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1 | \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*- |
2 | @setfilename binutils.info | |
aef6203b | 3 | @c Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
8c2bc687 | 4 | |
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5 | @include config.texi |
6 | ||
7 | @ifinfo | |
8 | @format | |
9 | START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY | |
ad0481cd AS |
10 | * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities. |
11 | * ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
12 | * nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files | |
13 | * objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files | |
14 | * objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files | |
15 | * ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents | |
16 | * readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
17 | * size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size | |
18 | * strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files | |
19 | * strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols | |
20 | * c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
21 | * cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt | |
22 | * addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line | |
23 | * nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM | |
24 | * windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources | |
25 | * dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs | |
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26 | END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
27 | @end format | |
28 | @end ifinfo | |
29 | ||
30 | @ifinfo | |
0285c67d | 31 | @c man begin COPYRIGHT |
2423fbe6 | 32 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, |
7b4a0685 | 33 | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 | 34 | |
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35 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
36 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 | |
37 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
38 | with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no | |
39 | Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the | |
947ed062 | 40 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
252b5132 | 41 | |
0285c67d | 42 | @c man end |
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43 | @ignore |
44 | Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the | |
45 | results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission | |
46 | notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph | |
47 | (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
48 | ||
49 | @end ignore | |
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50 | @end ifinfo |
51 | ||
52 | @synindex ky cp | |
53 | @c | |
54 | @c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy", | |
55 | @c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", "readelf" and "ranlib". | |
56 | @c | |
2423fbe6 | 57 | @c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, |
7b4a0685 | 58 | @c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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59 | @c |
60 | @c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU | |
cf055d54 | 61 | @c Free Documentation License. |
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62 | @c |
63 | ||
64 | @setchapternewpage odd | |
65 | @settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities | |
66 | @titlepage | |
67 | @finalout | |
68 | @title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities | |
69 | @subtitle Version @value{VERSION} | |
70 | @sp 1 | |
36607f99 | 71 | @subtitle @value{UPDATED} |
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72 | @author Roland H. Pesch |
73 | @author Jeffrey M. Osier | |
74 | @author Cygnus Support | |
75 | @page | |
76 | ||
77 | @tex | |
78 | {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill | |
79 | \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } | |
80 | @end tex | |
81 | ||
82 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
2423fbe6 | 83 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, |
7b4a0685 | 84 | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 | 85 | |
cf055d54 NC |
86 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
87 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 | |
88 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
89 | with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no | |
90 | Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the | |
947ed062 | 91 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
252b5132 | 92 | |
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93 | @end titlepage |
94 | ||
95 | @node Top | |
96 | @top Introduction | |
97 | ||
98 | @cindex version | |
947ed062 | 99 | This brief manual contains documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary |
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100 | utilities (collectively version @value{VERSION}): |
101 | ||
102 | @iftex | |
103 | @table @code | |
104 | @item ar | |
105 | Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
106 | ||
107 | @item nm | |
108 | List symbols from object files | |
109 | ||
110 | @item objcopy | |
111 | Copy and translate object files | |
112 | ||
113 | @item objdump | |
114 | Display information from object files | |
115 | ||
116 | @item ranlib | |
117 | Generate index to archive contents | |
118 | ||
119 | @item readelf | |
120 | Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
121 | ||
122 | @item size | |
123 | List file section sizes and total size | |
124 | ||
125 | @item strings | |
126 | List printable strings from files | |
127 | ||
128 | @item strip | |
129 | Discard symbols | |
130 | ||
131 | @item c++filt | |
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132 | Demangle encoded C++ symbols (on MS-DOS, this program is named |
133 | @code{cxxfilt}) | |
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134 | |
135 | @item addr2line | |
136 | Convert addresses into file names and line numbers | |
137 | ||
138 | @item nlmconv | |
139 | Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module | |
140 | ||
141 | @item windres | |
142 | Manipulate Windows resources | |
143 | ||
144 | @item dlltool | |
145 | Create the files needed to build and use Dynamic Link Libraries | |
146 | @end table | |
147 | @end iftex | |
148 | ||
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149 | This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free |
150 | Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the | |
151 | section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". | |
152 | ||
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153 | @menu |
154 | * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
155 | * nm:: List symbols from object files | |
156 | * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files | |
157 | * objdump:: Display information from object files | |
158 | * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents | |
159 | * readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
160 | * size:: List section sizes and total size | |
161 | * strings:: List printable strings from files | |
162 | * strip:: Discard symbols | |
163 | * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
9d51cc66 | 164 | * cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt |
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165 | * addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line |
166 | * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM | |
167 | * windres:: Manipulate Windows resources | |
168 | * dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs | |
07012eee | 169 | * Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities |
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170 | * Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target. |
171 | * Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs | |
cf055d54 | 172 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License |
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173 | * Index:: Index |
174 | @end menu | |
175 | ||
176 | @node ar | |
177 | @chapter ar | |
178 | ||
179 | @kindex ar | |
180 | @cindex archives | |
181 | @cindex collections of files | |
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182 | |
183 | @c man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives | |
184 | ||
252b5132 | 185 | @smallexample |
3de39064 | 186 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
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187 | ar -M [ <mri-script ] |
188 | @end smallexample | |
189 | ||
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190 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ar |
191 | ||
c7c55b78 | 192 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from |
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193 | archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of |
194 | other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve | |
195 | the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). | |
196 | ||
197 | The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and | |
198 | group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on | |
199 | extraction. | |
200 | ||
201 | @cindex name length | |
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202 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any |
203 | length; however, depending on how @command{ar} is configured on your | |
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204 | system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility |
205 | with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the | |
206 | limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 | |
207 | characters (typical of formats related to coff). | |
208 | ||
209 | @cindex libraries | |
c7c55b78 | 210 | @command{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort |
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211 | are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed |
212 | subroutines. | |
213 | ||
214 | @cindex symbol index | |
c7c55b78 | 215 | @command{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable |
252b5132 | 216 | object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}. |
c7c55b78 | 217 | Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @command{ar} |
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218 | makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation). |
219 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and | |
220 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
221 | their placement in the archive. | |
222 | ||
223 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index | |
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224 | table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @command{ar} called |
225 | @command{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. | |
252b5132 | 226 | |
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227 | @cindex compatibility, @command{ar} |
228 | @cindex @command{ar} compatibility | |
229 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different | |
252b5132 | 230 | facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, |
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231 | like the different varieties of @command{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you |
232 | specify the single command-line option @option{-M}, you can control it | |
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233 | with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian'' |
234 | program. | |
235 | ||
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236 | @c man end |
237 | ||
252b5132 | 238 | @menu |
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239 | * ar cmdline:: Controlling @command{ar} on the command line |
240 | * ar scripts:: Controlling @command{ar} with a script | |
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241 | @end menu |
242 | ||
243 | @page | |
244 | @node ar cmdline | |
947ed062 | 245 | @section Controlling @command{ar} on the Command Line |
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246 | |
247 | @smallexample | |
0285c67d | 248 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ar |
c7c55b78 | 249 | ar [@option{-X32_64}] [@option{-}]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
0285c67d | 250 | @c man end |
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251 | @end smallexample |
252 | ||
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253 | @cindex Unix compatibility, @command{ar} |
254 | When you use @command{ar} in the Unix style, @command{ar} insists on at least two | |
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255 | arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} |
256 | (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying | |
257 | @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. | |
258 | ||
259 | Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments, | |
260 | specifying particular files to operate on. | |
261 | ||
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262 | @c man begin OPTIONS ar |
263 | ||
c7c55b78 | 264 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier |
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265 | flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument. |
266 | ||
267 | If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a | |
268 | dash. | |
269 | ||
270 | @cindex operations on archive | |
271 | The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be | |
272 | any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: | |
273 | ||
c7c55b78 | 274 | @table @samp |
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275 | @item d |
276 | @cindex deleting from archive | |
277 | @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to | |
278 | be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you | |
279 | specify no files to delete. | |
280 | ||
c7c55b78 | 281 | If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @command{ar} lists each module |
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282 | as it is deleted. |
283 | ||
284 | @item m | |
285 | @cindex moving in archive | |
286 | Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. | |
287 | ||
288 | The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how | |
289 | programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more | |
290 | than one member. | |
291 | ||
292 | If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the | |
293 | @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; | |
294 | you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a | |
295 | specified place instead. | |
296 | ||
297 | @item p | |
298 | @cindex printing from archive | |
299 | @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard | |
300 | output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member | |
301 | name before copying its contents to standard output. | |
302 | ||
303 | If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are | |
304 | printed. | |
305 | ||
306 | @item q | |
307 | @cindex quick append to archive | |
308 | @emph{Quick append}; Historically, add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of | |
309 | @var{archive}, without checking for replacement. | |
310 | ||
311 | The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this | |
312 | operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. | |
313 | ||
c7c55b78 | 314 | The modifier @samp{v} makes @command{ar} list each file as it is appended. |
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315 | |
316 | Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table | |
317 | index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or | |
c7c55b78 | 318 | @command{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index. |
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319 | |
320 | However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds the | |
947ed062 | 321 | index, so @sc{gnu} @command{ar} implements @samp{q} as a synonym for @samp{r}. |
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322 | |
323 | @item r | |
324 | @cindex replacement in archive | |
325 | Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with | |
326 | @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any | |
327 | previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being | |
328 | added. | |
329 | ||
c7c55b78 | 330 | If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @command{ar} |
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331 | displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members |
332 | of the archive matching that name. | |
333 | ||
334 | By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may | |
335 | use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request | |
336 | placement relative to some existing member. | |
337 | ||
338 | The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of | |
339 | output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or | |
340 | @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member | |
341 | deleted) or replaced. | |
342 | ||
343 | @item t | |
344 | @cindex contents of archive | |
345 | Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those | |
346 | of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the | |
347 | archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to | |
348 | see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can | |
349 | request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier. | |
350 | ||
351 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
352 | are listed. | |
353 | ||
354 | @cindex repeated names in archive | |
355 | @cindex name duplication in archive | |
356 | If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in | |
357 | an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the | |
358 | first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete | |
359 | listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. | |
360 | @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more | |
361 | @c recent case in fact works the other way. | |
362 | ||
363 | @item x | |
364 | @cindex extract from archive | |
365 | @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can | |
366 | use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that | |
c7c55b78 | 367 | @command{ar} list each name as it extracts it. |
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368 | |
369 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
370 | are extracted. | |
371 | ||
372 | @end table | |
373 | ||
374 | A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p} | |
375 | keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: | |
376 | ||
c7c55b78 | 377 | @table @samp |
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378 | @item a |
379 | @cindex relative placement in archive | |
380 | Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the | |
381 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive | |
382 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
383 | @var{archive} specification. | |
384 | ||
385 | @item b | |
386 | Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
387 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive | |
388 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
389 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). | |
390 | ||
391 | @item c | |
392 | @cindex creating archives | |
393 | @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always | |
394 | created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is | |
395 | issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by | |
396 | using this modifier. | |
397 | ||
398 | @item f | |
c7c55b78 | 399 | Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will normally permit file |
252b5132 | 400 | names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are |
c7c55b78 | 401 | not compatible with the native @command{ar} program on some systems. If |
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402 | this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file |
403 | names when putting them in the archive. | |
404 | ||
405 | @item i | |
406 | Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
407 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive | |
