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1 | GPIO Descriptor Driver Interface |
2 | ================================ | |
3 | ||
4 | This document serves as a guide for GPIO chip drivers writers. Note that it | |
5 | describes the new descriptor-based interface. For a description of the | |
6 | deprecated integer-based GPIO interface please refer to gpio-legacy.txt. | |
7 | ||
8 | Each GPIO controller driver needs to include the following header, which defines | |
9 | the structures used to define a GPIO driver: | |
10 | ||
11 | #include <linux/gpio/driver.h> | |
12 | ||
13 | ||
14 | Internal Representation of GPIOs | |
15 | ================================ | |
16 | ||
17 | Inside a GPIO driver, individual GPIOs are identified by their hardware number, | |
18 | which is a unique number between 0 and n, n being the number of GPIOs managed by | |
19 | the chip. This number is purely internal: the hardware number of a particular | |
20 | GPIO descriptor is never made visible outside of the driver. | |
21 | ||
22 | On top of this internal number, each GPIO also need to have a global number in | |
23 | the integer GPIO namespace so that it can be used with the legacy GPIO | |
24 | interface. Each chip must thus have a "base" number (which can be automatically | |
25 | assigned), and for each GPIO the global number will be (base + hardware number). | |
26 | Although the integer representation is considered deprecated, it still has many | |
27 | users and thus needs to be maintained. | |
28 | ||
29 | So for example one platform could use numbers 32-159 for GPIOs, with a | |
30 | controller defining 128 GPIOs at a "base" of 32 ; while another platform uses | |
31 | numbers 0..63 with one set of GPIO controllers, 64-79 with another type of GPIO | |
32 | controller, and on one particular board 80-95 with an FPGA. The numbers need not | |
33 | be contiguous; either of those platforms could also use numbers 2000-2063 to | |
34 | identify GPIOs in a bank of I2C GPIO expanders. | |
35 | ||
36 | ||
37 | Controller Drivers: gpio_chip | |
38 | ============================= | |
39 | ||
40 | In the gpiolib framework each GPIO controller is packaged as a "struct | |
41 | gpio_chip" (see linux/gpio/driver.h for its complete definition) with members | |
42 | common to each controller of that type: | |
43 | ||
44 | - methods to establish GPIO direction | |
45 | - methods used to access GPIO values | |
46 | - method to return the IRQ number associated to a given GPIO | |
47 | - flag saying whether calls to its methods may sleep | |
48 | - optional debugfs dump method (showing extra state like pullup config) | |
49 | - optional base number (will be automatically assigned if omitted) | |
50 | - label for diagnostics and GPIOs mapping using platform data | |
51 | ||
52 | The code implementing a gpio_chip should support multiple instances of the | |
53 | controller, possibly using the driver model. That code will configure each | |
54 | gpio_chip and issue gpiochip_add(). Removing a GPIO controller should be rare; | |
55 | use gpiochip_remove() when it is unavoidable. | |
56 | ||
57 | Most often a gpio_chip is part of an instance-specific structure with state not | |
58 | exposed by the GPIO interfaces, such as addressing, power management, and more. | |
59 | Chips such as codecs will have complex non-GPIO state. | |
60 | ||
61 | Any debugfs dump method should normally ignore signals which haven't been | |
62 | requested as GPIOs. They can use gpiochip_is_requested(), which returns either | |
63 | NULL or the label associated with that GPIO when it was requested. | |
64 | ||
99adc059 LW |
65 | |
66 | GPIO drivers providing IRQs | |
67 | --------------------------- | |
68 | It is custom that GPIO drivers (GPIO chips) are also providing interrupts, | |
69 | most often cascaded off a parent interrupt controller, and in some special | |
70 | cases the GPIO logic is melded with a SoC's primary interrupt controller. | |
71 | ||
72 | The IRQ portions of the GPIO block are implemented using an irqchip, using | |
73 | the header <linux/irq.h>. So basically such a driver is utilizing two sub- | |
74 | systems simultaneously: gpio and irq. | |
75 | ||
76 | It is legal for any IRQ consumer to request an IRQ from any irqchip no matter | |
77 | if that is a combined GPIO+IRQ driver. The basic premise is that gpio_chip and | |
78 | irq_chip are orthogonal, and offering their services independent of each | |
79 | other. | |
80 | ||
81 | gpiod_to_irq() is just a convenience function to figure out the IRQ for a | |
82 | certain GPIO line and should not be relied upon to have been called before | |
83 | the IRQ is used. | |
84 | ||
85 | So always prepare the hardware and make it ready for action in respective | |
86 | callbacks from the GPIO and irqchip APIs. Do not rely on gpiod_to_irq() having | |
87 | been called first. | |
88 | ||
89 | This orthogonality leads to ambiguities that we need to solve: if there is | |
90 | competition inside the subsystem which side is using the resource (a certain | |
91 | GPIO line and register for example) it needs to deny certain operations and | |
92 | keep track of usage inside of the gpiolib subsystem. This is why the API | |
93 | below exists. | |
94 | ||
95 | ||
fd8e198c AC |
96 | Locking IRQ usage |
97 | ----------------- | |
98 | Input GPIOs can be used as IRQ signals. When this happens, a driver is requested | |
99 | to mark the GPIO as being used as an IRQ: | |
100 | ||
101 | int gpiod_lock_as_irq(struct gpio_desc *desc) | |
102 | ||
103 | This will prevent the use of non-irq related GPIO APIs until the GPIO IRQ lock | |
104 | is released: | |
105 | ||
106 | void gpiod_unlock_as_irq(struct gpio_desc *desc) | |
99adc059 LW |
107 | |
108 | When implementing an irqchip inside a GPIO driver, these two functions should | |
109 | typically be called in the .startup() and .shutdown() callbacks from the | |
110 | irqchip. |