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cac19c3b | 1 | Guide to using M-Audio Audiophile USB with ALSA and Jack v1.5 |
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2 | ======================================================== |
3 | ||
4 | Thibault Le Meur <Thibault.LeMeur@supelec.fr> | |
5 | ||
6 | This document is a guide to using the M-Audio Audiophile USB (tm) device with | |
7 | ALSA and JACK. | |
8 | ||
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9 | History |
10 | ======= | |
11 | * v1.4 - Thibault Le Meur (2007-07-11) | |
12 | - Added Low Endianness nature of 16bits-modes | |
13 | found by Hakan Lennestal <Hakan.Lennestal@brfsodrahamn.se> | |
14 | - Modifying document structure | |
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15 | * v1.5 - Thibault Le Meur (2007-07-12) |
16 | - Added AC3/DTS passthru info | |
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17 | |
18 | ||
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19 | 1 - Audiophile USB Specs and correct usage |
20 | ========================================== | |
f8c78b82 | 21 | |
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22 | This part is a reminder of important facts about the functions and limitations |
23 | of the device. | |
24 | ||
25 | The device has 4 audio interfaces, and 2 MIDI ports: | |
26 | * Analog Stereo Input (Ai) | |
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27 | - This port supports 2 pairs of line-level audio inputs (1/4" TS and RCA) |
28 | - When the 1/4" TS (jack) connectors are connected, the RCA connectors | |
29 | are disabled | |
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30 | * Analog Stereo Output (Ao) |
31 | * Digital Stereo Input (Di) | |
32 | * Digital Stereo Output (Do) | |
33 | * Midi In (Mi) | |
34 | * Midi Out (Mo) | |
35 | ||
5732e7a2 | 36 | The internal DAC/ADC has the following characteristics: |
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37 | * sample depth of 16 or 24 bits |
38 | * sample rate from 8kHz to 96kHz | |
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39 | * Two interfaces can't use different sample depths at the same time. |
40 | Moreover, the Audiophile USB documentation gives the following Warning: | |
41 | "Please exit any audio application running before switching between bit depths" | |
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42 | |
43 | Due to the USB 1.1 bandwidth limitation, a limited number of interfaces can be | |
44 | activated at the same time depending on the audio mode selected: | |
f8c78b82 | 45 | * 16-bit/48kHz ==> 4 channels in + 4 channels out |
e311334e | 46 | - Ai+Ao+Di+Do |
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47 | * 24-bit/48kHz ==> 4 channels in + 2 channels out, |
48 | or 2 channels in + 4 channels out | |
e311334e | 49 | - Ai+Ao+Do or Ai+Di+Ao or Ai+Di+Do or Di+Ao+Do |
f8c78b82 | 50 | * 24-bit/96kHz ==> 2 channels in _or_ 2 channels out (half duplex only) |
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51 | - Ai or Ao or Di or Do |
52 | ||
53 | Important facts about the Digital interface: | |
54 | -------------------------------------------- | |
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55 | * The Do port additionally supports surround-encoded AC-3 and DTS passthrough, |
56 | though I haven't tested it under Linux | |
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57 | - Note that in this setup only the Do interface can be enabled |
58 | * Apart from recording an audio digital stream, enabling the Di port is a way | |
19739fef | 59 | to synchronize the device to an external sample clock |
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60 | - As a consequence, the Di port must be enable only if an active Digital |
61 | source is connected | |
62 | - Enabling Di when no digital source is connected can result in a | |
63 | synchronization error (for instance sound played at an odd sample rate) | |
64 | ||
65 | ||
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66 | 2 - Audiophile USB MIDI support in ALSA |
67 | ======================================= | |
e311334e | 68 | |
f8c78b82 | 69 | The Audiophile USB MIDI ports will be automatically supported once the |
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70 | following modules have been loaded: |
