");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's description.");
                        g_free(right);
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4308,10 +4469,10 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                g_free(right);
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_DESCRIPTION_SET);
        } else if (!strcmp(left, "freq")) {
-               uint64_t freq;
+               uint64_t freq = UINT64_C(-1);
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_FREQ_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("freq", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "freq", "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4319,14 +4480,24 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                ret = get_unary_unsigned(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, &freq);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"freq\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `freq` attribute.");
+                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                       goto error;
+               }
+
+               if (freq == UINT64_C(-1) || freq == 0) {
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Invalid clock class frequency: freq=%" PRIu64,
+                               freq);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_frequency(clock, freq);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_frequency(clock, freq);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's frequency");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's frequency.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
@@ -4335,7 +4506,8 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                uint64_t precision;
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_PRECISION_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("precision", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "precision",
+                               "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4343,71 +4515,61 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                ret = get_unary_unsigned(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, &precision);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"precision\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `precision` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_precision(clock, precision);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_precision(clock, precision);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's precision");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's precision.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_PRECISION_SET);
        } else if (!strcmp(left, "offset_s")) {
-               uint64_t offset_s;
-
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_OFFSET_S_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("offset_s", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "offset_s",
+                               "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = get_unary_unsigned(
-                       &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, &offset_s);
+               ret = get_unary_signed(
+                       &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, offset_seconds);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"offset_s\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `offset_s` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_offset_s(clock, offset_s);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's offset in seconds");
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_OFFSET_S_SET);
        } else if (!strcmp(left, "offset")) {
-               uint64_t offset;
-
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_OFFSET_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("offset", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "offset", "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
 
                ret = get_unary_unsigned(
-                       &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, &offset);
+                       &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right, offset_cycles);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"offset\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `offset` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_offset_cycles(clock, offset);
-               if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's offset in cycles");
-                       goto error;
-               }
-
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_OFFSET_SET);
        } else if (!strcmp(left, "absolute")) {
                struct ctf_node *right;
 
                if (_IS_SET(set, _CLOCK_ABSOLUTE_SET)) {
-                       _PERROR_DUP_ATTR("absolute", "clock class declaration");
+                       _BT_LOGE_DUP_ATTR(entry_node, "absolute",
+                               "clock class");
                        ret = -EPERM;
                        goto error;
                }
@@ -4415,43 +4577,44 @@ int visit_clock_decl_entry(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *entry_node,
                right = _BT_LIST_FIRST_ENTRY(
                        &entry_node->u.ctf_expression.right,
                        struct ctf_node, siblings);
-               ret = get_boolean(ctx->efd, right);
+               ret = get_boolean(right);
                if (ret < 0) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "unexpected unary expression for clock class declaration's \"absolute\" attribute");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Unexpected unary expression for clock class's `absolute` attribute.");
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto error;
                }
 
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_is_absolute(clock, ret);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_is_absolute(clock, ret);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's absolute option");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's absolute flag.");
                        goto error;
                }
 
                _SET(set, _CLOCK_ABSOLUTE_SET);
        } else {
-               _PWARNING("unknown attribute \"%s\" in clock class declaration",
+               _BT_LOGW_NODE(entry_node,
+                       "Unknown attribute in clock class: attr-name=\"%s\"",
                        left);
        }
 
        g_free(left);
        left = NULL;
-
        return 0;
 
 error:
        g_free(left);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
-static
+static inline
 uint64_t cycles_from_ns(uint64_t frequency, uint64_t ns)
 {
        uint64_t cycles;
 
        /* 1GHz */
-       if (frequency == 1000000000ULL) {
+       if (frequency == UINT64_C(1000000000)) {
                cycles = ns;
        } else {
                cycles = (uint64_t) (((double) ns * (double) frequency) / 1e9);
@@ -4461,31 +4624,73 @@ uint64_t cycles_from_ns(uint64_t frequency, uint64_t ns)
 }
 
 static
-int apply_clock_class_offset(struct ctx *ctx, struct bt_ctf_clock_class *clock)
+void calibrate_clock_class_offsets(int64_t *offset_seconds,
+               uint64_t *offset_cycles, uint64_t freq)
+{
+       if (*offset_cycles >= freq) {
+               const uint64_t s_in_offset_cycles = *offset_cycles / freq;
+
+               *offset_seconds += (int64_t) s_in_offset_cycles;
+               *offset_cycles -= (s_in_offset_cycles * freq);
+       }
+}
+
+static
+void apply_clock_class_offset(struct ctx *ctx, struct bt_clock_class *clock)
 {
        int ret;
        uint64_t freq;
-       int64_t offset_cycles;
+       int64_t offset_s_to_apply = ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_s;
+       uint64_t offset_ns_to_apply;
+       int64_t cur_offset_s;
+       uint64_t cur_offset_cycles;
 