408 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
409 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). | |
410 | ||
411 | @item l | |
412 | This modifier is accepted but not used. | |
413 | @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with | |
414 | @c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 | |
415 | ||
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416 | @item N |
417 | Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple | |
418 | entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance | |
419 | @var{count} of the given name from the archive. | |
420 | ||
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421 | @item o |
422 | @cindex dates in archive | |
423 | Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If | |
424 | you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive | |
425 | are stamped with the time of extraction. | |
426 | ||
3de39064 ILT |
427 | @item P |
428 | Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu} | |
c7c55b78 | 429 | @command{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives |
3de39064 | 430 | are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option |
c7c55b78 | 431 | will cause @sc{gnu} @command{ar} to match file names using a complete path |
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432 | name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an |
433 | archive created by another tool. | |
434 | ||
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435 | @item s |
436 | @cindex writing archive index | |
437 | Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, | |
438 | even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier | |
439 | flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an | |
440 | archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. | |
441 | ||
442 | @item S | |
443 | @cindex not writing archive index | |
444 | Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a | |
445 | large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used | |
446 | with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the | |
447 | @samp{S} modifier on the last execution of @samp{ar}, or you must run | |
448 | @samp{ranlib} on the archive. | |
449 | ||
450 | @item u | |
451 | @cindex updating an archive | |
452 | Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files | |
453 | listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those | |
454 | of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same | |
455 | names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the | |
456 | operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is | |
457 | not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed | |
458 | advantage from the operation @samp{q}. | |
459 | ||
460 | @item v | |
461 | This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many | |
462 | operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, | |
463 | when the modifier @samp{v} is appended. | |
464 | ||
465 | @item V | |
c7c55b78 | 466 | This modifier shows the version number of @command{ar}. |
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467 | @end table |
468 | ||
c7c55b78 | 469 | @command{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @samp{-X32_64}, for |
6e800839 | 470 | compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the |
947ed062 | 471 | default for @sc{gnu} @command{ar}. @command{ar} does not support any of the other |
c7c55b78 NC |
472 | @samp{-X} options; in particular, it does not support @option{-X32} |
473 | which is the default for AIX @command{ar}. | |
6e800839 | 474 | |
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475 | @c man end |
476 | ||
477 | @ignore | |
478 | @c man begin SEEALSO ar | |
479 | nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
480 | @c man end | |
481 | @end ignore | |
482 | ||
252b5132 | 483 | @node ar scripts |
947ed062 | 484 | @section Controlling @command{ar} with a Script |
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485 | |
486 | @smallexample | |
487 | ar -M [ <@var{script} ] | |
488 | @end smallexample | |
489 | ||
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490 | @cindex MRI compatibility, @command{ar} |
491 | @cindex scripts, @command{ar} | |
492 | If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @command{ar}, you | |
252b5132 | 493 | can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This |
c7c55b78 NC |
494 | form of @command{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming |
495 | directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @command{ar} prompts for | |
252b5132 RH |
496 | input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after |
497 | errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are | |
c7c55b78 | 498 | issued, and @command{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) |
252b5132 RH |
499 | on any error. |
500 | ||
c7c55b78 | 501 | The @command{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent |
252b5132 RH |
502 | to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control |
503 | over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the | |
c7c55b78 | 504 | transition to @sc{gnu} @command{ar} for developers who already have scripts |
252b5132 RH |
505 | written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. |
506 | ||
c7c55b78 | 507 | The syntax for the @command{ar} command language is straightforward: |
252b5132 RH |
508 | @itemize @bullet |
509 | @item | |
510 | commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST} | |
511 | is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are | |
512 | shown in upper case for clarity. | |
513 | ||
514 | @item | |
515 | a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the | |
516 | line. | |
517 | ||
518 | @item | |
519 | empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. | |
520 | ||
521 | @item | |
522 | comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*} | |
523 | or @samp{;} is ignored. | |
524 | ||
525 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 526 | Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
527 | command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or |
528 | blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. | |
529 | ||
530 | @item | |
531 | @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears | |
532 | at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part | |
533 | of the current command. | |
534 | @end itemize | |
535 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
536 | Here are the commands you can use in @command{ar} scripts, or when using |
537 | @command{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance: | |
252b5132 RH |
538 | |
539 | @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is | |
540 | a temporary file required for most of the other commands. | |
541 | ||
542 | @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior | |
543 | to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current | |
544 | archive. | |
545 | ||
546 | @table @code | |
547 | @item ADDLIB @var{archive} | |
548 | @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
549 | Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named | |
550 | @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive. | |
551 | ||
552 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
553 | ||
554 | @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member} | |
555 | @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}" | |
556 | @c else like "ar q..." | |
557 | Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive. | |
558 | ||
559 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
560 | ||
561 | @item CLEAR | |
562 | Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of | |
563 | any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no | |
564 | effect) even if no current archive is specified. | |
565 | ||
566 | @item CREATE @var{archive} | |
567 | Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many | |
568 | other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it | |
569 | is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}. | |
570 | You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any | |
571 | existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}. | |
572 | ||
573 | @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
574 | Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to | |
575 | @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}. | |
576 | ||
577 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
578 | ||
579 | @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
580 | @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile} | |
581 | List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate | |
582 | command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose | |
583 | output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive} | |
584 | @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like | |
585 | @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
586 | ||
587 | Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you | |
c7c55b78 | 588 | specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @command{ar} directs the |
252b5132 RH |
589 | output to that file. |
590 | ||
591 | @item END | |
c7c55b78 | 592 | Exit from @command{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful |
252b5132 RH |
593 | completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have |
594 | changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those | |
595 | changes are lost. | |
596 | ||
597 | @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
598 | Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them | |
599 | into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x | |
600 | @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
601 | ||
602 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
603 | ||
604 | @ignore | |
605 | @c FIXME Tokens but no commands??? | |
606 | @item FULLDIR | |
607 | ||
608 | @item HELP | |
609 | @end ignore | |
610 | ||
611 | @item LIST | |
612 | Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style | |
613 | regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar | |
c7c55b78 | 614 | tv @var{archive}}. (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
615 | enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.) |
616 | ||
617 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
618 | ||
619 | @item OPEN @var{archive} | |
620 | Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for | |
621 | many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands | |
622 | will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}. | |
623 | ||
624 | @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
625 | In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in | |
626 | the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory. | |
627 | To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in | |
628 | the current archive, must exist. | |
629 | ||
630 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
631 | ||
632 | @item VERBOSE | |
633 | Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}. | |
634 | When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from | |
635 | @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}. | |
636 | ||
637 | @item SAVE | |
638 | Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a | |
639 | file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN} | |
640 | command. | |
641 | ||
642 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
643 | ||
644 | @end table | |
645 | ||
646 | @iftex | |
647 | @node ld | |
648 | @chapter ld | |
649 | @cindex linker | |
650 | @kindex ld | |
c7c55b78 | 651 | The @sc{gnu} linker @command{ld} is now described in a separate manual. |
252b5132 RH |
652 | @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}. |
653 | @end iftex | |
654 | ||
655 | @node nm | |
656 | @chapter nm | |
657 | @cindex symbols | |
658 | @kindex nm | |
659 | ||
0285c67d NC |
660 | @c man title nm list symbols from object files |
661 | ||
252b5132 | 662 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 663 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nm |
c7c55b78 NC |
664 | nm [@option{-a}|@option{--debug-syms}] [@option{-g}|@option{--extern-only}] |
665 | [@option{-B}] [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] [@option{-D}|@option{--dynamic}] | |
72797995 | 666 | [@option{-S}|@option{--print-size}] [@option{-s}|@option{--print-armap}] |
3c9458e9 | 667 | [@option{-A}|@option{-o}|@option{--print-file-name}][@option{--special-syms}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
668 | [@option{-n}|@option{-v}|@option{--numeric-sort}] [@option{-p}|@option{--no-sort}] |
669 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reverse-sort}] [@option{--size-sort}] [@option{-u}|@option{--undefined-only}] | |
670 | [@option{-t} @var{radix}|@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] [@option{-P}|@option{--portability}] | |
671 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-f}@var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] | |
672 | [@option{--defined-only}] [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] [@option{--no-demangle}] | |
673 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] [@option{-X 32_64}] [@option{--help}] [@var{objfile}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 674 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
675 | @end smallexample |
676 | ||
0285c67d | 677 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nm |
c7c55b78 NC |
678 | @sc{gnu} @command{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}. |
679 | If no object files are listed as arguments, @command{nm} assumes the file | |
252b5132 RH |
680 | @file{a.out}. |
681 | ||
c7c55b78 | 682 | For each symbol, @command{nm} shows: |
252b5132 RH |
683 | |
684 | @itemize @bullet | |
685 | @item | |
686 | The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or | |
687 | hexadecimal by default. | |
688 | ||
689 | @item | |
690 | The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as | |
691 | well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is | |
692 | local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). | |
693 | ||
694 | @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for | |
695 | @c would be nice. | |
696 | @table @code | |
697 | @item A | |
698 | The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further | |
699 | linking. | |
700 | ||
701 | @item B | |
702 | The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS). | |
703 | ||
704 | @item C | |
705 | The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When | |
706 | linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the | |
707 | symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined | |
0285c67d NC |
708 | references. |
709 | @ifclear man | |
710 | For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of | |
252b5132 | 711 | --warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}. |
0879a67a | 712 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
713 | |
714 | @item D | |
715 | The symbol is in the initialized data section. | |
716 | ||
717 | @item G | |
718 | The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some | |
719 | object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, | |
720 | such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array. | |
721 | ||
722 | @item I | |
947ed062 | 723 | The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a @sc{gnu} |
252b5132 RH |
724 | extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used. |
725 | ||
726 | @item N | |
727 | The symbol is a debugging symbol. | |
728 | ||
729 | @item R | |
730 | The symbol is in a read only data section. | |
731 | ||
732 | @item S | |
733 | The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects. | |
734 | ||
735 | @item T | |
736 | The symbol is in the text (code) section. | |
737 | ||
738 | @item U | |
739 | The symbol is undefined. | |
740 | ||
fad6fcbb NC |
741 | @item V |
742 | The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with | |
743 | a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
744 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
745 | the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. | |
746 | ||
252b5132 | 747 | @item W |
fad6fcbb NC |
748 | The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a |
749 | weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal | |
750 | defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
751 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
c87db184 | 752 | the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without |
977cdf5a NC |
753 | error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been |
754 | specified. | |
755 | ||
252b5132 RH |
756 | |
757 | @item - | |
758 | The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the | |
759 | next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and | |
c7c55b78 NC |
760 | the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information. |
761 | @ifclear man | |
762 | For more information, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info, The | |
252b5132 | 763 | ``stabs'' debug format}. |
c7c55b78 | 764 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
765 | |
766 | @item ? | |
767 | The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific. | |
768 | @end table | |
769 | ||
770 | @item | |
771 | The symbol name. | |
772 | @end itemize | |
773 | ||
0285c67d NC |
774 | @c man end |
775 | ||
776 | @c man begin OPTIONS nm | |
252b5132 RH |
777 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
778 | equivalent. | |
779 | ||
c7c55b78 | 780 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
781 | @item -A |
782 | @itemx -o | |
783 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
784 | @cindex input file name | |
785 | @cindex file name | |
786 | @cindex source file name | |
f20a759a | 787 | Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) |
252b5132 RH |
788 | in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, |
789 | before all of its symbols. | |
790 | ||
791 | @item -a | |
792 | @itemx --debug-syms | |
793 | @cindex debugging symbols | |
794 | Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not | |
795 | listed. | |
796 | ||
797 | @item -B | |
c7c55b78 NC |
798 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
799 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
800 | The same as @option{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @command{nm}). | |
252b5132 RH |
801 | |
802 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 803 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
804 | @cindex demangling in nm |
805 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
806 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
807 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
808 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
809 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
810 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 RH |
811 | |
812 | @item --no-demangle | |
813 | Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. | |
814 | ||
815 | @item -D | |
816 | @itemx --dynamic | |
817 | @cindex dynamic symbols | |
818 | Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is | |
819 | only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
820 | libraries. | |
821 | ||
822 | @item -f @var{format} | |
823 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
c7c55b78 NC |
824 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
825 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
826 | Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd}, |
827 | @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}. | |
828 | Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be | |
829 | either upper or lower case. | |
830 | ||
831 | @item -g | |
832 | @itemx --extern-only | |
833 | @cindex external symbols | |
834 | Display only external symbols. | |
835 | ||
836 | @item -l | |
837 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
838 | @cindex symbol line numbers | |
839 | For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and | |
840 | line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the | |
841 | address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line | |
842 | number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number | |