71 | * snd-usb-audio | |
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72 | * snd-seq-midi |
73 | ||
5732e7a2 | 74 | No additional setting is required. |
e311334e | 75 | |
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76 | |
77 | 3 - Audiophile USB Audio support in ALSA | |
78 | ======================================== | |
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79 | |
80 | Audio functions of the Audiophile USB device are handled by the snd-usb-audio | |
81 | module. This module can work in a default mode (without any device-specific | |
5732e7a2 | 82 | parameter), or in an "advanced" mode with the device-specific parameter called |
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83 | "device_setup". |
84 | ||
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85 | 3.1 - Default Alsa driver mode |
86 | ------------------------------ | |
87 | ||
88 | The default behavior of the snd-usb-audio driver is to list the device | |
89 | capabilities at startup and activate the required mode when required | |
90 | by the applications: for instance if the user is recording in a | |
91 | 24bit-depth-mode and immediately after wants to switch to a 16bit-depth mode, | |
92 | the snd-usb-audio module will reconfigure the device on the fly. | |
93 | ||
94 | This approach has the advantage to let the driver automatically switch from sample | |
95 | rates/depths automatically according to the user's needs. However, those who | |
96 | are using the device under windows know that this is not how the device is meant to | |
97 | work: under windows applications must be closed before using the m-audio control | |
98 | panel to switch the device working mode. Thus as we'll see in next section, this | |
99 | Default Alsa driver mode can lead to device misconfigurations. | |
100 | ||
101 | Let's get back to the Default Alsa driver mode for now. In this case the | |
102 | Audiophile interfaces are mapped to alsa pcm devices in the following | |
103 | way (I suppose the device's index is 1): | |
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104 | * hw:1,0 is Ao in playback and Di in capture |
105 | * hw:1,1 is Do in playback and Ai in capture | |
106 | * hw:1,2 is Do in AC3/DTS passthrough mode | |
107 | ||
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108 | In this mode, the device uses Big Endian byte-encoding so that |
109 | supported audio format are S16_BE for 16-bit depth modes and S24_3BE for | |
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110 | 24-bits depth mode. |
111 | ||
112 | One exception is the hw:1,2 port which was reported to be Little Endian | |
113 | compliant (supposedly supporting S16_LE) but processes in fact only S16_BE streams. | |
114 | This has been fixed in kernel 2.6.23 and above and now the hw:1,2 interface | |
115 | is reported to be big endian in this default driver mode. | |
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116 | |
117 | Examples: | |
118 | * playing a S24_3BE encoded raw file to the Ao port | |
119 | % aplay -D hw:1,0 -c2 -t raw -r48000 -fS24_3BE test.raw | |
120 | * recording a S24_3BE encoded raw file from the Ai port | |
121 | % arecord -D hw:1,1 -c2 -t raw -r48000 -fS24_3BE test.raw | |
122 | * playing a S16_BE encoded raw file to the Do port | |
123 | % aplay -D hw:1,1 -c2 -t raw -r48000 -fS16_BE test.raw | |
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124 | * playing an ac3 sample file to the Do port |
125 | % aplay -D hw:1,2 --channels=6 ac3_S16_BE_encoded_file.raw | |
e311334e | 126 | |
f8c78b82 | 127 | If you're happy with the default Alsa driver mode and don't experience any |
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128 | issue with this mode, then you can skip the following chapter. |
129 | ||
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130 | 3.2 - Advanced module setup |
131 | --------------------------- | |
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132 | |
133 | Due to the hardware constraints described above, the device initialization made | |
134 | by the Alsa driver in default mode may result in a corrupted state of the | |
135 | device. For instance, a particularly annoying issue is that the sound captured | |