-       freq = bt_ctf_clock_class_get_frequency(clock);
-       if (freq == -1ULL) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot get clock class frequency");
-               ret = -1;
+       if (ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_s == 0 &&
+                       ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns == 0) {
                goto end;
        }
 
-       ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_get_offset_cycles(clock, &offset_cycles);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot get offset in cycles");
-               ret = -1;
-               goto end;
+       /* Transfer nanoseconds to seconds as much as possible */
+       if (ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns < 0) {
+               const int64_t abs_ns = -ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns;
+               const int64_t abs_extra_s = abs_ns / INT64_C(1000000000) + 1;
+               const int64_t extra_s = -abs_extra_s;
+               const int64_t offset_ns = ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns -
+                       (extra_s * INT64_C(1000000000));
+
+               BT_ASSERT(offset_ns > 0);
+               offset_ns_to_apply = (uint64_t) offset_ns;
+               offset_s_to_apply += extra_s;
+       } else {
+               const int64_t extra_s = ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns /
+                       INT64_C(1000000000);
+               const int64_t offset_ns = ctx->decoder_config.clock_class_offset_ns -
+                       (extra_s * INT64_C(1000000000));
+
+               BT_ASSERT(offset_ns >= 0);
+               offset_ns_to_apply = (uint64_t) offset_ns;
+               offset_s_to_apply += extra_s;
        }
 
-       offset_cycles += cycles_from_ns(freq, ctx->clock_class_offset_ns);
-       ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_offset_cycles(clock, offset_cycles);
+       freq = bt_clock_class_get_frequency(clock);
+       bt_clock_class_get_offset(clock, &cur_offset_s, &cur_offset_cycles);
+
+       /* Apply offsets */
+       cur_offset_s += offset_s_to_apply;
+       cur_offset_cycles += cycles_from_ns(freq, offset_ns_to_apply);
+
+       /*
+        * Recalibrate offsets because the part in cycles can be greater
+        * than the frequency at this point.
+        */
+       calibrate_clock_class_offsets(&cur_offset_s, &cur_offset_cycles, freq);
+
+       /* Set final offsets */
+       ret = bt_clock_class_set_offset(clock, cur_offset_s, cur_offset_cycles);
+       BT_ASSERT(ret == 0);
 
 end:
-       return ret;
+       return;
 }
 
 static
@@ -4493,39 +4698,57 @@ int visit_clock_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *clock_node)
 {
        int ret = 0;
        int set = 0;
-       struct bt_ctf_clock_class *clock;
+       struct bt_clock_class *clock;
        struct ctf_node *entry_node;
        struct bt_list_head *decl_list = &clock_node->u.clock.declaration_list;
        const char *clock_class_name;
+       int64_t offset_seconds = 0;
+       uint64_t offset_cycles = 0;
+       uint64_t freq;
 
        if (clock_node->visited) {
                return 0;
        }
 
        clock_node->visited = TRUE;
-       clock = bt_ctf_clock_class_create(NULL);
+
+       /* CTF 1.8's default frequency for a clock class is 1 GHz */
+       clock = bt_clock_class_create();
        if (!clock) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot create clock");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(clock_node,
+                       "Cannot create default clock class.");
                ret = -ENOMEM;
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* CTF: not absolute by default */
+       ret = bt_clock_class_set_is_absolute(clock, BT_FALSE);
+       if (ret) {
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(clock_node,
+                       "Cannot set clock class's absolute flag.");
+               goto end;
        }
 
        bt_list_for_each_entry(entry_node, decl_list, siblings) {
-               ret = visit_clock_decl_entry(ctx, entry_node, clock, &set);
+               ret = visit_clock_decl_entry(ctx, entry_node, clock, &set,
+                       &offset_seconds, &offset_cycles);
                if (ret) {
-                       goto error;
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(entry_node,
+                               "Cannot visit clock class's entry: ret=%d",
+                               ret);
+                       goto end;
                }
        }
 
        if (!_IS_SET(&set, _CLOCK_NAME_SET)) {
-               _PERROR("%s",
-                       "missing \"name\" attribute in clock class declaration");
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(clock_node,
+                       "Missing `name` attribute in clock class.");
                ret = -EPERM;
-               goto error;
+               goto end;
        }
 
