[deliverable/linux.git] / Documentation / unicode.txt

		 Last update: 2005-01-17, version 1.4

This file is maintained by H. Peter Anvin <unicode@lanana.org> as part
of the Linux Assigned Names And Numbers Authority (LANANA) project.
The current version can be found at:

	    http://www.lanana.org/docs/unicode/unicode.txt

		       ------------------------

The Linux kernel code has been rewritten to use Unicode to map
characters to fonts.  By downloading a single Unicode-to-font table,
both the eight-bit character sets and UTF-8 mode are changed to use
the font as indicated.

This changes the semantics of the eight-bit character tables subtly.
The four character tables are now:

Map symbol	Map name			Escape code (G0)

LAT1_MAP	Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1)		ESC ( B
GRAF_MAP	DEC VT100 pseudographics	ESC ( 0
IBMPC_MAP	IBM code page 437		ESC ( U
USER_MAP	User defined			ESC ( K

In particular, ESC ( U is no longer "straight to font", since the font
might be completely different than the IBM character set.  This
permits for example the use of block graphics even with a Latin-1 font
loaded.

Note that although these codes are similar to ISO 2022, neither the
codes nor their uses match ISO 2022; Linux has two 8-bit codes (G0 and
G1), whereas ISO 2022 has four 7-bit codes (G0-G3).

In accordance with the Unicode standard/ISO 10646 the range U+F000 to
U+F8FF has been reserved for OS-wide allocation (the Unicode Standard
refers to this as a "Corporate Zone", since this is inaccurate for
Linux we call it the "Linux Zone").  U+F000 was picked as the starting
point since it lets the direct-mapping area start on a large power of
two (in case 1024- or 2048-character fonts ever become necessary).
This leaves U+E000 to U+EFFF as End User Zone.

[v1.2]: The Unicodes range from U+F000 and up to U+F7FF have been
hard-coded to map directly to the loaded font, bypassing the
translation table.  The user-defined map now defaults to U+F000 to
U+F0FF, emulating the previous behaviour.  In practice, this range
might be shorter; for example, vgacon can only handle 256-character
(U+F000..U+F0FF) or 512-character (U+F000..U+F1FF) fonts.


Actual characters assigned in the Linux Zone
--------------------------------------------

In addition, the following characters not present in Unicode 1.1.4
have been defined; these are used by the DEC VT graphics map.  [v1.2]
THIS USE IS OBSOLETE AND SHOULD NO LONGER BE USED; PLEASE SEE BELOW.

U+F800 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 1
U+F801 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 3
U+F803 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 7
U+F804 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 9

The DEC VT220 uses a 6x10 character matrix, and these characters form
a smooth progression in the DEC VT graphics character set.  I have
omitted the scan 5 line, since it is also used as a block-graphics
character, and hence has been coded as U+2500 FORMS LIGHT HORIZONTAL.

[v1.3]: These characters have been officially added to Unicode 3.2.0;
they are added at U+23BA, U+23BB, U+23BC, U+23BD.  Linux now uses the
new values.

[v1.2]: The following characters have been added to represent common
keyboard symbols that are unlikely to ever be added to Unicode proper
since they are horribly vendor-specific.  This, of course, is an
excellent example of horrible design.

U+F810 KEYBOARD SYMBOL FLYING FLAG
U+F811 KEYBOARD SYMBOL PULLDOWN MENU
U+F812 KEYBOARD SYMBOL OPEN APPLE
U+F813 KEYBOARD SYMBOL SOLID APPLE

Klingon language support
------------------------

In 1996, Linux was the first operating system in the world to add
support for the artificial language Klingon, created by Marc Okrand
for the "Star Trek" television series.	This encoding was later
adopted by the ConScript Unicode Registry and proposed (but ultimately
rejected) for inclusion in Unicode Plane 1.  Thus, it remains as a
Linux/CSUR private assignment in the Linux Zone.