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136 | from the Ai interface sounds distorted (as if boosted with an excessive high |
137 | volume gain). | |
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138 | |
139 | For people having this problem, the snd-usb-audio module has a new module | |
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140 | parameter called "device_setup" (this parameter was introduced in kernel |
141 | release 2.6.17) | |
e311334e | 142 | |
f8c78b82 | 143 | 3.2.1 - Initializing the working mode of the Audiophile USB |
e311334e | 144 | |
5732e7a2 | 145 | As far as the Audiophile USB device is concerned, this value let the user |
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146 | specify: |
147 | * the sample depth | |
148 | * the sample rate | |
149 | * whether the Di port is used or not | |
150 | ||
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151 | When initialized with "device_setup=0x00", the snd-usb-audio module has |
152 | the same behaviour as when the parameter is omitted (see paragraph "Default | |
153 | Alsa driver mode" above) | |
154 | ||
155 | Others modes are described in the following subsections. | |
156 | ||
157 | 3.2.1.1 - 16-bit modes | |
158 | ||
159 | The two supported modes are: | |
160 | ||
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161 | * device_setup=0x01 |
162 | - 16bits 48kHz mode with Di disabled | |
163 | - Ai,Ao,Do can be used at the same time | |
164 | - hw:1,0 is not available in capture mode | |
165 | - hw:1,2 is not available | |
f8c78b82 | 166 | |
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167 | * device_setup=0x11 |
168 | - 16bits 48kHz mode with Di enabled | |
169 | - Ai,Ao,Di,Do can be used at the same time | |
170 | - hw:1,0 is available in capture mode | |
171 | - hw:1,2 is not available | |
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172 | |
173 | In this modes the device operates only at 16bits-modes. Before kernel 2.6.23, | |
174 | the devices where reported to be Big-Endian when in fact they were Little-Endian | |
175 | so that playing a file was a matter of using: | |
176 | % aplay -D hw:1,1 -c2 -t raw -r48000 -fS16_BE test_S16_LE.raw | |
177 | where "test_S16_LE.raw" was in fact a little-endian sample file. | |
178 | ||
179 | Thanks to Hakan Lennestal (who discovered the Little-Endiannes of the device in | |
180 | these modes) a fix has been committed (expected in kernel 2.6.23) and | |
181 | Alsa now reports Little-Endian interfaces. Thus playing a file now is as simple as | |
182 | using: | |
183 | % aplay -D hw:1,1 -c2 -t raw -r48000 -fS16_LE test_S16_LE.raw | |
184 | ||
185 | 3.2.1.2 - 24-bit modes | |
186 | ||
187 | The three supported modes are: | |
188 | ||
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189 | * device_setup=0x09 |
190 | - 24bits 48kHz mode with Di disabled | |
191 | - Ai,Ao,Do can be used at the same time | |
192 | - hw:1,0 is not available in capture mode | |
193 | - hw:1,2 is not available | |
f8c78b82 | 194 | |
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195 | * device_setup=0x19 |
196 | - 24bits 48kHz mode with Di enabled | |
197 | - 3 ports from {Ai,Ao,Di,Do} can be used at the same time | |
198 | - hw:1,0 is available in capture mode and an active digital source must be | |
199 | connected to Di | |
200 | - hw:1,2 is not available | |
f8c78b82 | 201 | |
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202 | * device_setup=0x0D or 0x10 |
203 | - 24bits 96kHz mode | |
204 | - Di is enabled by default for this mode but does not need to be connected | |
205 | to an active source | |
206 | - Only 1 port from {Ai,Ao,Di,Do} can be used at the same time | |
207 | - hw:1,0 is available in captured mode | |
208 | - hw:1,2 is not available | |
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209 | |
210 | In these modes the device is only Big-Endian compliant (see "Default Alsa driver | |
211 | mode" above for an aplay command example) | |
212 | ||
213 | 3.2.1.3 - AC3 w/ DTS passthru mode | |
214 | ||
cac19c3b | 215 | Thanks to Hakan Lennestal, I now have a report saying that this mode works. |
f8c78b82 | 216 | |
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217 | * device_setup=0x03 |
218 | - 16bits 48kHz mode with only the Do port enabled | |
cac19c3b | 219 | - AC3 with DTS passthru |
