Add typedef/typealias to scopes

[ctf.git] / common-trace-format-proposal.txt

diff --git a/common-trace-format-proposal.txt b/common-trace-format-proposal.txt
index 97f67e7793609c09c5a2b39d9c642497340cf859..2a4dbfe25a40d8f206760054c80b196feaa4593b 100644 (file)
--- a/common-trace-format-proposal.txt
+++ b/common-trace-format-proposal.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
 

-RFC: Common Trace Format Proposal (v1.6)
+RFC: Common Trace Format (CTF) Proposal (pre-v1.7)

 
 Mathieu Desnoyers, EfficiOS Inc.
 
 
 Mathieu Desnoyers, EfficiOS Inc.
 


@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Metadata representation:
     byte_order = native OR network OR be OR le; /* default native */
     size = value;                               /* value in bits, no default */
     align = value;                              /* value in bits */
     byte_order = native OR network OR be OR le; /* default native */
     size = value;                               /* value in bits, no default */
     align = value;                              /* value in bits */

-  };
+  }

 
 Example of type inheritance (creation of a uint32_t named type):
 
 
 Example of type inheritance (creation of a uint32_t named type):
 


@@ -202,16 +202,7 @@ particularity on alignment: if a bitfield cannot fit in the current unit, the
 unit is padded and the bitfield starts at the following unit. The unit size is
 defined by the size of the type "unit_type".
 
 unit is padded and the bitfield starts at the following unit. The unit size is
 defined by the size of the type "unit_type".
 

-Metadata representation. Either:
-
-gcc_bitfield {
-  unit_type = integer {
-    ...
-  };
-  size = value;
-};
-
-Or bitfield within structures as specified by the C standard
+Metadata representation:

 
   unit_type name:size:
 
 
   unit_type name:size:
 


@@ -222,22 +213,9 @@ struct example {
   short b:5;
 };
 
   short b:5;
 };
 

-is equivalent to the following structure declaration, aligned on the largest
-element (short). The second bitfield would be aligned on the next unit boundary,
-because it would not fit in the current unit. The two declarations (C
-declaration above or CTF declaration with "type gcc_bitfield") are strictly
-equivalent.
-
-struct example {
-  gcc_bitfield {
-    unit_type = short;
-    size = 12;
-  } a;
-  gcc_bitfield {
-    unit_type = short;
-    size = 5;
-  } b;
-};
+The example structure is aligned on the largest element (short). The second
+bitfield would be aligned on the next unit boundary, because it would not fit in
+the current unit.

 
 4.1.7 Floating point
 
 
 4.1.7 Floating point
 


@@ -266,7 +244,7 @@ floating_point {
    exp_dig = value;
    mant_dig = value;
    byte_order = native OR network OR be OR le;
    exp_dig = value;
    mant_dig = value;
    byte_order = native OR network OR be OR le;

-};
+}

 
 Example of type inheritance:
 
 
 Example of type inheritance:
 


@@ -290,13 +268,12 @@ description within the metadata. The mapping table maps inclusive value ranges
 values to strings.  An enumeration from the C language can be represented in
 this format by having the same start_value and end_value for each element, which
 is in fact a range of size 1. This single-value range is supported without
 values to strings.  An enumeration from the C language can be represented in
 this format by having the same start_value and end_value for each element, which
 is in fact a range of size 1. This single-value range is supported without

-repeating the start and end values with the value = string declaration. If the
-<integer_type> is omitted, the type chosen by the C compiler to hold the
-enumeration is used. The <integer_type> specifier can only be omitted for
-enumerations containing only simple "value -> string" mappings (compatible with
-C).
+repeating the start and end values with the value = string declaration.
+
+If a numeric value is encountered between < >, it represents the integer type
+size used to hold the enumeration, in bits.