-       clock_class_name = bt_ctf_clock_class_get_name(clock);
-       assert(clock_class_name);
+       clock_class_name = bt_clock_class_get_name(clock);
+       BT_ASSERT(clock_class_name);
        if (ctx->is_lttng && strcmp(clock_class_name, "monotonic") == 0) {
                /*
                 * Old versions of LTTng forgot to set its clock class
@@ -4533,28 +4756,28 @@ int visit_clock_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *clock_node)
                 * it's a condition to be able to sort notifications
                 * from different sources.
                 */
-               ret = bt_ctf_clock_class_set_is_absolute(clock, 1);
+               ret = bt_clock_class_set_is_absolute(clock, BT_TRUE);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot set clock class's absolute option");
-                       goto error;
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(clock_node,
+                               "Cannot set clock class's absolute flag.");
+                       goto end;
                }
        }
 
-       ret = apply_clock_class_offset(ctx, clock);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot apply clock class offset ");
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = bt_ctf_trace_add_clock_class(ctx->trace, clock);
-       if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot add clock class to trace");
-               goto error;
-       }
+       /*
+        * Adjust offsets so that the part in cycles is less than the
+        * frequency (move to the part in seconds).
+        */
+       freq = bt_clock_class_get_frequency(clock);
+       calibrate_clock_class_offsets(&offset_seconds, &offset_cycles, freq);
+       BT_ASSERT(offset_cycles < bt_clock_class_get_frequency(clock));
+       ret = bt_clock_class_set_offset(clock, offset_seconds, offset_cycles);
+       BT_ASSERT(ret == 0);
+       apply_clock_class_offset(ctx, clock);
+       g_ptr_array_add(ctx->ctf_tc->clock_classes, bt_get(clock));
 
-error:
+end:
        BT_PUT(clock);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -4575,7 +4798,8 @@ int visit_root_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *root_decl_node)
                        root_decl_node->u._typedef.type_specifier_list,
                        &root_decl_node->u._typedef.type_declarators);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot add typedef in root scope");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(root_decl_node,
+                               "Cannot add type definition found in root scope.");
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
@@ -4583,13 +4807,14 @@ int visit_root_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *root_decl_node)
                ret = visit_typealias(ctx, root_decl_node->u.typealias.target,
                        root_decl_node->u.typealias.alias);
                if (ret) {
-                       _PERROR("%s", "cannot add typealias in root scope");
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(root_decl_node,
+                               "Cannot add type alias found in root scope.");
                        goto end;
                }
                break;
        case NODE_TYPE_SPECIFIER_LIST:
        {
-               _BT_CTF_FIELD_TYPE_INIT(decl);
+               struct ctf_field_type *decl = NULL;
 
                /*
                 * Just add the type specifier to the root
@@ -4597,14 +4822,21 @@ int visit_root_decl(struct ctx *ctx, struct ctf_node *root_decl_node)
                 */
                ret = visit_type_specifier_list(ctx, root_decl_node, &decl);
                if (ret) {
-                       assert(!decl);
+                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(root_decl_node,
+                               "Cannot visit root scope's field type: "
+                               "ret=%d", ret);
+                       BT_ASSERT(!decl);
                        goto end;
                }
 
-               BT_PUT(decl);
+               ctf_field_type_destroy(decl);
+               decl = NULL;
                break;
        }
        default:
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(root_decl_node,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                       root_decl_node->type);
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto end;
        }
@@ -4614,67 +4846,68 @@ end:
 }
 
 static
-int move_ctx_stream_classes_to_trace(struct ctx *ctx)
+int try_set_trace_class_name(struct ctx *ctx)
 {
-       int ret;
-       GHashTableIter iter;
-       gpointer key, stream_class;
+       GString *name = NULL;
+       int ret = 0;
+       struct ctf_trace_class_env_entry *env_entry;
 
-       g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, ctx->stream_classes);
+       if (ctx->ctf_tc->name->len > 0) {
+               /* Already set */
+               goto end;
+       }
 