843 | information can be found, print it after the other symbol information. | |
844 | ||
845 | @item -n | |
846 | @itemx -v | |
847 | @itemx --numeric-sort | |
848 | Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically | |
849 | by their names. | |
850 | ||
851 | @item -p | |
852 | @itemx --no-sort | |
853 | @cindex sorting symbols | |
854 | Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order | |
855 | encountered. | |
856 | ||
857 | @item -P | |
858 | @itemx --portability | |
859 | Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. | |
860 | Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}. | |
861 | ||
72797995 L |
862 | @item -S |
863 | @itemx --print-size | |
06a30c77 | 864 | Print size, not the value, of defined symbols for the @code{bsd} output format. |
72797995 | 865 | |
252b5132 RH |
866 | @item -s |
867 | @itemx --print-armap | |
868 | @cindex symbol index, listing | |
869 | When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping | |
c7c55b78 | 870 | (stored in the archive by @command{ar} or @command{ranlib}) of which modules |
252b5132 RH |
871 | contain definitions for which names. |
872 | ||
873 | @item -r | |
874 | @itemx --reverse-sort | |
875 | Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the | |
876 | last come first. | |
877 | ||
878 | @item --size-sort | |
879 | Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between | |
880 | the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher | |
06a30c77 | 881 | value. If the @code{bsd} output format is used the size of the symbol |
76ed1927 NC |
882 | is printed, rather than the value, and @samp{-S} must be used in order |
883 | both size and value to be printed. | |
252b5132 | 884 | |
3c9458e9 NC |
885 | @item --special-syms |
886 | Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These | |
887 | symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and | |
888 | are not normally helpful when included included in the normal symbol | |
889 | lists. For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping | |
890 | symbols used to mark transistions between ARM code, THUMB code and | |
891 | data. | |
892 | ||
252b5132 RH |
893 | @item -t @var{radix} |
894 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
895 | Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be | |
896 | @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal. | |
897 | ||
898 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} | |
899 | @cindex object code format | |
900 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
901 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
902 | ||
903 | @item -u | |
904 | @itemx --undefined-only | |
905 | @cindex external symbols | |
906 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
907 | Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). | |
908 | ||
909 | @item --defined-only | |
910 | @cindex external symbols | |
911 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
912 | Display only defined symbols for each object file. | |
913 | ||
914 | @item -V | |
915 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 916 | Show the version number of @command{nm} and exit. |
252b5132 | 917 | |
6e800839 GK |
918 | @item -X |
919 | This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of | |
c7c55b78 NC |
920 | @command{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string |
921 | @option{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @command{nm} corresponds | |
922 | to @option{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @command{nm}. | |
6e800839 | 923 | |
252b5132 | 924 | @item --help |
c7c55b78 | 925 | Show a summary of the options to @command{nm} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
926 | @end table |
927 | ||
0285c67d NC |
928 | @c man end |
929 | ||
930 | @ignore | |
931 | @c man begin SEEALSO nm | |
932 | ar(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
933 | @c man end | |
934 | @end ignore | |
935 | ||
252b5132 RH |
936 | @node objcopy |
937 | @chapter objcopy | |
938 | ||
0285c67d NC |
939 | @c man title objcopy copy and translate object files |
940 | ||
252b5132 | 941 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 942 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
943 | objcopy [@option{-F} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
944 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
945 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
946 | [@option{-B} @var{bfdarch}|@option{--binary-architecture=}@var{bfdarch}] | |
2593f09a NC |
947 | [@option{-S}|@option{--strip-all}] |
948 | [@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
949 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
950 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname}|@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
bcf32829 | 951 | [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
952 | [@option{-G} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-global-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
953 | [@option{-L} @var{symbolname}|@option{--localize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
7b4a0685 | 954 | [@option{--globalize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
c7c55b78 | 955 | [@option{-W} @var{symbolname}|@option{--weaken-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
5fe11841 | 956 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}] |
2593f09a NC |
957 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] |
958 | [@option{-X}|@option{--discard-locals}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
959 | [@option{-b} @var{byte}|@option{--byte=}@var{byte}] |
960 | [@option{-i} @var{interleave}|@option{--interleave=}@var{interleave}] | |
961 | [@option{-j} @var{sectionname}|@option{--only-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
962 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionname}|@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
963 | [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] | |
964 | [@option{--debugging}] | |
2593f09a NC |
965 | [@option{--gap-fill=}@var{val}] |
966 | [@option{--pad-to=}@var{address}] | |
967 | [@option{--set-start=}@var{val}] | |
968 | [@option{--adjust-start=}@var{incr}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
969 | [@option{--change-addresses=}@var{incr}] |
970 | [@option{--change-section-address} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
971 | [@option{--change-section-lma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
972 | [@option{--change-section-vma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
973 | [@option{--change-warnings}] [@option{--no-change-warnings}] | |
974 | [@option{--set-section-flags} @var{section}=@var{flags}] | |
975 | [@option{--add-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}] | |
976 | [@option{--rename-section} @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]] | |
2593f09a NC |
977 | [@option{--change-leading-char}] [@option{--remove-leading-char}] |
978 | [@option{--srec-len=}@var{ival}] [@option{--srec-forceS3}] | |
979 | [@option{--redefine-sym} @var{old}=@var{new}] | |
980 | [@option{--redefine-syms=}@var{filename}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
981 | [@option{--weaken}] |
982 | [@option{--keep-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
983 | [@option{--strip-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
bcf32829 | 984 | [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
985 | [@option{--keep-global-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
986 | [@option{--localize-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
7b4a0685 | 987 | [@option{--globalize-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
c7c55b78 | 988 | [@option{--weaken-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
c51238bc DA |
989 | [@option{--alt-machine-code=}@var{index}] |
990 | [@option{--prefix-symbols=}@var{string}] | |
991 | [@option{--prefix-sections=}@var{string}] | |
992 | [@option{--prefix-alloc-sections=}@var{string}] | |
ed1653a7 | 993 | [@option{--add-gnu-debuglink=}@var{path-to-file}] |
1637cd90 | 994 | [@option{--keep-file-symbols}] |
ed1653a7 | 995 | [@option{--only-keep-debug}] |
4087920c MR |
996 | [@option{--writable-text}] |
997 | [@option{--readonly-text}] | |
998 | [@option{--pure}] | |
999 | [@option{--impure}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1000 | [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] |
1001 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
7c29036b | 1002 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}] |
252b5132 | 1003 | @var{infile} [@var{outfile}] |
0285c67d | 1004 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1005 | @end smallexample |
1006 | ||
0285c67d | 1007 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
1008 | The @sc{gnu} @command{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object |
1009 | file to another. @command{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to | |
252b5132 RH |
1010 | read and write the object files. It can write the destination object |
1011 | file in a format different from that of the source object file. The | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1012 | exact behavior of @command{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options. |
1013 | Note that @command{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file | |
ccd13d18 L |
1014 | between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file |
1015 | between any two formats may not work as expected. | |
252b5132 | 1016 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1017 | @command{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and |
1018 | deletes them afterward. @command{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its | |
252b5132 RH |
1019 | translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd} |
1020 | and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told | |
1021 | explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}. | |
1022 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1023 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output |
252b5132 RH |
1024 | target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}). |
1025 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
1026 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an |
1027 | output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @option{-O binary}). When | |
1028 | @command{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce | |
252b5132 RH |
1029 | a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and |
1030 | relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at | |
1031 | the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file. | |
1032 | ||
1033 | When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1034 | use @option{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In |
1035 | some cases @option{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain | |
f20a759a | 1036 | information that is not needed by the binary file. |
252b5132 | 1037 | |
947ed062 NC |
1038 | Note---@command{objcopy} is not able to change the endianness of its input |
1039 | files. If the input format has an endianness (some formats do not), | |
c7c55b78 | 1040 | @command{objcopy} can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the |
947ed062 | 1041 | same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., @samp{srec}). |
18356cf2 | 1042 | |
0285c67d NC |
1043 | @c man end |
1044 | ||
1045 | @c man begin OPTIONS objcopy | |
1046 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1047 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1048 | @item @var{infile} |
1049 | @itemx @var{outfile} | |
f20a759a | 1050 | The input and output files, respectively. |
c7c55b78 | 1051 | If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @command{objcopy} creates a |
252b5132 RH |
1052 | temporary file and destructively renames the result with |
1053 | the name of @var{infile}. | |
1054 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1055 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
252b5132 RH |
1056 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
1057 | Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than | |
1058 | attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1059 | ||
1060 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
1061 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1062 | Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}. | |
1063 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1064 | ||
1065 | @item -F @var{bfdname} | |
1066 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1067 | Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output | |
1068 | file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no | |
1069 | translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1070 | ||
43a0748c NC |
1071 | @item -B @var{bfdarch} |
1072 | @itemx --binary-architecture=@var{bfdarch} | |
1073 | Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file. | |
1074 | In this case the output architecture can be set to @var{bfdarch}. This | |
1075 | option will be ignored if the input file has a known @var{bfdarch}. You | |
1076 | can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special | |
1077 | symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are | |
1078 | called _binary_@var{objfile}_start, _binary_@var{objfile}_end and | |
1079 | _binary_@var{objfile}_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into | |
1080 | an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols. | |
1081 | ||
f91ea849 ILT |
1082 | @item -j @var{sectionname} |
1083 | @itemx --only-section=@var{sectionname} | |
1084 | Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. | |
1085 | This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1086 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
1087 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1088 | @item -R @var{sectionname} |
1089 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} | |
1090 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This | |
1091 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1092 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
1093 | ||
1094 | @item -S | |
1095 | @itemx --strip-all | |
1096 | Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. | |
1097 | ||
1098 | @item -g | |
1099 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
2593f09a | 1100 | Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file. |
252b5132 RH |
1101 | |
1102 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
1103 | Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
1104 | ||
1105 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
1106 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
e7f918ad NC |
1107 | When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would |
1108 | normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. | |
252b5132 RH |
1109 | |
1110 | @item -N @var{symbolname} | |
1111 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1112 | Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option | |
1113 | may be given more than once. | |
1114 | ||
bcf32829 JB |
1115 | @item --strip-unneeded-symbol=@var{symbolname} |
1116 | Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file unless it is needed | |
1117 | by a relocation. This option may be given more than once. | |
1118 | ||
16b2b71c NC |
1119 | @item -G @var{symbolname} |
1120 | @itemx --keep-global-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1121 | Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} global. Make all other symbols local | |
1122 | to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may | |
1123 | be given more than once. | |
1124 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1125 | @item -L @var{symbolname} |
1126 | @itemx --localize-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1127 | Make symbol @var{symbolname} local to the file, so that it is not | |
1128 | visible externally. This option may be given more than once. | |
1129 | ||
1130 | @item -W @var{symbolname} | |
1131 | @itemx --weaken-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1132 | Make symbol @var{symbolname} weak. This option may be given more than once. | |
1133 | ||
7b4a0685 NC |
1134 | @item --globalize-symbol=@var{symbolname} |
1135 | Give symbol @var{symbolname} global scoping so that it is visible | |
1136 | outside of the file in which it is defined. This option may be given | |
1137 | more than once. | |
1138 | ||
5fe11841 NC |
1139 | @item -w |
1140 | @itemx --wildcard | |
1141 | Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command | |
1142 | line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and | |
1143 | square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol | |
1144 | name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation | |
1145 | point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. | |
1146 | For example: | |
1147 | ||
1148 | @smallexample | |
1149 | -w -W !foo -W fo* | |
1150 | @end smallexample | |
1151 | ||
1152 | would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with ``fo'' | |
1153 | except for the symbol ``foo''. | |
1154 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1155 | @item -x |
1156 | @itemx --discard-all | |
1157 | Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. | |
1158 | @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here? | |
1159 | ||
1160 | @item -X | |
1161 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
1162 | Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. | |
1163 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
1164 | ||
1165 | @item -b @var{byte} | |
1166 | @itemx --byte=@var{byte} | |
1167 | Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not | |
1168 | affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1, | |
c7c55b78 | 1169 | where @var{interleave} is given by the @option{-i} or @option{--interleave} |
252b5132 RH |
1170 | option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files |
1171 | to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output | |
1172 | target. | |
1173 | ||
1174 | @item -i @var{interleave} | |
1175 | @itemx --interleave=@var{interleave} | |
1176 | Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1177 | copy with the @option{-b} or @option{--byte} option. The default is 4. |
1178 | @command{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @option{-b} or | |
1179 | @option{--byte}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1180 | |
1181 | @item -p | |
1182 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
1183 | Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same | |
1184 | as those of the input file. | |
1185 | ||
1186 | @item --debugging | |
1187 | Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default | |
1188 | because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the | |
1189 | conversion process can be time consuming. | |
1190 | ||
1191 | @item --gap-fill @var{val} | |
1192 | Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This operation applies to | |
1193 | the @emph{load address} (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing | |
1194 | the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra | |
1195 | space created with @var{val}. | |
1196 | ||
1197 | @item --pad-to @var{address} | |
1198 | Pad the output file up to the load address @var{address}. This is | |
1199 | done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is | |
c7c55b78 | 1200 | filled in with the value specified by @option{--gap-fill} (default zero). |
252b5132 RH |
1201 | |
1202 | @item --set-start @var{val} | |
f20a759a | 1203 | Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file |
252b5132 RH |
1204 | formats support setting the start address. |
1205 | ||
1206 | @item --change-start @var{incr} | |
1207 | @itemx --adjust-start @var{incr} | |
1208 | @cindex changing start address | |
1209 | Change the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file | |
1210 | formats support setting the start address. | |
1211 | ||
1212 | @item --change-addresses @var{incr} | |
1213 | @itemx --adjust-vma @var{incr} | |
1214 | @cindex changing object addresses | |
1215 | Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start | |
1216 | address, by adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit | |
1217 | section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not | |