 
 

-enum <integer_type> name {
+enum name <integer_type OR size> {

   string              = start_value1 ... end_value1,
   "other string"      = start_value2 ... end_value2,
   yet_another_string,  /* will be assigned to end_value2 + 1 */
   string              = start_value1 ... end_value1,
   "other string"      = start_value2 ... end_value2,
   yet_another_string,  /* will be assigned to end_value2 + 1 */


@@ -307,7 +284,7 @@ enum <integer_type> name {
 If the values are omitted, the enumeration starts at 0 and increment of 1 for
 each entry:
 
 If the values are omitted, the enumeration starts at 0 and increment of 1 for
 each entry:
 

-enum {
+enum name <32> {

   ZERO,
   ONE,
   TWO,
   ZERO,
   ONE,
   TWO,


@@ -317,6 +294,12 @@ enum {
 
 Overlapping ranges within a single enumeration are implementation defined.
 
 
 Overlapping ranges within a single enumeration are implementation defined.
 

+A nameless enumeration can be declared as a field type or as part of a typedef:
+
+enum <integer_type> {
+  ...
+}
+

 4.2 Compound types
 
 4.2.1 Structures
 4.2 Compound types
 
 4.2.1 Structures


@@ -346,81 +329,162 @@ struct example {
 The fields are placed in a sequence next to each other. They each possess a
 field name, which is a unique identifier within the structure.
 
 The fields are placed in a sequence next to each other. They each possess a
 field name, which is a unique identifier within the structure.
 

-A nameless structure can be declared as a field type:
+A nameless structure can be declared as a field type or as part of a typedef:

 
 struct {
   ...
 
 struct {
   ...

-} field_name;
+}
+
+4.2.2 Variants (Discriminated/Tagged Unions)
+
+A CTF variant is a selection between different types. A CTF variant must always
+be defined within the scope of a structure or within fields contained within a
+structure (defined recursively). A "tag" enumeration field must appear in either
+the same lexical scope or an uppermost scope, prior to the variant field (in
+field declaration order). The type selection is indicated by the mapping from
+the enumeration value to the string used as variant type selector. The field to
+use as tag is specified by the "tag_field", specified between "< >" after the
+"variant" keyword for unnamed variants, and after "variant name" for named
+variants.
+
+The alignment of the variant is the alignment of the type as selected by the tag
+value for the specific instance of the variant. The alignment of the type
+containing the variant is independent of the variant alignment.  The size of the
+variant is the size as selected by the tag value for the specific instance of
+the variant.
+
+A named variant declaration followed by its definition within a structure
+declaration:
+
+variant name {
+  field_type sel1;
+  field_type sel2;
+  field_type sel3;
+  ...
+};

 
 

-4.2.2 Arrays
+struct {
+  enum <integer_type or size> { sel1, sel2, sel3, ... } tag_field;
+  ...
+  variant name <tag_field> v;
+}

 
 

-Arrays are fixed-length. Their length is declared in the type declaration within
-the metadata. They contain an array of "inner type" elements, which can refer to
-any type not containing the type of the array being declared (no circular
-dependency). The length is the number of elements in an array.
+An unnamed variant definition within a structure is expressed by the following
+metadata:

 
 

-Metadata representation of a named array, either:
+struct {
+  enum <integer_type or size> { sel1, sel2, sel3, ... } tag_field;
+  ...
+  variant <tag_field> {
+    field_type sel1;
+    field_type sel2;
+    field_type sel3;
+    ...
+  } v;
+}

 
 

-typedef array {
-  length = value;
-  elem_type = type;
-} name;
+Example of a named variant within a sequence that refers to a single tag field:

 
 

-or:
+variant example {
+  uint32_t a;
+  uint64_t b;
+  short c;
+};

 
 

-typedef elem_type name[length];
+struct {
+  enum <uint2_t> { a, b, c } choice;
+  variant example <choice> v[unsigned int];
+}
+
+Example of an unnamed variant:

 
 