-       while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &key, &stream_class)) {
-               ret = bt_ctf_trace_add_stream_class(ctx->trace,
-                       stream_class);
-               if (ret) {
-                       int64_t id = bt_ctf_stream_class_get_id(stream_class);
-                       _PERROR("cannot add stream class %" PRId64 " to trace",
-                               id);
-                       goto end;
+       name = g_string_new(NULL);
+       if (!name) {
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Failed to allocate a GString.");
+               ret = -1;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Check if we have a trace environment string value named `hostname`.
+        * If so, use it as the trace name's prefix.
+        */
+       env_entry = ctf_trace_class_borrow_env_entry_by_name(ctx->ctf_tc,
+               "hostname");
+       if (env_entry &&
+                       env_entry->type == CTF_TRACE_CLASS_ENV_ENTRY_TYPE_STR) {
+               g_string_append(name, env_entry->value.str->str);
+
+               if (ctx->trace_class_name_suffix) {
+                       g_string_append_c(name, G_DIR_SEPARATOR);
                }
        }
 
-       g_hash_table_remove_all(ctx->stream_classes);
+       if (ctx->trace_class_name_suffix) {
+               g_string_append(name, ctx->trace_class_name_suffix);
+       }
+
+       g_string_assign(ctx->ctf_tc->name, name->str);
+       goto end;
 
 end:
+       if (name) {
+               g_string_free(name, TRUE);
+       }
+
        return ret;
 }
 
 BT_HIDDEN
-struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *ctf_visitor_generate_ir_create(FILE *efd,
-               uint64_t clock_class_offset_ns, const char *name)
+struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *ctf_visitor_generate_ir_create(
+               const struct ctf_metadata_decoder_config *decoder_config,
+               const char *name)
 {
-       int ret;
        struct ctx *ctx = NULL;
-       struct bt_ctf_trace *trace;
-
-       trace = bt_ctf_trace_create();
-       if (!trace) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s", "cannot create trace");
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_name(trace, name);
-       if (ret) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "cannot set trace's name to `%s`", name);
-               goto error;
-       }
-
-       /* Set packet header to NULL to override the default one */
-       ret = bt_ctf_trace_set_packet_header_type(trace, NULL);
-       if (ret) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s",
-                       "cannot set initial, empty packet header structure");
-               goto error;
-       }
 
        /* Create visitor's context */
-       ctx = ctx_create(trace, efd, clock_class_offset_ns);
+       ctx = ctx_create(decoder_config, name);
        if (!ctx) {
-               _FPERROR(efd, "%s", "cannot create visitor context");
+               BT_LOGE_STR("Cannot create visitor's context.");
                goto error;
        }
 
-       trace = NULL;
        goto end;
 
 error:
@@ -4682,7 +4915,6 @@ error:
        ctx = NULL;
 
 end:
-       bt_put(trace);
        return (void *) ctx;
 }
 
@@ -4693,16 +4925,27 @@ void ctf_visitor_generate_ir_destroy(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor)
 }
 
 BT_HIDDEN
-struct bt_ctf_trace *ctf_visitor_generate_ir_get_trace(
+struct bt_trace *ctf_visitor_generate_ir_get_ir_trace(
                struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor)
 {
        struct ctx *ctx = (void *) visitor;
 
-       assert(ctx);
-       assert(ctx->trace);
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx);
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx->trace);
        return bt_get(ctx->trace);
 }
 
+BT_HIDDEN
+struct ctf_trace_class *ctf_visitor_generate_ir_borrow_ctf_trace_class(
+               struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor)
+{
+       struct ctx *ctx = (void *) visitor;
+
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx);
+       BT_ASSERT(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       return ctx->ctf_tc;
+}
+
 BT_HIDDEN
 int ctf_visitor_generate_ir_visit_node(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor,
                struct ctf_node *node)
@@ -4710,14 +4953,13 @@ int ctf_visitor_generate_ir_visit_node(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor,
        int ret = 0;
        struct ctx *ctx = (void *) visitor;
 
-       printf_verbose("CTF visitor: AST -> CTF IR...\n");
+       BT_LOGI_STR("Visiting metadata's AST to generate CTF IR objects.");
 
        switch (node->type) {
        case NODE_ROOT:
        {
                struct ctf_node *iter;
-               int got_trace_decl = FALSE;
-               int found_callsite = FALSE;
+               bool got_trace_decl = false;
 