1218 | relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a | |
1219 | certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such | |
1220 | that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail. | |
1221 | ||
1222 | @item --change-section-address @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1223 | @itemx --adjust-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1224 | @cindex changing section address | |
1225 | Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named | |
1226 | @var{section}. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to | |
1227 | @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the | |
c7c55b78 | 1228 | section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses}, |
252b5132 | 1229 | above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning will |
c7c55b78 | 1230 | be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1231 | |
1232 | @item --change-section-lma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1233 | @cindex changing section LMA | |
1234 | Set or change the LMA address of the named @var{section}. The LMA | |
1235 | address is the address where the section will be loaded into memory at | |
1236 | program load time. Normally this is the same as the VMA address, which | |
1237 | is the address of the section at program run time, but on some systems, | |
1238 | especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be | |
1239 | different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to | |
1240 | @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the | |
c7c55b78 | 1241 | section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses}, |
252b5132 | 1242 | above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning |
c7c55b78 | 1243 | will be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1244 | |
1245 | @item --change-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1246 | @cindex changing section VMA | |
1247 | Set or change the VMA address of the named @var{section}. The VMA | |
1248 | address is the address where the section will be located once the | |
1249 | program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the LMA | |
1250 | address, which is the address where the section will be loaded into | |
1251 | memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in | |
1252 | ROM, the two can be different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address | |
1253 | is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted | |
1254 | from the section address. See the comments under | |
c7c55b78 | 1255 | @option{--change-addresses}, above. If @var{section} does not exist in |
252b5132 | 1256 | the input file, a warning will be issued, unless |
c7c55b78 | 1257 | @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1258 | |
1259 | @item --change-warnings | |
1260 | @itemx --adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1261 | If @option{--change-section-address} or @option{--change-section-lma} or |
1262 | @option{--change-section-vma} is used, and the named section does not | |
252b5132 RH |
1263 | exist, issue a warning. This is the default. |
1264 | ||
1265 | @item --no-change-warnings | |
1266 | @itemx --no-adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1267 | Do not issue a warning if @option{--change-section-address} or |
1268 | @option{--adjust-section-lma} or @option{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even | |
252b5132 RH |
1269 | if the named section does not exist. |
1270 | ||
1271 | @item --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags} | |
1272 | Set the flags for the named section. The @var{flags} argument is a | |
1273 | comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are | |
3994e2c6 ILT |
1274 | @samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, @samp{noload}, |
1275 | @samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom}, @samp{share}, and | |
1276 | @samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag for a section which | |
1277 | does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the | |
1278 | @samp{contents} flag of a section which does have contents--just remove | |
1279 | the section instead. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file | |
1280 | formats. | |
252b5132 RH |
1281 | |
1282 | @item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} | |
1283 | Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The | |
1284 | contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The | |
1285 | size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only | |
1286 | works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names. | |
1287 | ||
594ef5db NC |
1288 | @item --rename-section @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}] |
1289 | Rename a section from @var{oldname} to @var{newname}, optionally | |
1290 | changing the section's flags to @var{flags} in the process. This has | |
1291 | the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that | |
1292 | the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked | |
1293 | executable. | |
1294 | ||
1295 | This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, | |
1296 | since this will always create a section called .data. If for example, | |
1297 | you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary | |
1298 | data you could use the following command line to achieve it: | |
1299 | ||
1300 | @smallexample | |
1301 | objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \ | |
1302 | --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \ | |
1303 | <input_binary_file> <output_object_file> | |
1304 | @end smallexample | |
1305 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1306 | @item --change-leading-char |
1307 | Some object file formats use special characters at the start of | |
1308 | symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers | |
c7c55b78 | 1309 | often add before every symbol. This option tells @command{objcopy} to |
252b5132 RH |
1310 | change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between |
1311 | object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading | |
1312 | character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a | |
1313 | character, or remove a character, or change a character, as | |
1314 | appropriate. | |
1315 | ||
1316 | @item --remove-leading-char | |
1317 | If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading | |
1318 | character used by the object file format, remove the character. The | |
1319 | most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will | |
1320 | remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful | |
1321 | if you want to link together objects of different file formats with | |
1322 | different conventions for symbol names. This is different from | |
c7c55b78 | 1323 | @option{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name |
252b5132 RH |
1324 | when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output |
1325 | file. | |
1326 | ||
420496c1 NC |
1327 | @item --srec-len=@var{ival} |
1328 | Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords | |
1329 | being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and | |
1330 | crc fields. | |
1331 | ||
1332 | @item --srec-forceS3 | |
1333 | Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, | |
1334 | creating S3-only record format. | |
1335 | ||
57938635 AM |
1336 | @item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new} |
1337 | Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful | |
1338 | when one is trying link two things together for which you have no | |
1339 | source, and there are name collisions. | |
1340 | ||
92991082 JT |
1341 | @item --redefine-syms=@var{filename} |
1342 | Apply @option{--redefine-sym} to each symbol pair "@var{old} @var{new}" | |
1343 | listed in the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, | |
1344 | with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1345 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1346 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1347 | @item --weaken |
1348 | Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful | |
1349 | when building an object which will be linked against other objects using | |
c7c55b78 | 1350 | the @option{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when |
252b5132 RH |
1351 | using an object file format which supports weak symbols. |
1352 | ||
16b2b71c | 1353 | @item --keep-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1354 | Apply @option{--keep-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1355 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1356 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1357 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1358 | ||
1359 | @item --strip-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1360 | Apply @option{--strip-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1361 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1362 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1363 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1364 | ||
bcf32829 JB |
1365 | @item --strip-unneeded-symbols=@var{filename} |
1366 | Apply @option{--strip-unneeded-symbol} option to each symbol listed in | |
1367 | the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one | |
1368 | symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1369 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1370 | ||
16b2b71c | 1371 | @item --keep-global-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1372 | Apply @option{--keep-global-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the |
16b2b71c NC |
1373 | file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one |
1374 | symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1375 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1376 | ||
1377 | @item --localize-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1378 | Apply @option{--localize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1379 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1380 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1381 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1382 | ||
7b4a0685 NC |
1383 | @item --globalize-symbols=@var{filename} |
1384 | Apply @option{--globalize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file | |
1385 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol | |
1386 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1387 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1388 | ||
16b2b71c | 1389 | @item --weaken-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1390 | Apply @option{--weaken-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1391 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1392 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1393 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1394 | ||
1ae8b3d2 AO |
1395 | @item --alt-machine-code=@var{index} |
1396 | If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the | |
1397 | @var{index}th code instead of the default one. This is useful in case | |
1398 | a machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the | |
1399 | new code, but other applications still depend on the original code | |
1400 | being used. | |
1401 | ||
4087920c MR |
1402 | @item --writable-text |
1403 | Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1404 | object file formats. | |
1405 | ||
1406 | @item --readonly-text | |
1407 | Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1408 | object file formats. | |
1409 | ||
1410 | @item --pure | |
1411 | Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1412 | object file formats. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | @item --impure | |
1415 | Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1416 | object file formats. | |
1417 | ||
d7fb0dd2 NC |
1418 | @item --prefix-symbols=@var{string} |
1419 | Prefix all symbols in the output file with @var{string}. | |
1420 | ||
1421 | @item --prefix-sections=@var{string} | |
1422 | Prefix all section names in the output file with @var{string}. | |
1423 | ||
1424 | @item --prefix-alloc-sections=@var{string} | |
1425 | Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with | |
1426 | @var{string}. | |
1427 | ||
ed1653a7 NC |
1428 | @item --add-gnu-debuglink=@var{path-to-file} |
1429 | Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to @var{path-to-file} | |
1430 | and adds it to the output file. | |
1431 | ||
1637cd90 JB |
1432 | @item --keep-file-symbols |
1433 | When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or | |
1434 | @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names, | |
1435 | which would otherwise get stripped. | |
1436 | ||
ed1653a7 | 1437 | @item --only-keep-debug |
36d3b955 MR |
1438 | Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be |
1439 | stripped by @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections | |
1440 | intact. | |
ed1653a7 NC |
1441 | |
1442 | The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with | |
1443 | @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a | |
1444 | stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a | |
1445 | distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only | |
1446 | needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure | |
1447 | to create these files is as follows: | |
1448 | ||
1449 | @enumerate | |
1450 | @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called | |
1451 | @code{foo} then... | |
1452 | @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to | |
1453 | create a file containing the debugging info. | |
1454 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a | |
1455 | stripped executable. | |
1456 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo} | |
1457 | to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable. | |
1458 | @end enumerate | |
1459 | ||
1460 | Note - the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info | |
1461 | file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is | |
1462 | optional. You could instead do this: | |
1463 | ||
1464 | @enumerate | |
1465 | @item Link the executable as normal. | |
1466 | @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full} | |
1467 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} | |
1468 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo} | |
1469 | @end enumerate | |
1470 | ||
36d3b955 | 1471 | i.e. the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the |
ed1653a7 NC |
1472 | full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the |
1473 | @option{--only-keep-debug} switch. | |
1474 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1475 | @item -V |
1476 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 1477 | Show the version number of @command{objcopy}. |
252b5132 RH |
1478 | |
1479 | @item -v | |
1480 | @itemx --verbose | |
1481 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
1482 | archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive. | |
1483 | ||
1484 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 1485 | Show a summary of the options to @command{objcopy}. |
7c29036b NC |
1486 | |
1487 | @item --info | |
1488 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available. | |
252b5132 RH |
1489 | @end table |
1490 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1491 | @c man end |
1492 | ||
1493 | @ignore | |
1494 | @c man begin SEEALSO objcopy | |
1495 | ld(1), objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1496 | @c man end | |
1497 | @end ignore | |
1498 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1499 | @node objdump |
1500 | @chapter objdump | |
1501 | ||
1502 | @cindex object file information | |
1503 | @kindex objdump | |
1504 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1505 | @c man title objdump display information from object files. |
1506 | ||
252b5132 | 1507 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1508 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objdump |
c7c55b78 NC |
1509 | objdump [@option{-a}|@option{--archive-headers}] |
1510 | [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=@var{bfdname}}] | |
1511 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] ] | |
1512 | [@option{-d}|@option{--disassemble}] | |
1513 | [@option{-D}|@option{--disassemble-all}] | |
1514 | [@option{-z}|@option{--disassemble-zeroes}] | |
1515 | [@option{-EB}|@option{-EL}|@option{--endian=}@{big | little @}] | |
1516 | [@option{-f}|@option{--file-headers}] | |
1517 | [@option{--file-start-context}] | |
1518 | [@option{-g}|@option{--debugging}] | |
51cdc6e0 | 1519 | [@option{-e}|@option{--debugging-tags}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
1520 | [@option{-h}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--headers}] |
1521 | [@option{-i}|@option{--info}] | |
1522 | [@option{-j} @var{section}|@option{--section=}@var{section}] | |
1523 | [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] | |
1524 | [@option{-S}|@option{--source}] | |
1525 | [@option{-m} @var{machine}|@option{--architecture=}@var{machine}] | |
1526 | [@option{-M} @var{options}|@option{--disassembler-options=}@var{options}] | |
1527 | [@option{-p}|@option{--private-headers}] | |
1528 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reloc}] | |
1529 | [@option{-R}|@option{--dynamic-reloc}] | |
1530 | [@option{-s}|@option{--full-contents}] | |
4de2ad99 | 1531 | [@option{-W}|@option{--dwarf}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
1532 | [@option{-G}|@option{--stabs}] |
1533 | [@option{-t}|@option{--syms}] | |
1534 | [@option{-T}|@option{--dynamic-syms}] | |
1535 | [@option{-x}|@option{--all-headers}] | |
1536 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wide}] | |
1537 | [@option{--start-address=}@var{address}] | |
1538 | [@option{--stop-address=}@var{address}] | |
1539 | [@option{--prefix-addresses}] | |
1540 | [@option{--[no-]show-raw-insn}] | |
1541 | [@option{--adjust-vma=}@var{offset}] | |
3c9458e9 | 1542 | [@option{--special-syms}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
1543 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
1544 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 1545 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 1546 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1547 | @end smallexample |
1548 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1549 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objdump |
1550 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1551 | @command{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. |
252b5132 RH |
1552 | The options control what particular information to display. This |
1553 | information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the | |
1554 | compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their | |
1555 | program to compile and work. | |
1556 | ||
1557 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you | |
c7c55b78 | 1558 | specify archives, @command{objdump} shows information on each of the member |
252b5132 RH |
1559 | object files. |
1560 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1561 | @c man end |
1562 | ||
1563 | @c man begin OPTIONS objdump | |
1564 | ||
252b5132 | 1565 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
1dada9c5 | 1566 | equivalent. At least one option from the list |
155e0d23 | 1567 | @option{-a,-d,-D,-e,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-s,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given. |
252b5132 | 1568 | |
c7c55b78 | 1569 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1570 | @item -a |
1571 | @itemx --archive-header | |
1572 | @cindex archive headers | |
1573 | If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive | |
1574 | header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the | |
1575 | information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows | |
1576 | the object file format of each archive member. | |
1577 | ||
1578 | @item --adjust-vma=@var{offset} | |
1579 | @cindex section addresses in objdump | |
1580 | @cindex VMA in objdump | |
1581 | When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section | |
1582 | addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to | |
1583 | the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular | |
1584 | addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses, | |
1585 | such as a.out. | |
1586 | ||
1587 | @item -b @var{bfdname} | |