-E.g.:
+struct {
+  enum <uint2_t> { a, b, c, d } choice;
+  /* Unrelated fields can be added between the variant and its tag */
+  int32_t somevalue;
+  variant <choice> {
+    uint32_t a;
+    uint64_t b;
+    short c;
+    struct {
+      unsigned int field1;
+      uint64_t field2;
+    } d;
+  } s;
+}
+
+Example of an unnamed variant within an array:
+
+struct {
+  enum <uint2_t> { a, b, c } choice;
+  variant <choice> {
+    uint32_t a;
+    uint64_t b;
+    short c;
+  } v[10];
+}
+
+Example of a variant type definition within a structure, where the defined type
+is then declared within an array of structures. This variant refers to a tag
+located in an upper lexical scope. This example clearly shows that a variant
+type definition referring to the tag "x" uses the closest preceding field from
+the lexical scope of the type definition.
+
+struct {
+  enum <uint2_t> { a, b, c, d } x;
+
+  typedef variant <x> {        /*
+                        * "x" refers to the preceding "x" enumeration in the
+                        * lexical scope of the type definition.
+                        */
+    uint32_t a;
+    uint64_t b;
+    short c;
+  } example_variant;
+
+  struct {
+    enum <int> { x, y, z } x;  /* This enumeration is not used by "v". */
+    example_variant v;                 /*
+                                * "v" uses the "enum <uint2_t> { a, b, c, d }"
+                                * tag.
+                                */
+  } a[10];
+}
+
+4.2.3 Arrays

 
 

-typedef array {
-  length = 10;
-  elem_type = uint32_t;
-} example;
+Arrays are fixed-length. Their length is declared in the type declaration within
+the metadata. They contain an array of "inner type" elements, which can refer to
+any type not containing the type of the array being declared (no circular
+dependency). The length is the number of elements in an array.

 
 

-A nameless array can be declared as a field type, e.g.:
+Metadata representation of a named array:

 
 

-array {
-  length = 5;
-  elem_type = uint8_t;
-} field_name;
+typedef elem_type name[length];

 
 

-or
+A nameless array can be declared as a field type within a structure, e.g.:

 
 

-uint8_t field_name[10];
+  uint8_t field_name[10];

 
 
 
 

-4.2.3 Sequences
+4.2.4 Sequences

 
 Sequences are dynamically-sized arrays. They start with an integer that specify
 the length of the sequence, followed by an array of "inner type" elements.
 The length is the number of elements in the sequence.
 
 
 Sequences are dynamically-sized arrays. They start with an integer that specify
 the length of the sequence, followed by an array of "inner type" elements.
 The length is the number of elements in the sequence.
 

-Metadata representation for a named sequence, either:
-
-typedef sequence {
-  length_type = type;  /* integer class */
-  elem_type = type;
-} name;
-
-or:
+Metadata representation for a named sequence:

 
 typedef elem_type name[length_type];
 
 A nameless sequence can be declared as a field type, e.g.:
 
 
 typedef elem_type name[length_type];
 
 A nameless sequence can be declared as a field type, e.g.:
 

-sequence {
-  length_type = int;
-  elem_type = long;
-} field_name;
-
-or
-

 long field_name[int];
 
 The length type follows the integer types specifications, and the sequence
 elements follow the "array" specifications.
 
 long field_name[int];
 
 The length type follows the integer types specifications, and the sequence
 elements follow the "array" specifications.
 

-4.2.4 Strings
+4.2.5 Strings

 
 Strings are an array of bytes of variable size and are terminated by a '\0'
 "NULL" character.  Their encoding is described in the metadata. In absence of
 
 Strings are an array of bytes of variable size and are terminated by a '\0'
 "NULL" character.  Their encoding is described in the metadata. In absence of


@@ -527,20 +591,35 @@ struct event_packet_context {
   uint8_t  stream_packet_count_bits;   /* Significant counter bits */
   uint8_t  compression_scheme;
   uint8_t  encryption_scheme;
   uint8_t  stream_packet_count_bits;   /* Significant counter bits */
   uint8_t  compression_scheme;
   uint8_t  encryption_scheme;

-  uint8_t  checksum;
+  uint8_t  checksum_scheme;

 };
 
 };
 

+

 6. Event Structure
 
 The overall structure of an event is:
 
 6. Event Structure
 
 The overall structure of an event is:
 

-  - Event Header (as specifed by the stream metadata)
-  - Extended Event Header (as specified by the event header)
-  - Event Context (as specified by the stream metadata)
-  - Event Payload (as specified by the event metadata)
+1 - Stream Packet Context (as specified by the stream metadata)
+2 - Event Header (as specifed by the stream metadata)
+3 - Stream Event Context (as specified by the stream metadata)
+4 - Event Context (as specified by the event metadata)
+5 - Event Payload (as specified by the event metadata)
+
+6.1 Lexical Scope
+
+The lexical scope of each structure (stream packet context, header, stream event
+context, event context and payload) is extended in the following way: lower
+levels (e.g. 3) can refer to fields defined in prior levels (e.g. 2 and 1). The
+field in the closest level has priority in case of field name conflict.