This encoding has been endorsed by the Klingon Language Institute.
For more information, contact them at:

	http://www.kli.org/

Since the characters in the beginning of the Linux CZ have been more
of the dingbats/symbols/forms type and this is a language, I have
located it at the end, on a 16-cell boundary in keeping with standard
Unicode practice.

NOTE: This range is now officially managed by the ConScript Unicode
Registry.  The normative reference is at:

	http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html

Klingon has an alphabet of 26 characters, a positional numeric writing
system with 10 digits, and is written left-to-right, top-to-bottom.

Several glyph forms for the Klingon alphabet have been proposed.
However, since the set of symbols appear to be consistent throughout,
with only the actual shapes being different, in keeping with standard
Unicode practice these differences are considered font variants.

U+F8D0	KLINGON LETTER A
U+F8D1	KLINGON LETTER B
U+F8D2	KLINGON LETTER CH
U+F8D3	KLINGON LETTER D
U+F8D4	KLINGON LETTER E
U+F8D5	KLINGON LETTER GH
U+F8D6	KLINGON LETTER H
U+F8D7	KLINGON LETTER I
U+F8D8	KLINGON LETTER J
U+F8D9	KLINGON LETTER L
U+F8DA	KLINGON LETTER M
U+F8DB	KLINGON LETTER N
U+F8DC	KLINGON LETTER NG
U+F8DD	KLINGON LETTER O
U+F8DE	KLINGON LETTER P
U+F8DF	KLINGON LETTER Q
	- Written <q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
U+F8E0	KLINGON LETTER QH
	- Written <Q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
U+F8E1	KLINGON LETTER R
U+F8E2	KLINGON LETTER S
U+F8E3	KLINGON LETTER T
U+F8E4	KLINGON LETTER TLH
U+F8E5	KLINGON LETTER U
U+F8E6	KLINGON LETTER V
U+F8E7	KLINGON LETTER W
U+F8E8	KLINGON LETTER Y
U+F8E9	KLINGON LETTER GLOTTAL STOP

U+F8F0	KLINGON DIGIT ZERO
U+F8F1	KLINGON DIGIT ONE
U+F8F2	KLINGON DIGIT TWO
U+F8F3	KLINGON DIGIT THREE
U+F8F4	KLINGON DIGIT FOUR
U+F8F5	KLINGON DIGIT FIVE
U+F8F6	KLINGON DIGIT SIX
U+F8F7	KLINGON DIGIT SEVEN
U+F8F8	KLINGON DIGIT EIGHT
U+F8F9	KLINGON DIGIT NINE

U+F8FD	KLINGON COMMA
U+F8FE	KLINGON FULL STOP
U+F8FF	KLINGON SYMBOL FOR EMPIRE

Other Fictional and Artificial Scripts
--------------------------------------

Since the assignment of the Klingon Linux Unicode block, a registry of
fictional and artificial scripts has been established by John Cowan
<jcowan@reutershealth.com> and Michael Everson <everson@evertype.com>.
The ConScript Unicode Registry is accessible at:

	  http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/

The ranges used fall at the low end of the End User Zone and can hence
not be normatively assigned, but it is recommended that people who
wish to encode fictional scripts use these codes, in the interest of
interoperability.  For Klingon, CSUR has adopted the Linux encoding.
The CSUR people are driving adding Tengwar and Cirth into Unicode
Plane 1; the addition of Klingon to Unicode Plane 1 has been rejected
and so the above encoding remains official.
Commit	Line	Data
1da177e4 LT	1	Last update: 2005-01-17, version 1.4
	2
	3	This file is maintained by H. Peter Anvin <unicode@lanana.org> as part
	4	of the Linux Assigned Names And Numbers Authority (LANANA) project.
	5	The current version can be found at:
	6
	7	http://www.lanana.org/docs/unicode/unicode.txt
	8
	9	------------------------
	10
	11	The Linux kernel code has been rewritten to use Unicode to map
	12	characters to fonts. By downloading a single Unicode-to-font table,
	13	both the eight-bit character sets and UTF-8 mode are changed to use
	14	the font as indicated.
	15
	16	This changes the semantics of the eight-bit character tables subtly.
	17	The four character tables are now:
	18
	19	Map symbol Map name Escape code (G0)
	20
	21	LAT1_MAP Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) ESC ( B
	22	GRAF_MAP DEC VT100 pseudographics ESC ( 0
	23	IBMPC_MAP IBM code page 437 ESC ( U
	24	USER_MAP User defined ESC ( K
	25
	26	In particular, ESC ( U is no longer "straight to font", since the font
	27	might be completely different than the IBM character set. This
	28	permits for example the use of block graphics even with a Latin-1 font
	29	loaded.
	30
	31	Note that although these codes are similar to ISO 2022, neither the
	32	codes nor their uses match ISO 2022; Linux has two 8-bit codes (G0 and
	33	G1), whereas ISO 2022 has four 7-bit codes (G0-G3).
	34
	35	In accordance with the Unicode standard/ISO 10646 the range U+F000 to
	36	U+F8FF has been reserved for OS-wide allocation (the Unicode Standard
	37	refers to this as a "Corporate Zone", since this is inaccurate for
	38	Linux we call it the "Linux Zone"). U+F000 was picked as the starting
	39	point since it lets the direct-mapping area start on a large power of
	40	two (in case 1024- or 2048-character fonts ever become necessary).
	41	This leaves U+E000 to U+EFFF as End User Zone.
	42
	43	[v1.2]: The Unicodes range from U+F000 and up to U+F7FF have been
	44	hard-coded to map directly to the loaded font, bypassing the
	45	translation table. The user-defined map now defaults to U+F000 to
	46	U+F0FF, emulating the previous behaviour. In practice, this range
	47	might be shorter; for example, vgacon can only handle 256-character
	48	(U+F000..U+F0FF) or 512-character (U+F000..U+F1FF) fonts.
	49
	50
	51	Actual characters assigned in the Linux Zone
	52	--------------------------------------------
	53
	54	In addition, the following characters not present in Unicode 1.1.4
	55	have been defined; these are used by the DEC VT graphics map. [v1.2]
	56	THIS USE IS OBSOLETE AND SHOULD NO LONGER BE USED; PLEASE SEE BELOW.
	57
	58	U+F800 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 1
	59	U+F801 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 3
	60	U+F803 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 7
	61	U+F804 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 9
	62
	63	The DEC VT220 uses a 6x10 character matrix, and these characters form
	64	a smooth progression in the DEC VT graphics character set. I have
65	omitted the scan 5 line, since it is also used as a block-graphics
66	character, and hence has been coded as U+2500 FORMS LIGHT HORIZONTAL.
67
68	[v1.3]: These characters have been officially added to Unicode 3.2.0;
69	they are added at U+23BA, U+23BB, U+23BC, U+23BD. Linux now uses the
70	new values.
71
72	[v1.2]: The following characters have been added to represent common
73	keyboard symbols that are unlikely to ever be added to Unicode proper