1588 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1589 | @cindex object code format | |
1590 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
1591 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can | |
1592 | automatically recognize many formats. | |
1593 | ||
1594 | For example, | |
1595 | @example | |
1596 | objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o | |
1597 | @end example | |
1598 | @noindent | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1599 | displays summary information from the section headers (@option{-h}) of |
1600 | @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@option{-m}) as a VAX object | |
252b5132 | 1601 | file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the |
c7c55b78 | 1602 | formats available with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 RH |
1603 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
1604 | ||
1605 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 1606 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
1607 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
1608 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
1609 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
1610 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
1611 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
1612 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
1613 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 | 1614 | |
947ed062 NC |
1615 | @item -g |
1616 | @itemx --debugging | |
252b5132 RH |
1617 | Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging |
1618 | information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax. | |
1619 | Only certain types of debugging information have been implemented. | |
c1124b23 AO |
1620 | Some other types are supported by @command{readelf -w}. |
1621 | @xref{readelf}. | |
252b5132 | 1622 | |
51cdc6e0 NC |
1623 | @item -e |
1624 | @itemx --debugging-tags | |
1625 | Like @option{-g}, but the information is generated in a format compatible | |
1626 | with ctags tool. | |
1627 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1628 | @item -d |
1629 | @itemx --disassemble | |
1630 | @cindex disassembling object code | |
1631 | @cindex machine instructions | |
1632 | Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from | |
1633 | @var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are | |
1634 | expected to contain instructions. | |
1635 | ||
1636 | @item -D | |
1637 | @itemx --disassemble-all | |
c7c55b78 | 1638 | Like @option{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just |
252b5132 RH |
1639 | those expected to contain instructions. |
1640 | ||
1641 | @item --prefix-addresses | |
1642 | When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is | |
1643 | the older disassembly format. | |
1644 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1645 | @item -EB |
1646 | @itemx -EL | |
1647 | @itemx --endian=@{big|little@} | |
1648 | @cindex endianness | |
1649 | @cindex disassembly endianness | |
1650 | Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects | |
1651 | disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which | |
1652 | does not describe endianness information, such as S-records. | |
1653 | ||
1654 | @item -f | |
947ed062 | 1655 | @itemx --file-headers |
252b5132 RH |
1656 | @cindex object file header |
1657 | Display summary information from the overall header of | |
1658 | each of the @var{objfile} files. | |
1659 | ||
f1563258 TW |
1660 | @item --file-start-context |
1661 | @cindex source code context | |
1662 | Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly | |
c7c55b78 | 1663 | (assumes @option{-S}) from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the |
f1563258 TW |
1664 | context to the start of the file. |
1665 | ||
252b5132 | 1666 | @item -h |
947ed062 NC |
1667 | @itemx --section-headers |
1668 | @itemx --headers | |
252b5132 RH |
1669 | @cindex section headers |
1670 | Display summary information from the section headers of the | |
1671 | object file. | |
1672 | ||
1673 | File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1674 | using the @option{-Ttext}, @option{-Tdata}, or @option{-Tbss} options to |
1675 | @command{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not | |
252b5132 | 1676 | store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations, |
c7c55b78 | 1677 | although @command{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump |
252b5132 RH |
1678 | -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. |
1679 | Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the | |
1680 | target. | |
1681 | ||
947ed062 NC |
1682 | @item -H |
1683 | @itemx --help | |
c7c55b78 | 1684 | Print a summary of the options to @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
1685 | |
1686 | @item -i | |
1687 | @itemx --info | |
1688 | @cindex architectures available | |
1689 | @cindex object formats available | |
1690 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available | |
c7c55b78 | 1691 | for specification with @option{-b} or @option{-m}. |
252b5132 RH |
1692 | |
1693 | @item -j @var{name} | |
1694 | @itemx --section=@var{name} | |
1695 | @cindex section information | |
1696 | Display information only for section @var{name}. | |
1697 | ||
1698 | @item -l | |
1699 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
1700 | @cindex source filenames for object files | |
1701 | Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and | |
1702 | source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown. | |
c7c55b78 | 1703 | Only useful with @option{-d}, @option{-D}, or @option{-r}. |
252b5132 RH |
1704 | |
1705 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
1706 | @itemx --architecture=@var{machine} | |
1707 | @cindex architecture | |
1708 | @cindex disassembly architecture | |
1709 | Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This | |
1710 | can be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe | |
1711 | architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available | |
c7c55b78 | 1712 | architectures with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 | 1713 | |
dd92f639 NC |
1714 | @item -M @var{options} |
1715 | @itemx --disassembler-options=@var{options} | |
1716 | Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on | |
31e0f3cd NC |
1717 | some targets. If it is necessary to specify more than one |
1718 | disassembler option then multiple @option{-M} options can be used or | |
1719 | can be placed together into a comma separated list. | |
dd92f639 NC |
1720 | |
1721 | If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to | |
1722 | select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying | |
9c092ace | 1723 | @option{-M reg-names-std} (the default) will select the register names as |
58efb6c0 NC |
1724 | used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called |
1725 | 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1726 | @option{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM |
1727 | Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @option{-M reg-names-raw} will | |
58efb6c0 NC |
1728 | just use @samp{r} followed by the register number. |
1729 | ||
1730 | There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1731 | by @option{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @option{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which |
1732 | use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either | |
947ed062 | 1733 | with the normal register names or the special register names). |
dd92f639 | 1734 | |
8f915f68 | 1735 | This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the |
c36774d6 | 1736 | disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by |
c7c55b78 | 1737 | using the switch @option{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be |
8f915f68 NC |
1738 | useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other |
1739 | compilers. | |
1740 | ||
e396998b AM |
1741 | For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the @option{-m} |
1742 | switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from the | |
1743 | following may be specified as a comma separated string. | |
b89e9eae | 1744 | @option{x86-64}, @option{i386} and @option{i8086} select disassembly for |
e396998b AM |
1745 | the given architecture. @option{intel} and @option{att} select between |
1746 | intel syntax mode and AT&T syntax mode. @option{addr32}, | |
1747 | @option{addr16}, @option{data32} and @option{data16} specify the default | |
1748 | address size and operand size. These four options will be overridden if | |
b89e9eae | 1749 | @option{x86-64}, @option{i386} or @option{i8086} appear later in the |
e396998b | 1750 | option string. Lastly, @option{suffix}, when in AT&T mode, |
b9e5d8e5 | 1751 | instructs the disassembler to print a mnemonic suffix even when the |
e396998b AM |
1752 | suffix could be inferred by the operands. |
1753 | ||
802a735e AM |
1754 | For PPC, @option{booke}, @option{booke32} and @option{booke64} select |
1755 | disassembly of BookE instructions. @option{32} and @option{64} select | |
36ae0db3 DJ |
1756 | PowerPC and PowerPC64 disassembly, respectively. @option{e300} selects |
1757 | disassembly for the e300 family. | |
802a735e | 1758 | |
e39893d7 FF |
1759 | For MIPS, this option controls the printing of instruction mneumonic |
1760 | names and register names in disassembled instructions. Multiple | |
1761 | selections from the following may be specified as a comma separated | |
1762 | string, and invalid options are ignored: | |
640c0ccd CD |
1763 | |
1764 | @table @code | |
e39893d7 FF |
1765 | @item no-aliases |
1766 | Print the 'raw' instruction mneumonic instead of some pseudo | |
1767 | instruction mneumonic. I.E. print 'daddu' or 'or' instead of 'move', | |
1768 | 'sll' instead of 'nop', etc. | |
1769 | ||
640c0ccd CD |
1770 | @item gpr-names=@var{ABI} |
1771 | Print GPR (general-purpose register) names as appropriate | |
1772 | for the specified ABI. By default, GPR names are selected according to | |
1773 | the ABI of the binary being disassembled. | |
1774 | ||
1775 | @item fpr-names=@var{ABI} | |
1776 | Print FPR (floating-point register) names as | |
1777 | appropriate for the specified ABI. By default, FPR numbers are printed | |
1778 | rather than names. | |
1779 | ||
1780 | @item cp0-names=@var{ARCH} | |
1781 | Print CP0 (system control coprocessor; coprocessor 0) register names | |
1782 | as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by | |
1783 | @var{ARCH}. By default, CP0 register names are selected according to | |
1784 | the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled. | |
1785 | ||
af7ee8bf CD |
1786 | @item hwr-names=@var{ARCH} |
1787 | Print HWR (hardware register, used by the @code{rdhwr} instruction) names | |
1788 | as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by | |
1789 | @var{ARCH}. By default, HWR names are selected according to | |
1790 | the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled. | |
1791 | ||
640c0ccd CD |
1792 | @item reg-names=@var{ABI} |
1793 | Print GPR and FPR names as appropriate for the selected ABI. | |
1794 | ||
1795 | @item reg-names=@var{ARCH} | |
af7ee8bf CD |
1796 | Print CPU-specific register names (CP0 register and HWR names) |
1797 | as appropriate for the selected CPU or architecture. | |
640c0ccd CD |
1798 | @end table |
1799 | ||
1800 | For any of the options listed above, @var{ABI} or | |
1801 | @var{ARCH} may be specified as @samp{numeric} to have numbers printed | |
1802 | rather than names, for the selected types of registers. | |
1803 | You can list the available values of @var{ABI} and @var{ARCH} using | |
1804 | the @option{--help} option. | |
1805 | ||
ec72cfe5 NC |
1806 | For VAX, you can specify function entry addresses with @option{-M |
1807 | entry:0xf00ba}. You can use this multiple times to properly | |
1808 | disassemble VAX binary files that don't contain symbol tables (like | |
1809 | ROM dumps). In these cases, the function entry mask would otherwise | |
1810 | be decoded as VAX instructions, which would probably lead the the rest | |
1811 | of the function being wrongly disassembled. | |
1812 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1813 | @item -p |
1814 | @itemx --private-headers | |
1815 | Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact | |
1816 | information printed depends upon the object file format. For some | |
1817 | object file formats, no additional information is printed. | |
1818 | ||
1819 | @item -r | |
1820 | @itemx --reloc | |
1821 | @cindex relocation entries, in object file | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1822 | Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @option{-d} or |
1823 | @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the | |
252b5132 RH |
1824 | disassembly. |
1825 | ||
1826 | @item -R | |
1827 | @itemx --dynamic-reloc | |
1828 | @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file | |
1829 | Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only | |
1830 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
1831 | libraries. | |
1832 | ||
1833 | @item -s | |
1834 | @itemx --full-contents | |
1835 | @cindex sections, full contents | |
1836 | @cindex object file sections | |
155e0d23 NC |
1837 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. By default all |
1838 | non-empty sections are displayed. | |
252b5132 RH |
1839 | |
1840 | @item -S | |
1841 | @itemx --source | |
1842 | @cindex source disassembly | |
1843 | @cindex disassembly, with source | |
1844 | Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies | |
c7c55b78 | 1845 | @option{-d}. |
252b5132 RH |
1846 | |
1847 | @item --show-raw-insn | |
1848 | When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as | |
1849 | in symbolic form. This is the default except when | |
c7c55b78 | 1850 | @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1851 | |
1852 | @item --no-show-raw-insn | |
1853 | When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes. | |
c7c55b78 | 1854 | This is the default when @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 | 1855 | |
4de2ad99 L |
1856 | @item -W |
1857 | @itemx --dwarf | |
1858 | @cindex DWARF | |
1859 | @cindex debug symbols | |
1860 | Displays the contents of the DWARF debug sections in the file, if any | |
1861 | are present. | |
1862 | ||
1dada9c5 | 1863 | @item -G |
947ed062 | 1864 | @itemx --stabs |
252b5132 RH |
1865 | @cindex stab |
1866 | @cindex .stab | |
1867 | @cindex debug symbols | |
1868 | @cindex ELF object file format | |
1869 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the | |
1870 | contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an | |
1871 | ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which | |
1872 | @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF | |
1873 | section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are | |
c7c55b78 | 1874 | interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @option{--syms} |
0285c67d NC |
1875 | output. |
1876 | @ifclear man | |
1877 | For more information on stabs symbols, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs | |
252b5132 | 1878 | Overview,stabs.info, The ``stabs'' debug format}. |
0285c67d | 1879 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
1880 | |
1881 | @item --start-address=@var{address} | |
1882 | @cindex start-address | |
1883 | Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 1884 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
1885 | |
1886 | @item --stop-address=@var{address} | |
1887 | @cindex stop-address | |
1888 | Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 1889 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
1890 | |
1891 | @item -t | |
1892 | @itemx --syms | |
1893 | @cindex symbol table entries, printing | |
1894 | Print the symbol table entries of the file. | |
1895 | This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program. | |
1896 | ||
1897 | @item -T | |
1898 | @itemx --dynamic-syms | |
1899 | @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing | |
1900 | Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only | |
1901 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
1902 | libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} | |
c7c55b78 | 1903 | program when given the @option{-D} (@option{--dynamic}) option. |
252b5132 | 1904 | |
3c9458e9 NC |
1905 | @item --special-syms |
1906 | When displaying symbols include those which the target considers to be | |
1907 | special in some way and which would not normally be of interest to the | |
1908 | user. | |
1909 | ||
947ed062 NC |
1910 | @item -V |
1911 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 1912 | Print the version number of @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
1913 | |
1914 | @item -x | |
947ed062 | 1915 | @itemx --all-headers |
252b5132 RH |
1916 | @cindex all header information, object file |
1917 | @cindex header information, all | |
1918 | Display all available header information, including the symbol table and | |
c7c55b78 | 1919 | relocation entries. Using @option{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of |
04c34128 | 1920 | @option{-a -f -h -p -r -t}. |
252b5132 RH |
1921 | |
1922 | @item -w | |
1923 | @itemx --wide | |
1924 | @cindex wide output, printing | |
1925 | Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns. | |
31104126 | 1926 | Also do not truncate symbol names when they are displayed. |
aefbdd67 BE |
1927 | |
1928 | @item -z | |
2c0c15f9 | 1929 | @itemx --disassemble-zeroes |
aefbdd67 BE |
1930 | Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This |
1931 | option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like | |
1932 | any other data. | |
252b5132 RH |
1933 | @end table |
1934 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1935 | @c man end |
1936 | ||
1937 | @ignore | |
1938 | @c man begin SEEALSO objdump | |
1939 | nm(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1940 | @c man end | |
1941 | @end ignore | |
1942 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1943 | @node ranlib |
1944 | @chapter ranlib | |
1945 | ||
1946 | @kindex ranlib | |
1947 | @cindex archive contents | |
1948 | @cindex symbol index | |
1949 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1950 | @c man title ranlib generate index to archive. |
1951 | ||
252b5132 | 1952 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1953 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ranlib |
c7c55b78 | 1954 | ranlib [@option{-vV}] @var{archive} |
0285c67d | 1955 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1956 | @end smallexample |
1957 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1958 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ranlib |
1959 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1960 | @command{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and |
252b5132 RH |
1961 | stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a |
1962 | member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. | |
1963 | ||
1964 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index. | |
1965 | ||
1966 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and | |
1967 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
1968 | their placement in the archive. | |
1969 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
1970 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @command{ar}; running |
1971 | @command{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1972 | @xref{ar}. |
1973 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1974 | @c man end |
1975 | ||
1976 | @c man begin OPTIONS ranlib | |
1977 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1978 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1979 | @item -v |
1980 | @itemx -V | |
f20a759a | 1981 | @itemx --version |
c7c55b78 | 1982 | Show the version number of @command{ranlib}. |
252b5132 RH |
1983 | @end table |
1984 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1985 | @c man end |
1986 | ||
1987 | @ignore | |
1988 | @c man begin SEEALSO ranlib | |
1989 | ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1990 | @c man end | |
1991 | @end ignore | |
1992 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1993 | @node size |
1994 | @chapter size | |
1995 | ||
1996 | @kindex size | |
1997 | @cindex section sizes | |