 
 

+This allows, for instance, the event context to define a variant refering to the
+"id" field of the event header as selector.

 
 

-6.1 Event Header
+6.2 Event Header
+
+Event headers can be described within the metadata. We hereby propose, as an
+example, two types of events headers. Type 1 accommodates streams with less than
+31 event IDs. Type 2 accommodates streams with 31 or more event IDs.

 
 One major factor can vary between streams: the number of event IDs assigned to
 a stream. Luckily, this information tends to stay relatively constant (modulo
 
 One major factor can vary between streams: the number of event IDs assigned to
 a stream. Luckily, this information tends to stay relatively constant (modulo


@@ -549,12 +628,8 @@ representations for streams containing few event IDs and streams containing
 many event IDs, so we end up representing the event ID and timestamp as densely
 as possible in each case.
 
 many event IDs, so we end up representing the event ID and timestamp as densely
 as possible in each case.
 

-We therefore provide two types of events headers. Type 1 accommodates streams
-with less than 31 event IDs. Type 2 accommodates streams with 31 or more event
-IDs.
-
-The "extended headers" are used in the rare occasions where the information
-cannot be represented in the ranges available in the event header. They are also
+The header is extended in the rare occasions where the information cannot be
+represented in the ranges available in the standard event header. They are also

 used in the rare occasions where the data required for a field could not be
 collected: the flag corresponding to the missing field within the missing_fields
 array is then set to 1.
 used in the rare occasions where the data required for a field could not be
 collected: the flag corresponding to the missing field within the missing_fields
 array is then set to 1.


@@ -562,93 +637,102 @@ array is then set to 1.
 Types uintX_t represent an X-bit unsigned integer.
 
 
 Types uintX_t represent an X-bit unsigned integer.
 
 

-6.1.1 Type 1 - Few event IDs
+6.2.1 Type 1 - Few event IDs

 
   - Aligned on 32-bit (or 8-bit if byte-packed, depending on the architecture
     preference).
 
   - Aligned on 32-bit (or 8-bit if byte-packed, depending on the architecture
     preference).

-  - Fixed size: 32 bits.

   - Native architecture byte ordering.
   - Native architecture byte ordering.

+  - For "compact" selection
+    - Fixed size: 32 bits.
+  - For "extended" selection
+    - Size depends on the architecture and variant alignment.

 
 struct event_header_1 {
 
 struct event_header_1 {

-  uint5_t id;          /*
-                        * id: range: 0 - 30.
-                        * id 31 is reserved to indicate a following
-                        * extended header.
-                        */
-  uint27_t timestamp;
+  /*
+   * id: range: 0 - 30.
+   * id 31 is reserved to indicate an extended header.
+   */
+  enum <uint5_t> { compact = 0 ... 30, extended = 31 } id;
+  variant <id> {
+    struct {
+      uint27_t timestamp;
+    } compact;
+    struct {
+      uint32_t id;                      /* 32-bit event IDs */
+      uint64_t timestamp;               /* 64-bit timestamps */
+    } extended;
+  } v;

 };
 
 };
 

-The end of a type 1 header is aligned on a 32-bit boundary (or packed).
-

 
 

-6.1.2 Extended Type 1 Event Header
+6.2.2 Type 2 - Many event IDs

 
 

-  - Follows struct event_header_1, which is aligned on 32-bit, so no need to
-    realign.
-  - Variable size (depends on the number of fields per event).
-  - Native architecture byte ordering.
-  - NR_FIELDS is the number of fields within the event.
-
-struct event_header_1_ext {
-  uint32_t id;                         /* 32-bit event IDs */
-  uint64_t timestamp;                  /* 64-bit timestamps */
-  uint1_t missing_fields[NR_FIELDS];   /* missing event fields bitmap */
-};
-
-
-6.1.3 Type 2 - Many event IDs
-
-  - Aligned on 32-bit (or 8-bit if byte-packed, depending on the architecture
+  - Aligned on 16-bit (or 8-bit if byte-packed, depending on the architecture

     preference).
     preference).