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220 | - Caution with this setup the Do port is mapped to the pcm device hw:1,0 |
221 | ||
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222 | The command line used to playback the AC3/DTS encoded .wav-files in this mode: |
223 | % aplay -D hw:1,0 --channels=6 ac3_S16_LE_encoded_file.raw | |
224 | ||
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225 | 3.2.2 - How to use the device_setup parameter |
226 | ---------------------------------------------- | |
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227 | |
228 | The parameter can be given: | |
f8c78b82 | 229 | |
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230 | * By manually probing the device (as root): |
231 | # modprobe -r snd-usb-audio | |
232 | # modprobe snd-usb-audio index=1 device_setup=0x09 | |
f8c78b82 | 233 | |
e311334e | 234 | * Or while configuring the modules options in your modules configuration file |
b327d25c | 235 | (typically a .conf file in /etc/modprobe.d/ directory: |
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236 | alias snd-card-1 snd-usb-audio |
237 | options snd-usb-audio index=1 device_setup=0x09 | |
238 | ||
d9195881 | 239 | CAUTION when initializing the device |
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240 | ------------------------------------- |
241 | ||
242 | * Correct initialization on the device requires that device_setup is given to | |
243 | the module BEFORE the device is turned on. So, if you use the "manual probing" | |
244 | method described above, take care to power-on the device AFTER this initialization. | |
245 | ||
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246 | * Failing to respect this will lead to a misconfiguration of the device. In this case |
247 | turn off the device, unprobe the snd-usb-audio module, then probe it again with | |
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248 | correct device_setup parameter and then (and only then) turn on the device again. |
249 | ||
250 | * If you've correctly initialized the device in a valid mode and then want to switch | |
251 | to another mode (possibly with another sample-depth), please use also the following | |
252 | procedure: | |
5732e7a2 CK |
253 | - first turn off the device |
254 | - de-register the snd-usb-audio module (modprobe -r) | |
255 | - change the device_setup parameter by changing the device_setup | |
970e2486 | 256 | option in /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf |
e311334e | 257 | - turn on the device |
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258 | * A workaround for this last issue has been applied to kernel 2.6.23, but it may not |
259 | be enough to ensure the 'stability' of the device initialization. | |
260 | ||
261 | 3.2.3 - Technical details for hackers | |
262 | ------------------------------------- | |
263 | This section is for hackers, wanting to understand details about the device | |
264 | internals and how Alsa supports it. | |
e311334e | 265 | |
f8c78b82 | 266 | 3.2.3.1 - Audiophile USB's device_setup structure |
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267 | |
268 | If you want to understand the device_setup magic numbers for the Audiophile | |
269 | USB, you need some very basic understanding of binary computation. However, | |
5732e7a2 | 270 | this is not required to use the parameter and you may skip this section. |
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271 | |
272 | The device_setup is one byte long and its structure is the following: | |
273 | ||
274 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | |
275 | | b7| b6| b5| b4| b3| b2| b1| b0| | |
276 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | |
277 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Di|24B|96K|DTS|SET| | |
278 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | |
279 | ||
280 | Where: | |
281 | * b0 is the "SET" bit | |
282 | - it MUST be set if device_setup is initialized | |
283 | * b1 is the "DTS" bit | |
284 | - it is set only for Digital output with DTS/AC3 | |
285 | - this setup is not tested | |
286 | * b2 is the Rate selection flag | |
287 | - When set to "1" the rate range is 48.1-96kHz | |
288 | - Otherwise the sample rate range is 8-48kHz | |
289 | * b3 is the bit depth selection flag | |