1998 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1999 | @c man title size list section sizes and total size. |
2000 | ||
252b5132 | 2001 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2002 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS size |
c7c55b78 | 2003 | size [@option{-A}|@option{-B}|@option{--format=}@var{compatibility}] |
15c82623 NC |
2004 | [@option{--help}] |
2005 | [@option{-d}|@option{-o}|@option{-x}|@option{--radix=}@var{number}] | |
2006 | [@option{-t}|@option{--totals}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2007 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
2008 | [@var{objfile}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 2009 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2010 | @end smallexample |
2011 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2012 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION size |
2013 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2014 | The @sc{gnu} @command{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total |
252b5132 RH |
2015 | size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its |
2016 | argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each | |
2017 | object file or each module in an archive. | |
2018 | ||
2019 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. | |
2020 | If none are specified, the file @code{a.out} will be used. | |
2021 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2022 | @c man end |
2023 | ||
2024 | @c man begin OPTIONS size | |
2025 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2026 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
2027 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2028 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2029 | @item -A |
2030 | @itemx -B | |
2031 | @itemx --format=@var{compatibility} | |
c7c55b78 | 2032 | @cindex @command{size} display format |
252b5132 | 2033 | Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu} |
c7c55b78 NC |
2034 | @command{size} resembles output from System V @command{size} (using @option{-A}, |
2035 | or @option{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @command{size} (using @option{-B}, or | |
2036 | @option{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to | |
252b5132 RH |
2037 | Berkeley's. |
2038 | @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or | |
2039 | @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or | |
2040 | @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley. | |
2041 | ||
2042 | Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from | |
c7c55b78 | 2043 | @command{size}: |
252b5132 | 2044 | @smallexample |
f20a759a | 2045 | $ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
2046 | text data bss dec hex filename |
2047 | 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib | |
2048 | 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size | |
2049 | @end smallexample | |
2050 | ||
2051 | @noindent | |
2052 | This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: | |
2053 | ||
2054 | @smallexample | |
f20a759a | 2055 | $ size --format=SysV ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
2056 | ranlib : |
2057 | section size addr | |
2058 | .text 294880 8192 | |
2059 | .data 81920 303104 | |
2060 | .bss 11592 385024 | |
2061 | Total 388392 | |
2062 | ||
2063 | ||
2064 | size : | |
2065 | section size addr | |
2066 | .text 294880 8192 | |
2067 | .data 81920 303104 | |
2068 | .bss 11888 385024 | |
2069 | Total 388688 | |
2070 | @end smallexample | |
2071 | ||
2072 | @item --help | |
2073 | Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. | |
2074 | ||
2075 | @item -d | |
2076 | @itemx -o | |
2077 | @itemx -x | |
2078 | @itemx --radix=@var{number} | |
c7c55b78 | 2079 | @cindex @command{size} number format |
252b5132 RH |
2080 | @cindex radix for section sizes |
2081 | Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2082 | section is given in decimal (@option{-d}, or @option{--radix=10}); octal |
2083 | (@option{-o}, or @option{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@option{-x}, or | |
2084 | @option{--radix=16}). In @option{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three | |
252b5132 | 2085 | values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two |
c7c55b78 NC |
2086 | radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @option{-d} or @option{-x} output, or |
2087 | octal and hexadecimal if you're using @option{-o}. | |
252b5132 | 2088 | |
15c82623 NC |
2089 | @item -t |
2090 | @itemx --totals | |
2091 | Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode only). | |
2092 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2093 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
2094 | @cindex object code format | |
2095 | Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is | |
c7c55b78 | 2096 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @command{size} can |
252b5132 RH |
2097 | automatically recognize many formats. |
2098 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2099 | ||
2100 | @item -V | |
2101 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2102 | Display the version number of @command{size}. |
252b5132 RH |
2103 | @end table |
2104 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2105 | @c man end |
2106 | ||
2107 | @ignore | |
2108 | @c man begin SEEALSO size | |
2109 | ar(1), objdump(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2110 | @c man end | |
2111 | @end ignore | |
2112 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2113 | @node strings |
2114 | @chapter strings | |
2115 | @kindex strings | |
2116 | @cindex listings strings | |
2117 | @cindex printing strings | |
2118 | @cindex strings, printing | |
2119 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2120 | @c man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files. |
2121 | ||
252b5132 | 2122 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2123 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strings |
d132876a NC |
2124 | strings [@option{-afov}] [@option{-}@var{min-len}] |
2125 | [@option{-n} @var{min-len}] [@option{--bytes=}@var{min-len}] | |
2126 | [@option{-t} @var{radix}] [@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] | |
2127 | [@option{-e} @var{encoding}] [@option{--encoding=}@var{encoding}] | |
2128 | [@option{-}] [@option{--all}] [@option{--print-file-name}] | |
2129 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
c7c55b78 | 2130 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] @var{file}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 2131 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2132 | @end smallexample |
2133 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2134 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strings |
2135 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2136 | For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @command{strings} prints the printable |
252b5132 RH |
2137 | character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number |
2138 | given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable | |
2139 | character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized | |
2140 | and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints | |
2141 | the strings from the whole file. | |
2142 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2143 | @command{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text |
252b5132 RH |
2144 | files. |
2145 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2146 | @c man end |
2147 | ||
2148 | @c man begin OPTIONS strings | |
2149 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2150 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2151 | @item -a |
2152 | @itemx --all | |
2153 | @itemx - | |
2154 | Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files; | |
2155 | scan the whole files. | |
2156 | ||
2157 | @item -f | |
2158 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
2159 | Print the name of the file before each string. | |
2160 | ||
2161 | @item --help | |
2162 | Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. | |
2163 | ||
2164 | @item -@var{min-len} | |
2165 | @itemx -n @var{min-len} | |
2166 | @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len} | |
2167 | Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters | |
2168 | long, instead of the default 4. | |
2169 | ||
2170 | @item -o | |
c7c55b78 | 2171 | Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @command{strings} have @option{-o} |
252b5132 RH |
2172 | act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both |
2173 | ways, we simply chose one. | |
2174 | ||
2175 | @item -t @var{radix} | |
2176 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
2177 | Print the offset within the file before each string. The single | |
2178 | character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for | |
2179 | octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal. | |
2180 | ||
d132876a NC |
2181 | @item -e @var{encoding} |
2182 | @itemx --encoding=@var{encoding} | |
2183 | Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. | |
8745eafa NC |
2184 | Possible values for @var{encoding} are: @samp{s} = single-7-bit-byte |
2185 | characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), @samp{S} = | |
2186 | single-8-bit-byte characters, @samp{b} = 16-bit bigendian, @samp{l} = | |
2187 | 16-bit littleendian, @samp{B} = 32-bit bigendian, @samp{L} = 32-bit | |
2188 | littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. | |
d132876a | 2189 | |
252b5132 RH |
2190 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
2191 | @cindex object code format | |
2192 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
2193 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2194 | ||
2195 | @item -v | |
2196 | @itemx --version | |
2197 | Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. | |
2198 | @end table | |
2199 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2200 | @c man end |
2201 | ||
2202 | @ignore | |
2203 | @c man begin SEEALSO strings | |
2204 | ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1) | |
2205 | and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2206 | @c man end | |
2207 | @end ignore | |
2208 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2209 | @node strip |
2210 | @chapter strip | |
2211 | ||
2212 | @kindex strip | |
2213 | @cindex removing symbols | |
2214 | @cindex discarding symbols | |
2215 | @cindex symbols, discarding | |
2216 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2217 | @c man title strip Discard symbols from object files. |
2218 | ||
252b5132 | 2219 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2220 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strip |
2593f09a NC |
2221 | strip [@option{-F} @var{bfdname} |@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
2222 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname} |@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
2223 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname} |@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
2224 | [@option{-s}|@option{--strip-all}] | |
2225 | [@option{-S}|@option{-g}|@option{-d}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
2226 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname} |@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
2227 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname} |@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
5fe11841 | 2228 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}] |
2593f09a NC |
2229 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] [@option{-X} |@option{--discard-locals}] |
2230 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionname} |@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
2231 | [@option{-o} @var{file}] [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] | |
1637cd90 | 2232 | [@option{--keep-file-symbols}] |
ed1653a7 | 2233 | [@option{--only-keep-debug}] |
7c29036b NC |
2234 | [@option{-v} |@option{--verbose}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
2235 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}] | |
252b5132 | 2236 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 2237 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2238 | @end smallexample |
2239 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2240 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strip |
2241 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2242 | @sc{gnu} @command{strip} discards all symbols from object files |
252b5132 RH |
2243 | @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives. |
2244 | At least one object file must be given. | |
2245 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2246 | @command{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, |
252b5132 RH |
2247 | rather than writing modified copies under different names. |
2248 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2249 | @c man end |
2250 | ||
2251 | @c man begin OPTIONS strip | |
2252 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2253 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2254 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
2255 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
2256 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
2257 | code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format. | |
2258 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2259 | ||
2260 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2261 | Show a summary of the options to @command{strip} and exit. |
252b5132 | 2262 | |
7c29036b NC |
2263 | @item --info |
2264 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available. | |
2265 | ||
947ed062 | 2266 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
252b5132 RH |
2267 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
2268 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
2269 | code format @var{bfdname}. | |
2270 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2271 | ||
2272 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
2273 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
2274 | Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}. | |
2275 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2276 | ||
2277 | @item -R @var{sectionname} | |
2278 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} | |
2279 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This | |
2280 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
2281 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
2282 | ||
2283 | @item -s | |
2284 | @itemx --strip-all | |
2285 | Remove all symbols. | |
2286 | ||
2287 | @item -g | |
2288 | @itemx -S | |
15c82623 | 2289 | @itemx -d |
252b5132 RH |
2290 | @itemx --strip-debug |
2291 | Remove debugging symbols only. | |
2292 | ||
2293 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
2294 | Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
2295 | ||
2296 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
2297 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
e7f918ad NC |
2298 | When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would |
2299 | normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. | |
252b5132 RH |
2300 | |
2301 | @item -N @var{symbolname} | |
2302 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
2303 | Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be | |
2304 | given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than | |
c7c55b78 | 2305 | @option{-K}. |
252b5132 RH |
2306 | |
2307 | @item -o @var{file} | |
2308 | Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the | |
2309 | existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile} | |
2310 | argument may be specified. | |
2311 | ||
2312 | @item -p | |
2313 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
2314 | Preserve the access and modification dates of the file. | |
2315 | ||
5fe11841 NC |
2316 | @item -w |
2317 | @itemx --wildcard | |
2318 | Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command | |
2319 | line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and | |
2320 | square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol | |
2321 | name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation | |
2322 | point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. | |
2323 | For example: | |
2324 | ||
2325 | @smallexample | |
2326 | -w -K !foo -K fo* | |
2327 | @end smallexample | |
2328 | ||
2329 | would cause strip to only keep symbols that start with the letters | |
2330 | ``fo'', but to discard the symbol ``foo''. | |
2331 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2332 | @item -x |
2333 | @itemx --discard-all | |
2334 | Remove non-global symbols. | |
2335 | ||
2336 | @item -X | |
2337 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
2338 | Remove compiler-generated local symbols. | |
2339 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
2340 | ||
1637cd90 JB |
2341 | @item --keep-file-symbols |
2342 | When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or | |
2343 | @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names, | |
2344 | which would otherwise get stripped. | |
2345 | ||
ed1653a7 NC |
2346 | @item --only-keep-debug |
2347 | Strip a file, removing any sections that would be stripped by | |
2348 | @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections. | |
2349 | ||
2350 | The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with | |
2351 | @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a | |
2352 | stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a | |
2353 | distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only | |
2354 | needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure | |
2355 | to create these files is as follows: | |
2356 | ||
2357 | @enumerate | |
2358 | @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called | |
2359 | @code{foo} then... | |
2360 | @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to | |
2361 | create a file containing the debugging info. | |
2362 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a | |
2363 | stripped executable. | |
2364 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo} | |
2365 | to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable. | |
2366 | @end enumerate | |
2367 | ||
2368 | Note - the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info | |
2369 | file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is | |
2370 | optional. You could instead do this: | |
2371 | ||
2372 | @enumerate | |
2373 | @item Link the executable as normal. | |
2374 | @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full} | |
2375 | @item Run @code{strip --strip-debug foo} | |
2376 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo} | |
2377 | @end enumerate | |
2378 | ||
2379 | ie the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the | |
2380 | full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the | |
2381 | @option{--only-keep-debug} switch. | |
2382 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2383 | @item -V |
2384 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2385 | Show the version number for @command{strip}. |
252b5132 RH |
2386 | |
2387 | @item -v | |
2388 | @itemx --verbose | |
2389 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
2390 | archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive. | |
2391 | @end table | |
2392 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2393 | @c man end |
2394 | ||
2395 | @ignore | |
2396 | @c man begin SEEALSO strip | |
2397 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2398 | @c man end | |
2399 | @end ignore | |
2400 | ||
9d51cc66 | 2401 | @node c++filt, addr2line, strip, Top |
252b5132 RH |
2402 | @chapter c++filt |
2403 | ||
2404 | @kindex c++filt | |
2405 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols | |
2406 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2407 | @c man title cxxfilt Demangle C++ and Java symbols. |
2408 | ||
252b5132 | 2409 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2410 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS cxxfilt |
c7c55b78 | 2411 | c++filt [@option{-_}|@option{--strip-underscores}] |
c7c55b78 | 2412 | [@option{-n}|@option{--no-strip-underscores}] |
4e48c9dd | 2413 | [@option{-p}|@option{--no-params}] |
ec948987 | 2414 | [@option{-t}|@option{--types}] |