-  - Fixed size: 48 bits.

   - Native architecture byte ordering.
   - Native architecture byte ordering.

+  - For "compact" selection
+    - Size depends on the architecture and variant alignment.
+  - For "extended" selection
+    - Size depends on the architecture and variant alignment.

 
 struct event_header_2 {
 
 struct event_header_2 {

-  uint32_t timestamp;
-  uint16_t id;         /*
-                        * id: range: 0 - 65534.
-                        * id 65535 is reserved to indicate a following
-                        * extended header.
-                        */
-};
-
-The end of a type 2 header is aligned on a 16-bit boundary (or 8-bit if
-byte-packed).
-
-
-6.1.4 Extended Type 2 Event Header
-
-  - Follows struct event_header_2, which alignment end on a 16-bit boundary, so
-    we need to align on 64-bit integer architecture alignment (or 8-bit if
-    byte-packed).
-  - Variable size (depends on the number of fields per event).
-  - Native architecture byte ordering.
-  - NR_FIELDS is the number of fields within the event.
-
-struct event_header_2_ext {
-  uint64_t timestamp;                  /* 64-bit timestamps */ 
-  uint32_t id;                         /* 32-bit event IDs */
-  uint1_t missing_fields[NR_FIELDS];   /* missing event fields bitmap */
+  /*
+   * id: range: 0 - 65534.
+   * id 65535 is reserved to indicate an extended header.
+   */
+  enum <uint16_t> { compact = 0 ... 65534, extended = 65535 } id;
+  variant <id> {
+    struct {
+      uint32_t timestamp;
+    } compact;
+    struct {
+      uint32_t id;                      /* 32-bit event IDs */
+      uint64_t timestamp;               /* 64-bit timestamps */ 
+    } extended;
+  } v;

 };
 
 
 6.2 Event Context
 
 The event context contains information relative to the current event. The choice
 };
 
 
 6.2 Event Context
 
 The event context contains information relative to the current event. The choice

-and meaning of this information is specified by the metadata "stream"
-information. For this trace format, event context is usually empty, except when
-the metadata "stream" information specifies otherwise by declaring a non-empty
-structure for the event context. An example of event context is to save the
-event payload size with each event, or to save the current PID with each event.
-These are declared within the stream declaration within the metadata.
+and meaning of this information is specified by the metadata "stream" and
+"event" information. The "stream" context is applied to all events within the
+stream. The "stream" context structure follows the event header. The "event"
+context is applied to specific events. Its structure follows the "stream"
+context stucture.

 
 

-An example event context type:
+An example of stream-level event context is to save the event payload size with
+each event, or to save the current PID with each event.  These are declared
+within the stream declaration within the metadata:

 
 

-      struct event_context {
+  stream {
+    ...
+    event {
+      ...
+      context := struct {

         uint pid;
         uint16_t payload_size;
       };
         uint pid;
         uint16_t payload_size;
       };

+    }
+  };
+
+An example of event-specific event context is to declare a bitmap of missing
+fields, only appended after the stream event context if the extended event
+header is selected. NR_FIELDS is the number of fields within the event (a
+numeric value).

 
 

+  event {
+    context = struct {
+      variant <id> {
+        struct { } compact;
+        struct {
+          uint1_t missing_fields[NR_FIELDS]; /* missing event fields bitmap */
+        } extended;
+      } v;
+    };
+    ...
+  }

 
 6.3 Event Payload
 
 
 6.3 Event Payload
 


@@ -674,7 +758,6 @@ The event payload is aligned on the largest alignment required by types
 contained within the payload. (This follows the ISO/C standard for structures)
 
 
 contained within the payload. (This follows the ISO/C standard for structures)
 
 

-

 7. Metadata
 
 The meta-data is located in a stream named "metadata". It is made of "event
 7. Metadata
 
 The meta-data is located in a stream named "metadata". It is made of "event


@@ -686,7 +769,13 @@ an event packet header, which contains, amongst other fields, the magic number
 and trace UUID.
 