290 | - When set to "1" samples are 24bits long | |
291 | - Otherwise they are 16bits long | |
292 | - Note that b2 implies b3 as the 96kHz mode is only supported for 24 bits | |
293 | samples | |
294 | * b4 is the Digital input flag | |
295 | - When set to "1" the device assumes that an active digital source is | |
296 | connected | |
297 | - You shouldn't enable Di if no source is seen on the port (this leads to | |
298 | synchronization issues) | |
299 | - b4 is implied by b2 (since only one port is enabled at a time no synch | |
300 | error can occur) | |
301 | * b5 to b7 are reserved for future uses, and must be set to "0" | |
302 | - might become Ao, Do, Ai, for b7, b6, b4 respectively | |
303 | ||
304 | Caution: | |
305 | * there is no check on the value you will give to device_setup | |
306 | - for instance choosing 0x05 (16bits 96kHz) will fail back to 0x09 since | |
307 | b2 implies b3. But _there_will_be_no_warning_ in /var/log/messages | |
308 | * Hardware constraints due to the USB bus limitation aren't checked | |
309 | - choosing b2 will prepare all interfaces for 24bits/96kHz but you'll | |
310 | only be able to use one at the same time | |
311 | ||
f8c78b82 | 312 | 3.2.3.2 - USB implementation details for this device |
e311334e | 313 | |
5732e7a2 | 314 | You may safely skip this section if you're not interested in driver |
f8c78b82 | 315 | hacking. |
e311334e | 316 | |
f8c78b82 | 317 | This section describes some internal aspects of the device and summarizes the |
5732e7a2 | 318 | data I got by usb-snooping the windows and Linux drivers. |
e311334e | 319 | |
19739fef | 320 | The M-Audio Audiophile USB has 7 USB Interfaces: |
e311334e | 321 | a "USB interface": |
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322 | * USB Interface nb.0 |
323 | * USB Interface nb.1 | |
e311334e | 324 | - Audio Control function |
19739fef | 325 | * USB Interface nb.2 |
e311334e | 326 | - Analog Output |
19739fef | 327 | * USB Interface nb.3 |
e311334e | 328 | - Digital Output |
19739fef | 329 | * USB Interface nb.4 |
e311334e | 330 | - Analog Input |
19739fef | 331 | * USB Interface nb.5 |
e311334e | 332 | - Digital Input |
19739fef | 333 | * USB Interface nb.6 |
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334 | - MIDI interface compliant with the MIDIMAN quirk |
335 | ||
336 | Each interface has 5 altsettings (AltSet 1,2,3,4,5) except: | |
337 | * Interface 3 (Digital Out) has an extra Alset nb.6 | |
338 | * Interface 5 (Digital In) does not have Alset nb.3 and 5 | |
339 | ||
340 | Here is a short description of the AltSettings capabilities: | |
341 | * AltSettings 1 corresponds to | |
342 | - 24-bit depth, 48.1-96kHz sample mode | |
343 | - Adaptive playback (Ao and Do), Synch capture (Ai), or Asynch capture (Di) | |
344 | * AltSettings 2 corresponds to | |
345 | - 24-bit depth, 8-48kHz sample mode | |
346 | - Asynch capture and playback (Ao,Ai,Do,Di) | |
347 | * AltSettings 3 corresponds to | |
348 | - 24-bit depth, 8-48kHz sample mode | |
349 | - Synch capture (Ai) and Adaptive playback (Ao,Do) | |
350 | * AltSettings 4 corresponds to | |
351 | - 16-bit depth, 8-48kHz sample mode | |
352 | - Asynch capture and playback (Ao,Ai,Do,Di) | |
353 | * AltSettings 5 corresponds to | |
354 | - 16-bit depth, 8-48kHz sample mode | |
355 | - Synch capture (Ai) and Adaptive playback (Ao,Do) | |
356 | * AltSettings 6 corresponds to | |
357 | - 16-bit depth, 8-48kHz sample mode | |
358 | - Synch playback (Do), audio format type III IEC1937_AC-3 | |
359 | ||
5732e7a2 | 360 | In order to ensure a correct initialization of the device, the driver |
e311334e | 361 | _must_know_ how the device will be used: |
5732e7a2 | 362 | * if DTS is chosen, only Interface 2 with AltSet nb.6 must be |
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363 | registered |
364 | * if 96KHz only AltSets nb.1 of each interface must be selected | |
365 | * if samples are using 24bits/48KHz then AltSet 2 must me used if | |
366 | Digital input is connected, and only AltSet nb.3 if Digital input | |
367 | is not connected | |
368 | * if samples are using 16bits/48KHz then AltSet 4 must me used if | |
369 | Digital input is connected, and only AltSet nb.5 if Digital input | |
370 | is not connected | |
371 | ||