cbf1f5df | 2415 | [@option{-i}|@option{--no-verbose}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2416 | [@option{-s} @var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] |
2417 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] [@var{symbol}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 2418 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2419 | @end smallexample |
2420 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2421 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION cxxfilt |
2422 | ||
9d51cc66 | 2423 | @kindex cxxfilt |
ec948987 NC |
2424 | The C++ and Java languages provide function overloading, which means |
2425 | that you can write many functions with the same name, providing that | |
2426 | each function takes parameters of different types. In order to be | |
2427 | able to distinguish these similarly named functions C++ and Java | |
2428 | encode them into a low-level assembler name which uniquely identifies | |
2429 | each different version. This process is known as @dfn{mangling}. The | |
2430 | @command{c++filt} | |
2431 | @footnote{MS-DOS does not allow @kbd{+} characters in file names, so on | |
195a97ce | 2432 | MS-DOS this program is named @command{CXXFILT}.} |
9d51cc66 | 2433 | program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level |
ec948987 | 2434 | names into user-level names so that they can be read. |
252b5132 RH |
2435 | |
2436 | Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, | |
cbf1f5df NC |
2437 | dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential mangled name. |
2438 | If the name decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the | |
ec948987 NC |
2439 | low-level name in the output, otherwise the original word is output. |
2440 | In this way you can pass an entire assembler source file, containing | |
2441 | mangled names, through @command{c++filt} and see the same source file | |
2442 | containing demangled names. | |
252b5132 | 2443 | |
ec948987 NC |
2444 | You can also use @command{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols by |
2445 | passing them on the command line: | |
252b5132 RH |
2446 | |
2447 | @example | |
2448 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
2449 | @end example | |
2450 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2451 | If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @command{c++filt} reads symbol |
ec948987 NC |
2452 | names from the standard input instead. All the results are printed on |
2453 | the standard output. The difference between reading names from the | |
2454 | command line versus reading names from the standard input is that | |
2455 | command line arguments are expected to be just mangled names and no | |
2456 | checking is performed to seperate them from surrounding text. Thus | |
2457 | for example: | |
2458 | ||
2459 | @smallexample | |
2460 | c++filt -n _Z1fv | |
2461 | @end smallexample | |
2462 | ||
2463 | will work and demangle the name to ``f()'' whereas: | |
2464 | ||
2465 | @smallexample | |
2466 | c++filt -n _Z1fv, | |
2467 | @end smallexample | |
2468 | ||
2469 | will not work. (Note the extra comma at the end of the mangled | |
2470 | name which makes it invalid). This command however will work: | |
2471 | ||
2472 | @smallexample | |
2473 | echo _Z1fv, | c++filt -n | |
2474 | @end smallexample | |
2475 | ||
2476 | and will display ``f(),'' ie the demangled name followed by a | |
2477 | trailing comma. This behaviour is because when the names are read | |
2478 | from the standard input it is expected that they might be part of an | |
2479 | assembler source file where there might be extra, extraneous | |
2480 | characters trailing after a mangled name. eg: | |
2481 | ||
2482 | @smallexample | |
2483 | .type _Z1fv, @@function | |
2484 | @end smallexample | |
252b5132 | 2485 | |
0285c67d NC |
2486 | @c man end |
2487 | ||
2488 | @c man begin OPTIONS cxxfilt | |
2489 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2490 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2491 | @item -_ |
2492 | @itemx --strip-underscores | |
2493 | On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front | |
2494 | of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level | |
2495 | name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether | |
c7c55b78 | 2496 | @command{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent. |
252b5132 RH |
2497 | |
2498 | @item -j | |
2499 | @itemx --java | |
2500 | Prints demangled names using Java syntax. The default is to use C++ | |
2501 | syntax. | |
2502 | ||
2503 | @item -n | |
2504 | @itemx --no-strip-underscores | |
2505 | Do not remove the initial underscore. | |
2506 | ||
4e48c9dd ILT |
2507 | @item -p |
2508 | @itemx --no-params | |
2509 | When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of | |
2510 | the function's parameters. | |
2511 | ||
cbf1f5df | 2512 | @item -t |
ec948987 NC |
2513 | @itemx --types |
2514 | Attempt to demangle types as well as function names. This is disabled | |
2515 | by default since mangled types are normally only used internally in | |
2516 | the compiler, and they can be confused with non-mangled names. eg | |
2517 | a function called ``a'' treated as a mangled type name would be | |
2518 | demangled to ``signed char''. | |
cbf1f5df NC |
2519 | |
2520 | @item -i | |
2521 | @itemx --no-verbose | |
2522 | Do not include implementation details (if any) in the demangled | |
2523 | output. | |
2524 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2525 | @item -s @var{format} |
2526 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
947ed062 NC |
2527 | @command{c++filt} can decode various methods of mangling, used by |
2528 | different compilers. The argument to this option selects which | |
252b5132 RH |
2529 | method it uses: |
2530 | ||
2531 | @table @code | |
947ed062 NC |
2532 | @item auto |
2533 | Automatic selection based on executable (the default method) | |
252b5132 | 2534 | @item gnu |
947ed062 | 2535 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++) |
252b5132 | 2536 | @item lucid |
947ed062 | 2537 | the one used by the Lucid compiler (lcc) |
252b5132 RH |
2538 | @item arm |
2539 | the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual | |
2540 | @item hp | |
947ed062 | 2541 | the one used by the HP compiler (aCC) |
252b5132 RH |
2542 | @item edg |
2543 | the one used by the EDG compiler | |
b5e2a4f3 | 2544 | @item gnu-v3 |
947ed062 NC |
2545 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++) with the V3 ABI. |
2546 | @item java | |
2547 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} Java compiler (gcj) | |
2548 | @item gnat | |
2549 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} Ada compiler (GNAT). | |
252b5132 RH |
2550 | @end table |
2551 | ||
2552 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2553 | Print a summary of the options to @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2554 | |
2555 | @item --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2556 | Print the version number of @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2557 | @end table |
2558 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2559 | @c man end |
2560 | ||
2561 | @ignore | |
2562 | @c man begin SEEALSO cxxfilt | |
2563 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2564 | @c man end | |
2565 | @end ignore | |
2566 | ||
252b5132 | 2567 | @quotation |
c7c55b78 | 2568 | @emph{Warning:} @command{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its |
252b5132 RH |
2569 | user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, |
2570 | a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name | |
2571 | passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, | |
2572 | ||
2573 | @example | |
2574 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
2575 | @end example | |
2576 | ||
2577 | @noindent | |
2578 | may in a future release become | |
2579 | ||
2580 | @example | |
2581 | c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol} | |
2582 | @end example | |
2583 | @end quotation | |
2584 | ||
2585 | @node addr2line | |
2586 | @chapter addr2line | |
2587 | ||
2588 | @kindex addr2line | |
2589 | @cindex address to file name and line number | |
2590 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2591 | @c man title addr2line convert addresses into file names and line numbers. |
2592 | ||
252b5132 | 2593 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2594 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS addr2line |
c7c55b78 | 2595 | addr2line [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
bf44dd74 | 2596 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2597 | [@option{-e} @var{filename}|@option{--exe=}@var{filename}] |
2598 | [@option{-f}|@option{--functions}] [@option{-s}|@option{--basename}] | |
0c552dc1 | 2599 | [@option{-i}|@option{--inlines}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2600 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
2601 | [addr addr @dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 2602 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2603 | @end smallexample |
2604 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2605 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION addr2line |
2606 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2607 | @command{addr2line} translates program addresses into file names and line |
252b5132 RH |
2608 | numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging |
2609 | information in the executable to figure out which file name and line | |
2610 | number are associated with a given address. | |
2611 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2612 | The executable to use is specified with the @option{-e} option. The |
f20a759a | 2613 | default is the file @file{a.out}. |
252b5132 | 2614 | |
c7c55b78 | 2615 | @command{addr2line} has two modes of operation. |
252b5132 RH |
2616 | |
2617 | In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line, | |
c7c55b78 | 2618 | and @command{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each |
252b5132 RH |
2619 | address. |
2620 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2621 | In the second, @command{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from |
252b5132 | 2622 | standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each |
c7c55b78 | 2623 | address on standard output. In this mode, @command{addr2line} may be used |
252b5132 RH |
2624 | in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses. |
2625 | ||
2626 | The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and | |
2627 | line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the | |
c7c55b78 | 2628 | @command{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line is |
252b5132 RH |
2629 | preceded by a @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} line which is the name of the function |
2630 | containing the address. | |
2631 | ||
2632 | If the file name or function name can not be determined, | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2633 | @command{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the |
2634 | line number can not be determined, @command{addr2line} will print 0. | |
252b5132 | 2635 | |
0285c67d NC |
2636 | @c man end |
2637 | ||
2638 | @c man begin OPTIONS addr2line | |
2639 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2640 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
2641 | equivalent. | |
2642 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2643 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2644 | @item -b @var{bfdname} |
2645 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
2646 | @cindex object code format | |
2647 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
2648 | @var{bfdname}. | |
2649 | ||
2650 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 2651 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
2652 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
2653 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
2654 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
2655 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
2656 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
2657 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
2658 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 RH |
2659 | |
2660 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
2661 | @itemx --exe=@var{filename} | |
2662 | Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be | |
2663 | translated. The default file is @file{a.out}. | |
2664 | ||
2665 | @item -f | |
2666 | @itemx --functions | |
2667 | Display function names as well as file and line number information. | |
2668 | ||
2669 | @item -s | |
2670 | @itemx --basenames | |
2671 | Display only the base of each file name. | |
0c552dc1 FF |
2672 | |
2673 | @item -i | |
2674 | @itemx --inlines | |
2675 | If the address belongs to a function that was inlined, the source | |
2676 | information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined | |
2677 | function will also be printed. For example, if @code{main} inlines | |
2678 | @code{callee1} which inlines @code{callee2}, and address is from | |
2679 | @code{callee2}, the source information for @code{callee1} and @code{main} | |
2680 | will also be printed. | |
e107c42f | 2681 | @end table |
252b5132 | 2682 | |
0285c67d NC |
2683 | @c man end |
2684 | ||
2685 | @ignore | |
2686 | @c man begin SEEALSO addr2line | |
2687 | Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2688 | @c man end | |
2689 | @end ignore | |
2690 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2691 | @node nlmconv |
2692 | @chapter nlmconv | |
2693 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2694 | @command{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare |
252b5132 RH |
2695 | Loadable Module. |
2696 | ||
2697 | @ignore | |
c7c55b78 | 2698 | @command{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object |
252b5132 RH |
2699 | files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC} |
2700 | object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{ | |
c7c55b78 | 2701 | @command{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object |
252b5132 RH |
2702 | format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested |
2703 | with the above formats.}. | |
2704 | @end ignore | |
2705 | ||
2706 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 2707 | @emph{Warning:} @command{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
2708 | utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. |
2709 | @end quotation | |
2710 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2711 | @c man title nlmconv converts object code into an NLM. |
2712 | ||
252b5132 | 2713 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2714 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nlmconv |
c7c55b78 NC |
2715 | nlmconv [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] |
2716 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
2717 | [@option{-T} @var{headerfile}|@option{--header-file=}@var{headerfile}] | |
2718 | [@option{-d}|@option{--debug}] [@option{-l} @var{linker}|@option{--linker=}@var{linker}] | |
2719 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
252b5132 | 2720 | @var{infile} @var{outfile} |
0285c67d | 2721 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2722 | @end smallexample |
2723 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2724 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nlmconv |
2725 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2726 | @command{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file |
252b5132 RH |
2727 | @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally |
2728 | reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions | |
2729 | on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the | |
2730 | @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM | |
2731 | Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software | |
2732 | Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. | |
c7c55b78 | 2733 | @command{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read |
0285c67d NC |
2734 | @var{infile}; |
2735 | @ifclear man | |
2736 | see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for more information. | |
2737 | @end ifclear | |
252b5132 | 2738 | |
c7c55b78 | 2739 | @command{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list |
252b5132 RH |
2740 | more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions |
2741 | file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line). | |
c7c55b78 | 2742 | In this case, @command{nlmconv} calls the linker for you. |
252b5132 | 2743 | |
0285c67d NC |
2744 | @c man end |
2745 | ||
2746 | @c man begin OPTIONS nlmconv | |
2747 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2748 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2749 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
2750 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 2751 | Object format of the input file. @command{nlmconv} can usually determine |
252b5132 RH |
2752 | the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). |
2753 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2754 | ||
2755 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
2756 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 2757 | Object format of the output file. @command{nlmconv} infers the output |
252b5132 RH |
2758 | format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the |
2759 | output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}. | |
2760 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2761 | ||
2762 | @item -T @var{headerfile} | |
2763 | @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile} | |
2764 | Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on | |
2765 | writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the | |
2766 | @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools | |
2767 | Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available | |
2768 | from Novell, Inc. | |
2769 | ||
2770 | @item -d | |
2771 | @itemx --debug | |
c7c55b78 | 2772 | Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
2773 | |
2774 | @item -l @var{linker} | |
2775 | @itemx --linker=@var{linker} | |
2776 | Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an absolute or a | |
2777 | relative pathname. | |
2778 | ||
2779 | @item -h | |
2780 | @itemx --help | |
2781 | Prints a usage summary. | |
2782 | ||
2783 | @item -V | |
2784 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2785 | Prints the version number for @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
2786 | @end table |
2787 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2788 | @c man end |
2789 | ||
2790 | @ignore | |
2791 | @c man begin SEEALSO nlmconv | |
2792 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2793 | @c man end | |
2794 | @end ignore | |
2795 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2796 | @node windres |
2797 | @chapter windres | |
2798 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2799 | @command{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources. |
252b5132 RH |
2800 | |
2801 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 2802 | @emph{Warning:} @command{windres} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
2803 | utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. |
2804 | @end quotation | |
2805 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2806 | @c man title windres manipulate Windows resources. |
2807 | ||
252b5132 | 2808 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2809 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS windres |
252b5132 | 2810 | windres [options] [input-file] [output-file] |
0285c67d | 2811 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2812 | @end smallexample |
2813 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2814 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION windres |
2815 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2816 | @command{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into |
252b5132 RH |
2817 | an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats: |
2818 | ||
2819 | @table @code | |
2820 | @item rc | |
2821 | A text format read by the Resource Compiler. | |
2822 | ||
2823 | @item res | |
2824 | A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler. | |
2825 | ||
2826 | @item coff | |
2827 | A COFF object or executable. | |