 The metadata can be parsed by reading through the metadata strings, skipping
 and trace UUID.
 
 The metadata can be parsed by reading through the metadata strings, skipping

-newlines and null-characters. Type names may contain spaces.
+newlines and null-characters. Type names are made of a single identifier, and
+can be surrounded by prefix/postfix. Text contained within "/*" and "*/", as
+well as within "//" and end of line, are treated as comments. Boolean values can
+be represented as true, TRUE, or 1 for true, and false, FALSE, or 0 for false.
+
+The grammar representing the CTF metadata is presented in
+Appendix C. CTF Metadata Grammar.

 
 trace {
   major = value;       /* Trace format version */
 
 trace {
   major = value;       /* Trace format version */


@@ -697,67 +786,117 @@ trace {
 
 stream {
   id = stream_id;
 
 stream {
   id = stream_id;

-  event {
-    /* Type 1 - Few event IDs; Type 2 - Many event IDs. See section 6.1. */
-    header_type = event_header_1 OR event_header_2;
-    /*
-     * Extended event header type. Only present if specified in event header
-     * on a per-event basis.
-     */
-    header_type_ext = event_header_1_ext OR event_header_2_ext;
-    context_type = struct {
-      ...
-    };
+  /* Type 1 - Few event IDs; Type 2 - Many event IDs. See section 6.2. */
+  event.header := event_header_1 OR event_header_2;
+  event.context := struct {
+    ...

   };
   };

-  packet {
-    context_type = struct {
-      ...
-    };
+  packet.context := struct {
+    ...

   };
 };
 
 event {
   };
 };
 
 event {

-  name = eventname;
+  name = event_name;

   id = value;                  /* Numeric identifier within the stream */
   stream = stream_id;
   id = value;                  /* Numeric identifier within the stream */
   stream = stream_id;

-  fields = struct {
+  context := struct {
+    ...
+  };
+  fields := struct {

     ...
   };
 };
 
 /* More detail on types in section 4. Types */
 
     ...
   };
 };
 
 /* More detail on types in section 4. Types */
 

-/* Named types */
-typedef some existing type new_type;
+/*
+ * Named types:
+ *
+ * Type declarations behave similarly to the C standard.
+ */
+
+typedef aliased_type_prefix aliased_type new_type aliased_type_postfix;
+
+/* e.g.: typedef struct example new_type_name[10]; */

 
 

-typedef type_class {
+/*
+ * typealias
+ *
+ * The "typealias" declaration can be used to give a name (including
+ * prefix/postfix) to a type.
+ */
+
+typealias type_class {

   ...
   ...

-} new_type;
+} : new_type_prefix new_type new_type_postfix;
+
+/*
+ * e.g.: 
+ * typealias integer {
+ *   size = 32;
+ *   align = 32;
+ *   signed = false;
+ * } : struct page *;
+ */

 
 struct name {
   ...
 };
 
 
 struct name {
   ...
 };
 

-enum name {
+variant name {

   ...
 };
 
   ...
 };
 

-/* Unnamed types, contained within compound type fields or type assignments. */
-struct {
+enum name <integer_type or size> {

   ...
 };
 
   ...
 };
 

-enum {
+
+/*
+ * Unnamed types, contained within compound type fields, typedef or typealias.
+ */
+
+struct {

   ...
   ...

-};
+}

 
 

-array {
+variant {

   ...
   ...

-};
+}

 
 

-sequence {
+enum <integer_type or size> {

   ...
   ...

-};
+}
+
+typedef type new_type[length];
+
+struct {
+  type field_name[length];
+}
+
+typedef type new_type[length_type];
+
+struct {
+  type field_name[length_type];
+}
+
+integer {
+  ...
+}
+
+floating_point {
+  ...
+}
+
+struct {
+  integer_type field_name:size;                /* GNU/C bitfield */
+}
+
+struct {
+  string field_name;
+}
+

 
 A. Helper macros
 
 
 A. Helper macros
 


@@ -797,3 +936,362 @@ flexibility in terms of:
 
 The event stream header will therefore be referred to as the "event packet
 header" throughout the rest of this document.
 