74	since they are horribly vendor-specific. This, of course, is an
75	excellent example of horrible design.
76
77	U+F810 KEYBOARD SYMBOL FLYING FLAG
78	U+F811 KEYBOARD SYMBOL PULLDOWN MENU
79	U+F812 KEYBOARD SYMBOL OPEN APPLE
80	U+F813 KEYBOARD SYMBOL SOLID APPLE
81
82	Klingon language support
83	------------------------
84
85	In 1996, Linux was the first operating system in the world to add
86	support for the artificial language Klingon, created by Marc Okrand
87	for the "Star Trek" television series. This encoding was later
88	adopted by the ConScript Unicode Registry and proposed (but ultimately
89	rejected) for inclusion in Unicode Plane 1. Thus, it remains as a
90	Linux/CSUR private assignment in the Linux Zone.
91
92	This encoding has been endorsed by the Klingon Language Institute.
93	For more information, contact them at:
94
95	http://www.kli.org/
96
97	Since the characters in the beginning of the Linux CZ have been more
98	of the dingbats/symbols/forms type and this is a language, I have
99	located it at the end, on a 16-cell boundary in keeping with standard
100	Unicode practice.
101
102	NOTE: This range is now officially managed by the ConScript Unicode
103	Registry. The normative reference is at:
104
105	http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html
106
107	Klingon has an alphabet of 26 characters, a positional numeric writing
108	system with 10 digits, and is written left-to-right, top-to-bottom.
109
110	Several glyph forms for the Klingon alphabet have been proposed.
111	However, since the set of symbols appear to be consistent throughout,
112	with only the actual shapes being different, in keeping with standard
113	Unicode practice these differences are considered font variants.
114
115	U+F8D0 KLINGON LETTER A
116	U+F8D1 KLINGON LETTER B
117	U+F8D2 KLINGON LETTER CH
118	U+F8D3 KLINGON LETTER D
119	U+F8D4 KLINGON LETTER E
120	U+F8D5 KLINGON LETTER GH
121	U+F8D6 KLINGON LETTER H
122	U+F8D7 KLINGON LETTER I
123	U+F8D8 KLINGON LETTER J
124	U+F8D9 KLINGON LETTER L
125	U+F8DA KLINGON LETTER M
126	U+F8DB KLINGON LETTER N
127	U+F8DC KLINGON LETTER NG
128	U+F8DD KLINGON LETTER O
129	U+F8DE KLINGON LETTER P
130	U+F8DF KLINGON LETTER Q
131	- Written <q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
132	U+F8E0 KLINGON LETTER QH
133	- Written <Q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
134	U+F8E1 KLINGON LETTER R
135	U+F8E2 KLINGON LETTER S
136	U+F8E3 KLINGON LETTER T
137	U+F8E4 KLINGON LETTER TLH
138	U+F8E5 KLINGON LETTER U
139	U+F8E6 KLINGON LETTER V
140	U+F8E7 KLINGON LETTER W
141	U+F8E8 KLINGON LETTER Y
142	U+F8E9 KLINGON LETTER GLOTTAL STOP
143
144	U+F8F0 KLINGON DIGIT ZERO
145	U+F8F1 KLINGON DIGIT ONE
146	U+F8F2 KLINGON DIGIT TWO
147	U+F8F3 KLINGON DIGIT THREE
148	U+F8F4 KLINGON DIGIT FOUR
149	U+F8F5 KLINGON DIGIT FIVE
150	U+F8F6 KLINGON DIGIT SIX
151	U+F8F7 KLINGON DIGIT SEVEN
152	U+F8F8 KLINGON DIGIT EIGHT
153	U+F8F9 KLINGON DIGIT NINE
154
155	U+F8FD KLINGON COMMA
156	U+F8FE KLINGON FULL STOP
157	U+F8FF KLINGON SYMBOL FOR EMPIRE
158
159	Other Fictional and Artificial Scripts
160	--------------------------------------
161
162	Since the assignment of the Klingon Linux Unicode block, a registry of
163	fictional and artificial scripts has been established by John Cowan
164	<jcowan@reutershealth.com> and Michael Everson <everson@evertype.com>.
165	The ConScript Unicode Registry is accessible at:
166
167	http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/
168
169	The ranges used fall at the low end of the End User Zone and can hence
170	not be normatively assigned, but it is recommended that people who
171	wish to encode fictional scripts use these codes, in the interest of
172	interoperability. For Klingon, CSUR has adopted the Linux encoding.
173	The CSUR people are driving adding Tengwar and Cirth into Unicode
174	Plane 1; the addition of Klingon to Unicode Plane 1 has been rejected
175	and so the above encoding remains official.