                /*
                 * The first thing we need is the native byte order of
@@ -4726,46 +4968,50 @@ int ctf_visitor_generate_ir_visit_node(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor,
                 * have the native byte order yet, and we don't have any
                 * trace block yet, then fail with EINCOMPLETE.
                 */
-               if (ctx->trace_bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_NATIVE) {
+               if (ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order == -1) {
                        bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.trace, siblings) {
                                if (got_trace_decl) {
-                                       _PERROR("%s", "duplicate trace declaration");
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                               "Duplicate trace (`trace` block).");
                                        ret = -1;
                                        goto end;
                                }
 
                                ret = set_trace_byte_order(ctx, iter);
                                if (ret) {
-                                       _PERROR("cannot set trace's native byte order (%d)",
-                                               ret);
+                                       _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                                               "Cannot set trace's native byte order: "
+                                               "ret=%d", ret);
                                        goto end;
                                }
 
-                               got_trace_decl = TRUE;
+                               got_trace_decl = true;
                        }
 
                        if (!got_trace_decl) {
+                               BT_LOGD_STR("Incomplete AST: need trace (`trace` block).");
                                ret = -EINCOMPLETE;
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->trace_bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN ||
-                       ctx->trace_bo == BT_CTF_BYTE_ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN);
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
-                       ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order == CTF_BYTE_ORDER_LITTLE ||
+                       ctx->ctf_tc->default_byte_order == CTF_BYTE_ORDER_BIG);
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
+                               ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /* Environment */
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.env, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_env(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("error while visiting environment block (%d)",
-                                       ret);
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit trace's environment (`env` block) entry: "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /*
@@ -4774,13 +5020,14 @@ int ctf_visitor_generate_ir_visit_node(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor,
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.clock, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_clock_decl(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("error while visiting clock class declaration (%d)",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit clock class: ret=%d",
                                        ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /*
@@ -4791,75 +5038,137 @@ int ctf_visitor_generate_ir_visit_node(struct ctf_visitor_generate_ir *visitor,
                                siblings) {
                        ret = visit_root_decl(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("error while visiting root declaration (%d)",
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit root entry: ret=%d",
                                        ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /* Callsite blocks are not supported */
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.callsite, siblings) {
-                       found_callsite = TRUE;
-                       break;
+                       _BT_LOGW_NODE(iter,
+                               "\"callsite\" blocks are not supported as of this version.");
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
-               if (found_callsite) {
-                       _PWARNING("%s", "\"callsite\" blocks are not supported as of this version");
-               }
-
                /* Trace */
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.trace, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_trace_decl(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "error while visiting trace declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit trace (`trace` block): "
+                                       "ret=%d", ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /* Streams */
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.stream, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_stream_decl(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "error while visiting stream declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit stream class: ret=%d",
+                                       ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
 
                /* Events */
                bt_list_for_each_entry(iter, &node->u.root.event, siblings) {
                        ret = visit_event_decl(ctx, iter);
                        if (ret) {
-                               _PERROR("%s", "error while visiting event declaration");
+                               _BT_LOGE_NODE(iter,
+                                       "Cannot visit event class: ret=%d",
+                                       ret);
                                goto end;
                        }
                }
 
-               assert(ctx->current_scope &&
+               BT_ASSERT(ctx->current_scope &&
                        ctx->current_scope->parent_scope == NULL);
                break;
        }
        default:
-               _PERROR("cannot decode node type: %d", (int) node->type);
+               _BT_LOGE_NODE(node,
+                       "Unexpected node type: node-type=%d",
+                       node->type);
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Update default clock classes */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_update_default_clock_classes(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Set trace's name, if not already done */
+       ret = try_set_trace_class_name(ctx);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Update trace class meanings */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_update_meanings(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Update text arrays and sequences */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_update_text_array_sequence(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Resolve sequence lengths and variant tags */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_resolve_field_types(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Update "in IR" for field types */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_update_in_ir(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Update saved value indexes */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_update_value_storing_indexes(ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto end;
        }
 
-       /* Move decoded stream classes to trace, if any */
-       ret = move_ctx_stream_classes_to_trace(ctx);
+       /* Validate what we have so far */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_validate(ctx->ctf_tc);
        if (ret) {
-               _PERROR("%s", "cannot move stream classes to trace");
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
+       }
+
+       /* Copy new CTF metadata -> new IR metadata */
+       ret = ctf_trace_class_translate(ctx->trace, ctx->ctf_tc);
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto end;
        }
 
 end:
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