 The event stream header will therefore be referred to as the "event packet
 header" throughout the rest of this document.

+
+C. CTF Metadata Grammar
+
+/*
+ * Common Trace Format (CTF) Metadata Grammar.
+ *
+ * Inspired from the C99 grammar:
+ * http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1124.pdf (Annex A)
+ *
+ * Specialized for CTF needs by including only constant and declarations from
+ * C99 (excluding function declarations), and by adding support for variants,
+ * sequences and CTF-specific specifiers.
+ */
+
+1) Lexical grammar
+
+1.1) Lexical elements
+
+token:
+       keyword
+       identifier
+       constant
+       string-literal
+       punctuator
+
+1.2) Keywords
+
+keyword: is one of
+
+const
+char
+double
+enum
+event
+floating_point
+float
+integer
+int
+long
+short
+signed
+stream
+string
+struct
+trace
+typealias
+typedef
+unsigned
+variant
+void
+_Bool
+_Complex
+_Imaginary
+
+
+1.3) Identifiers
+
+identifier:
+       identifier-nondigit
+       identifier identifier-nondigit
+       identifier digit
+
+identifier-nondigit:
+       nondigit
+       universal-character-name
+       any other implementation-defined characters
+
+nondigit:
+       _
+       [a-zA-Z]        /* regular expression */
+
+digit:
+       [0-9]           /* regular expression */
+
+1.4) Universal character names
+
+universal-character-name:
+       \u hex-quad
+       \U hex-quad hex-quad
+
+hex-quad:
+       hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
+
+1.5) Constants
+
+constant:
+       integer-constant
+       enumeration-constant
+       character-constant
+
+integer-constant:
+       decimal-constant integer-suffix-opt
+       octal-constant integer-suffix-opt
+       hexadecimal-constant integer-suffix-opt
+
+decimal-constant:
+       nonzero-digit
+       decimal-constant digit
+
+octal-constant:
+       0
+       octal-constant octal-digit
+
+hexadecimal-constant:
+       hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit
+       hexadecimal-constant hexadecimal-digit
+
+hexadecimal-prefix:
+       0x
+       0X
+
+nonzero-digit:
+       [1-9]
+
+integer-suffix:
+       unsigned-suffix long-suffix-opt
+       unsigned-suffix long-long-suffix
+       long-suffix unsigned-suffix-opt
+       long-long-suffix unsigned-suffix-opt
+
+unsigned-suffix:
+       u
+       U
+
+long-suffix:
+       l
+       L
+
+long-long-suffix:
+       ll
+       LL
+
+digit-sequence:
+       digit
+       digit-sequence digit
+
+hexadecimal-digit-sequence:
+       hexadecimal-digit
+       hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+
+enumeration-constant:
+       identifier
+       string-literal
+
+character-constant:
+       ' c-char-sequence '
+       L' c-char-sequence '
+
+c-char-sequence:
+       c-char
+       c-char-sequence c-char
+
+c-char:
+       any member of source charset except single-quote ('), backslash
+       (\), or new-line character.
+       escape-sequence
+
+escape-sequence:
+       simple-escape-sequence
+       octal-escape-sequence
+       hexadecimal-escape-sequence
+       universal-character-name
+
+simple-escape-sequence: one of
+       \' \" \? \\ \a \b \f \n \r \t \v
+
+octal-escape-sequence:
+       \ octal-digit
+       \ octal-digit octal-digit
+       \ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit
+
+hexadecimal-escape-sequence:
+       \x hexadecimal-digit
+       hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+
+1.6) String literals
+
+string-literal:
+       " s-char-sequence-opt "
+       L" s-char-sequence-opt "
+
+s-char-sequence:
+       s-char
+       s-char-sequence s-char
+
+s-char:
+       any member of source charset except double-quote ("), backslash
+       (\), or new-line character.
+       escape-sequence
+
+1.7) Punctuators
+
+punctuator: one of
+       [ ] ( ) { } . -> * + - < > : ; ... = ,
+
+
+2) Phrase structure grammar
+
+primary-expression:
+       identifier
+       constant
+       string-literal
+       ( unary-expression )
+
+postfix-expression:
+       primary-expression
+       postfix-expression [ unary-expression ]
+       postfix-expression . identifier
+       postfix-expressoin -> identifier
+
+unary-expression:
+       postfix-expression
+       unary-operator postfix-expression
+
+unary-operator: one of
+       + -
+
+assignment-operator:
+       =
+
+constant-expression:
+       unary-expression
+
+constant-expression-range:
+       constant-expression ... constant-expression
+
+2.2) Declarations:
+
+declaration:
+       declaration-specifiers ;
+       declaration-specifiers storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiers declarator-list ;
+       ctf-specifier ;
+
+declaration-specifiers:
+       type-specifier declaration-specifiers-opt
+       type-qualifier declaration-specifiers-opt
+
+declarator-list:
+       declarator
+       declarator-list , declarator
+
+storage-class-specifier:
+       typedef
+
+type-specifier:
+       void
+       char
+       short
+       int
+       long
+       float
+       double
+       signed
+       unsigned
+       _Bool
+       _Complex
+       struct-specifier
+       variant-specifier
+       enum-specifier
+       typedef-name
+       ctf-type-specifier
+
+struct-specifier:
+       struct identifier-opt { struct-or-variant-declaration-list-opt }
+       struct identifier
+
+struct-or-variant-declaration-list:
+       struct-or-variant-declaration
+       struct-or-variant-declaration-list struct-or-variant-declaration
+
+struct-or-variant-declaration:
+       specifier-qualifier-list struct-or-variant-declarator-list ;
+       declaration-specifiers storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiers declarator-list ;
+       typealias declaration-specifiers declaration-specifiers declarator-list : declaration-specifiers declarator-list ;
+
+specifier-qualifier-list:
+       type-specifier specifier-qualifier-list-opt
+       type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-list-opt
+
+struct-or-variant-declarator-list:
+       struct-or-variant-declarator
+       struct-or-variant-declarator-list , struct-or-variant-declarator
+
+struct-or-variant-declarator:
+       declarator
+       declarator-opt : constant-expression
+
+variant-specifier:
+       variant identifier-opt variant-tag-opt { struct-or-variant-declaration-list }
+       variant identifier variant-tag
+
+variant-tag:
+       < identifier >
+
+enum-specifier:
+       enum identifier-opt { enumerator-list }
+       enum identifier-opt { enumerator-list , }
+       enum identifier
+       enum identifier-opt < type-specifier > { enumerator-list }
+       enum identifier-opt < type-specifier > { enumerator-list , }
+       enum identifier < type-specifier >
+       enum identifier-opt < integer-constant > { enumerator-list }
+       enum identifier-opt < integer-constant > { enumerator-list , }
+       enum identifier < integer-constant >
+
+enumerator-list:
+       enumerator
+       enumerator-list , enumerator
+
+enumerator:
+       enumeration-constant
+       enumeration-constant = constant-expression
+       enumeration-constant = constant-expression-range
+
+type-qualifier:
+       const
+
+declarator:
+       pointer-opt direct-declarator
+
+direct-declarator:
+       identifier
+       ( declarator )
+       direct-declarator [ type-specifier ]
+       direct-declarator [ constant-expression ]
+
+pointer:
+       * type-qualifier-list-opt
+       * type-qualifier-list-opt pointer
+
+type-qualifier-list:
+       type-qualifier
+       type-qualifier-list type-qualifier
+
+typedef-name:
+       identifier
+
+2.3) CTF-specific declarations
+
+ctf-specifier:
+       event { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+       stream { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+       trace { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+       typealias declaration-specifiers declaration-specifiers declarator-list : declaration-specifiers declarator-list ;
+
+ctf-type-specifier:
+       floating_point { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+       integer { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+       string { ctf-assignment-expression-list-opt }
+
+ctf-assignment-expression-list:
+       ctf-assignment-expression
+       ctf-assignment-expression-list ; ctf-assignment-expression
+
+ctf-assignment-expression:
+       unary-expression assignment-operator unary-expression
+       unary-expression type-assignment-operator type-specifier
+       declaration-specifiers storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiers declarator-list
+       typealias declaration-specifiers declaration-specifiers declarator-list : declaration-specifiers declarator-list