372 | When device_setup is given as a parameter to the snd-usb-audio module, the | |
5732e7a2 | 373 | parse_audio_endpoints function uses a quirk called |
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374 | "audiophile_skip_setting_quirk" in order to prevent AltSettings not |
375 | corresponding to device_setup from being registered in the driver. | |
376 | ||
f8c78b82 | 377 | 4 - Audiophile USB and Jack support |
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378 | =================================== |
379 | ||
380 | This section deals with support of the Audiophile USB device in Jack. | |
e311334e | 381 | |
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382 | There are 2 main potential issues when using Jackd with the device: |
383 | * support for Big-Endian devices in 24-bit modes | |
384 | * support for 4-in / 4-out channels | |
e311334e | 385 | |
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386 | 4.1 - Direct support in Jackd |
387 | ----------------------------- | |
388 | ||
389 | Jack supports big endian devices only in recent versions (thanks to | |
390 | Andreas Steinmetz for his first big-endian patch). I can't remember | |
d9195881 | 391 | exactly when this support was released into jackd, let's just say that |
f8c78b82 | 392 | with jackd version 0.103.0 it's almost ok (just a small bug is affecting |
d9195881 | 393 | 16bits Big-Endian devices, but since you've read carefully the above |
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394 | paragraphs, you're now using kernel >= 2.6.23 and your 16bits devices |
395 | are now Little Endians ;-) ). | |
396 | ||
397 | You can run jackd with the following command for playback with Ao and | |
398 | record with Ai: | |
399 | % jackd -R -dalsa -Phw:1,0 -r48000 -p128 -n2 -D -Chw:1,1 | |
400 | ||
401 | 4.2 - Using Alsa plughw | |
402 | ----------------------- | |
403 | If you don't have a recent Jackd installed, you can downgrade to using | |
404 | the Alsa "plug" converter. | |
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405 | |
406 | For instance here is one way to run Jack with 2 playback channels on Ao and 2 | |
407 | capture channels from Ai: | |
408 | % jackd -R -dalsa -dplughw:1 -r48000 -p256 -n2 -D -Cplughw:1,1 | |
409 | ||
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410 | However you may see the following warning message: |
411 | "You appear to be using the ALSA software "plug" layer, probably a result of | |
412 | using the "default" ALSA device. This is less efficient than it could be. | |
413 | Consider using a hardware device instead rather than using the plug layer." | |
414 | ||
f8c78b82 | 415 | 4.3 - Getting 2 input and/or output interfaces in Jack |
5732e7a2 CK |
416 | ------------------------------------------------------ |
417 | ||
418 | As you can see, starting the Jack server this way will only enable 1 stereo | |
419 | input (Di or Ai) and 1 stereo output (Ao or Do). | |
420 | ||
421 | This is due to the following restrictions: | |
422 | * Jack can only open one capture device and one playback device at a time | |
423 | * The Audiophile USB is seen as 2 (or three) Alsa devices: hw:1,0, hw:1,1 | |
424 | (and optionally hw:1,2) | |
f8c78b82 | 425 | |
5732e7a2 CK |
426 | If you want to get Ai+Di and/or Ao+Do support with Jack, you would need to |
427 | combine the Alsa devices into one logical "complex" device. | |
428 | ||
429 | If you want to give it a try, I recommend reading the information from | |
430 | this page: http://www.sound-man.co.uk/linuxaudio/ice1712multi.html | |
431 | It is related to another device (ice1712) but can be adapted to suit | |
432 | the Audiophile USB. | |
433 | ||
434 | Enabling multiple Audiophile USB interfaces for Jackd will certainly require: | |
f8c78b82 TLM |
435 | * Making sure your Jackd version has the MMAP_COMPLEX patch (see the ice1712 page) |
436 | * (maybe) patching the alsa-lib/src/pcm/pcm_multi.c file (see the ice1712 page) | |
5732e7a2 CK |
437 | * define a multi device (combination of hw:1,0 and hw:1,1) in your .asoundrc |
438 | file | |
439 | * start jackd with this device | |
440 | ||
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441 | I had no success in testing this for now, if you have any success with this kind |
442 | of setup, please drop me an email. |