2828 | @end table | |
2829 | ||
2830 | The exact description of these different formats is available in | |
2831 | documentation from Microsoft. | |
2832 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2833 | When @command{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res} |
252b5132 | 2834 | format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When |
c7c55b78 | 2835 | @command{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff} |
252b5132 RH |
2836 | format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program. |
2837 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2838 | When @command{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar |
252b5132 RH |
2839 | but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input |
2840 | @code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file | |
2841 | will instead include the file contents. | |
2842 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2843 | If the input or output format is not specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
2844 | guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents. |
2845 | A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc} | |
2846 | file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a | |
2847 | @code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or | |
2848 | @file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file. | |
2849 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2850 | If no output file is specified, @command{windres} will print the resources |
252b5132 RH |
2851 | in @code{rc} format to standard output. |
2852 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2853 | The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @command{windres} |
252b5132 RH |
2854 | to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into |
2855 | your application. This will make the resources described in the | |
2856 | @code{rc} file available to Windows. | |
2857 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2858 | @c man end |
2859 | ||
2860 | @c man begin OPTIONS windres | |
2861 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2862 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2863 | @item -i @var{filename} |
2864 | @itemx --input @var{filename} | |
2865 | The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2866 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file |
2867 | name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @command{windres} will | |
2868 | read from standard input. @command{windres} can not read a COFF file from | |
edbedb71 | 2869 | standard input. |
252b5132 RH |
2870 | |
2871 | @item -o @var{filename} | |
2872 | @itemx --output @var{filename} | |
2873 | The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 | 2874 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used |
252b5132 | 2875 | for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no |
c7c55b78 | 2876 | non-option argument, then @command{windres} will write to standard output. |
edbedb71 NC |
2877 | @command{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output. Note, |
2878 | for compatability with @command{rc} the option @option{-fo} is also | |
2879 | accepted, but its use is not recommended. | |
252b5132 | 2880 | |
85eb5110 | 2881 | @item -J @var{format} |
252b5132 RH |
2882 | @itemx --input-format @var{format} |
2883 | The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or | |
c7c55b78 | 2884 | @samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
2885 | guess, as described above. |
2886 | ||
2887 | @item -O @var{format} | |
2888 | @itemx --output-format @var{format} | |
2889 | The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, | |
2890 | @samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified, | |
c7c55b78 | 2891 | @command{windres} will guess, as described above. |
252b5132 RH |
2892 | |
2893 | @item -F @var{target} | |
2894 | @itemx --target @var{target} | |
2895 | Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2896 | is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list |
2897 | of supported targets. Normally @command{windres} will use the default | |
2898 | format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option. | |
2899 | @ifclear man | |
252b5132 | 2900 | @ref{Target Selection}. |
c7c55b78 | 2901 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
2902 | |
2903 | @item --preprocessor @var{program} | |
c7c55b78 | 2904 | When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C |
252b5132 RH |
2905 | preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor |
2906 | to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor | |
2907 | argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}. | |
2908 | ||
85eb5110 NC |
2909 | @item -I @var{directory} |
2910 | @itemx --include-dir @var{directory} | |
252b5132 | 2911 | Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file. |
c7c55b78 NC |
2912 | @command{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @option{-I} |
2913 | option. @command{windres} will also search this directory when looking for | |
85eb5110 NC |
2914 | files named in the @code{rc} file. If the argument passed to this command |
2915 | matches any of the supported @var{formats} (as descrived in the @option{-J} | |
2916 | option), it will issue a deprecation warning, and behave just like the | |
2917 | @option{-J} option. New programs should not use this behaviour. If a | |
2918 | directory happens to match a @var{format}, simple prefix it with @samp{./} | |
2919 | to disable the backward compatibility. | |
252b5132 | 2920 | |
751d21b5 | 2921 | @item -D @var{target} |
ad0481cd | 2922 | @itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}] |
c7c55b78 | 2923 | Specify a @option{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an |
252b5132 RH |
2924 | @code{rc} file. |
2925 | ||
29b058f1 NC |
2926 | @item -U @var{target} |
2927 | @itemx --undefine @var{sym} | |
2928 | Specify a @option{-U} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an | |
2929 | @code{rc} file. | |
2930 | ||
3126d709 CF |
2931 | @item -r |
2932 | Ignored for compatibility with rc. | |
2933 | ||
751d21b5 DD |
2934 | @item -v |
2935 | Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you | |
2936 | didn't specify one. | |
2937 | ||
3077f5d8 | 2938 | @item -l @var{val} |
252b5132 RH |
2939 | @item --language @var{val} |
2940 | Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file. | |
2941 | @var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are | |
2942 | the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage. | |
2943 | ||
5a298d2d NC |
2944 | @item --use-temp-file |
2945 | Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of | |
2946 | the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy | |
2947 | on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and | |
2948 | Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead | |
2949 | go the console). | |
2950 | ||
2951 | @item --no-use-temp-file | |
2952 | Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor. | |
2953 | This is the default behaviour. | |
2954 | ||
3077f5d8 | 2955 | @item -h |
252b5132 RH |
2956 | @item --help |
2957 | Prints a usage summary. | |
2958 | ||
3077f5d8 | 2959 | @item -V |
252b5132 | 2960 | @item --version |
c7c55b78 | 2961 | Prints the version number for @command{windres}. |
252b5132 RH |
2962 | |
2963 | @item --yydebug | |
c7c55b78 | 2964 | If @command{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1}, |
252b5132 RH |
2965 | this will turn on parser debugging. |
2966 | @end table | |
2967 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2968 | @c man end |
2969 | ||
2970 | @ignore | |
2971 | @c man begin SEEALSO windres | |
2972 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2973 | @c man end | |
2974 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 RH |
2975 | |
2976 | @node dlltool | |
2aa9814e | 2977 | @chapter dlltool |
252b5132 RH |
2978 | @cindex DLL |
2979 | @kindex dlltool | |
2980 | ||
2aa9814e BE |
2981 | @command{dlltool} is used to create the files needed to create dynamic |
2982 | link libraries (DLLs) on systems which understand PE format image | |
2983 | files such as Windows. A DLL contains an export table which contains | |
2984 | information that the runtime loader needs to resolve references from a | |
2985 | referencing program. | |
2986 | ||
2987 | The export table is generated by this program by reading in a | |
2988 | @file{.def} file or scanning the @file{.a} and @file{.o} files which | |
2989 | will be in the DLL. A @file{.o} file can contain information in | |
2990 | special @samp{.drectve} sections with export information. | |
252b5132 RH |
2991 | |
2992 | @quotation | |
2aa9814e BE |
2993 | @emph{Note:} @command{dlltool} is not always built as part of the |
2994 | binary utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which | |
2995 | support DLLs. | |
252b5132 RH |
2996 | @end quotation |
2997 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2998 | @c man title dlltool Create files needed to build and use DLLs. |
2999 | ||
252b5132 | 3000 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3001 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS dlltool |
c7c55b78 NC |
3002 | dlltool [@option{-d}|@option{--input-def} @var{def-file-name}] |
3003 | [@option{-b}|@option{--base-file} @var{base-file-name}] | |
3004 | [@option{-e}|@option{--output-exp} @var{exports-file-name}] | |
3005 | [@option{-z}|@option{--output-def} @var{def-file-name}] | |
3006 | [@option{-l}|@option{--output-lib} @var{library-file-name}] | |
3007 | [@option{--export-all-symbols}] [@option{--no-export-all-symbols}] | |
3008 | [@option{--exclude-symbols} @var{list}] | |
3009 | [@option{--no-default-excludes}] | |
3010 | [@option{-S}|@option{--as} @var{path-to-assembler}] [@option{-f}|@option{--as-flags} @var{options}] | |
3011 | [@option{-D}|@option{--dllname} @var{name}] [@option{-m}|@option{--machine} @var{machine}] | |
3012 | [@option{-a}|@option{--add-indirect}] [@option{-U}|@option{--add-underscore}] [@option{-k}|@option{--kill-at}] | |
3013 | [@option{-A}|@option{--add-stdcall-alias}] | |
607dea97 | 3014 | [@option{-p}|@option{--ext-prefix-alias} @var{prefix}] |
c7c55b78 | 3015 | [@option{-x}|@option{--no-idata4}] [@option{-c}|@option{--no-idata5}] [@option{-i}|@option{--interwork}] |
f9346411 DS |
3016 | [@option{-n}|@option{--nodelete}] [@option{-t}|@option{--temp-prefix} @var{prefix}] |
3017 | [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] | |
c7c55b78 | 3018 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
252b5132 | 3019 | [object-file @dots{}] |
0285c67d | 3020 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3021 | @end smallexample |
3022 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3023 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION dlltool |
3024 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
3025 | @command{dlltool} reads its inputs, which can come from the @option{-d} and |
3026 | @option{-b} options as well as object files specified on the command | |
3027 | line. It then processes these inputs and if the @option{-e} option has | |
3028 | been specified it creates a exports file. If the @option{-l} option | |
3029 | has been specified it creates a library file and if the @option{-z} option | |
3030 | has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the @option{-e}, | |
3031 | @option{-l} and @option{-z} options can be present in one invocation of | |
3032 | dlltool. | |
252b5132 RH |
3033 | |
3034 | When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary | |
c7c55b78 | 3035 | to have three other files. @command{dlltool} can help with the creation of |
252b5132 RH |
3036 | these files. |
3037 | ||
2aa9814e | 3038 | The first file is a @file{.def} file which specifies which functions are |
252b5132 | 3039 | exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This |
c7c55b78 NC |
3040 | is a text file and can be created by hand, or @command{dlltool} can be used |
3041 | to create it using the @option{-z} option. In this case @command{dlltool} | |
252b5132 RH |
3042 | will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for |
3043 | those functions which have been specially marked as being exported and | |
2aa9814e | 3044 | put entries for them in the @file{.def} file it creates. |
252b5132 RH |
3045 | |
3046 | In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to | |
c7c55b78 | 3047 | have an @option{-export:<name_of_function>} entry in the @samp{.drectve} |
252b5132 RH |
3048 | section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the |
3049 | asm() operator: | |
3050 | ||
3051 | @smallexample | |
3052 | asm (".section .drectve"); | |
3053 | asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\""); | |
3054 | ||
3055 | int my_func (void) @{ @dots{} @} | |
3056 | @end smallexample | |
3057 | ||
3058 | The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file | |
3059 | is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it | |
3060 | handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a | |
c7c55b78 | 3061 | binary file and it can be created by giving the @option{-e} option to |
2aa9814e | 3062 | @command{dlltool} when it is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file. |
252b5132 RH |
3063 | |
3064 | The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs | |
3065 | will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL. This file | |
c7c55b78 | 3066 | can be created by giving the @option{-l} option to dlltool when it |
2aa9814e | 3067 | is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file. |
252b5132 | 3068 | |
c7c55b78 | 3069 | @command{dlltool} builds the library file by hand, but it builds the |
252b5132 | 3070 | exports file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements |
c7c55b78 | 3071 | and then assembling these. The @option{-S} command line option can be |
252b5132 | 3072 | used to specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use, |
c7c55b78 NC |
3073 | and the @option{-f} option can be used to pass specific flags to that |
3074 | assembler. The @option{-n} can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting | |
3075 | these temporary assembler files when it is done, and if @option{-n} is | |
252b5132 RH |
3076 | specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the |
3077 | temporary object files it used to build the library. | |
3078 | ||
3079 | Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file @samp{dll.c} and | |
3080 | also creating a program (from an object file called @samp{program.o}) | |
3081 | that uses that DLL: | |
3082 | ||
3083 | @smallexample | |
3084 | gcc -c dll.c | |
3085 | dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o | |
3086 | gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll | |
3087 | gcc program.o dll.lib -o program | |
3088 | @end smallexample | |
3089 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3090 | @c man end |
3091 | ||
3092 | @c man begin OPTIONS dlltool | |
3093 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3094 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
3095 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3096 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
3097 | |
3098 | @item -d @var{filename} | |
3099 | @itemx --input-def @var{filename} | |
3100 | @cindex input .def file | |
2aa9814e | 3101 | Specifies the name of a @file{.def} file to be read in and processed. |
252b5132 RH |
3102 | |
3103 | @item -b @var{filename} | |
3104 | @itemx --base-file @var{filename} | |
3105 | @cindex base files | |
3106 | Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The | |
3107 | contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in the | |
3108 | exports file generated by dlltool. | |
3109 | ||
3110 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
3111 | @itemx --output-exp @var{filename} | |
3112 | Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool. | |
3113 | ||
3114 | @item -z @var{filename} | |
3115 | @itemx --output-def @var{filename} | |
2aa9814e | 3116 | Specifies the name of the @file{.def} file to be created by dlltool. |
252b5132 RH |
3117 | |
3118 | @item -l @var{filename} | |
3119 | @itemx --output-lib @var{filename} | |
3120 | Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool. | |
3121 | ||
3122 | @item --export-all-symbols | |
3123 | Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object | |
3124 | files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which | |
c7c55b78 | 3125 | are not exported by default; see the @option{--no-default-excludes} |
252b5132 | 3126 | option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the |
c7c55b78 | 3127 | @option{--exclude-symbols} option. |
252b5132 RH |
3128 | |
3129 | @item --no-export-all-symbols | |
2aa9814e | 3130 | Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input @file{.def} file or in |
252b5132 RH |
3131 | @samp{.drectve} sections in the input object files. This is the default |
3132 | behaviour. The @samp{.drectve} sections are created by @samp{dllexport} | |
3133 | attributes in the source code. | |
3134 | ||
3135 | @item --exclude-symbols @var{list} | |
3136 | Do not export the symbols in @var{list}. This is a list of symbol names | |
3137 | separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should not | |
3138 | contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when | |
c7c55b78 | 3139 | @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
3140 | |
3141 | @item --no-default-excludes | |
c7c55b78 | 3142 | When @option{--export-all-symbols} is used, it will by default avoid |
252b5132 RH |
3143 | exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to avoid |
3144 | exporting is @samp{DllMain@@12}, @samp{DllEntryPoint@@0}, | |
c7c55b78 | 3145 | @samp{impure_ptr}. You may use the @option{--no-default-excludes} option |
252b5132 | 3146 | to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful |
c7c55b78 | 3147 | when @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
3148 | |
3149 | @item -S @var{path} | |
3150 | @itemx --as @var{path} | |
3151 | Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used | |
3152 | to create the exports file. | |
3153 | ||
6364e0b4 NC |
3154 | @item -f @var{options} |
3155 | @itemx --as-flags @var{options} | |
3156 | Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the | |
252b5132 | 3157 | assembler when building the exports file. This option will work even if |
c7c55b78 | 3158 | the @option{-S} option is not used. This option only takes one argument, |
252b5132 RH |
3159 | and if it occurs more than once on the command line, then later |
3160 | occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if it is necessary to | |
6364e0b4 | 3161 | pass multiple options to the assembler they should be enclosed in |
252b5132 RH |
3162 | double quotes. |
3163 | ||
3164 | @item -D @var{name} | |
3165 | @itemx --dll-name @var{name} | |
2aa9814e BE |
3166 | Specifies the name to be stored in the @file{.def} file as the name of |
3167 | the DLL when the @option{-e} option is used. If this option is not | |
3168 | present, then the filename given to the @option{-e} option will be | |
3169 | used as the name of the DLL. | |
252b5132 RH |
3170 | |
3171 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
3172 | @itemx -machine @var{machine} | |
3173 | Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be | |
c7c55b78 | 3174 | built. @command{dlltool} has a built in default type, depending upon how |
252b5132 RH |
3175 | it was created, but this option can be used to override that. This is |
3176 | normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM processor, when the | |
c36774d6 | 3177 | contents of the DLL are actually encode using Thumb instructions. |
252b5132 RH |
3178 | |
3179 | @item -a | |
3180 | @itemx --add-indirect | |
c7c55b78 | 3181 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
3182 | should add a section which allows the exported functions to be |
3183 | referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell that | |
3184 | means! | |
3185 | ||
3186 | @item -U | |
3187 | @itemx --add-underscore | |
c7c55b78 | 3188 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
3189 | should prepend an underscore to the names of the exported functions. |
3190 | ||
3191 | @item -k | |
3192 | @itemx --kill-at | |
c7c55b78 | 3193 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
d67a454c NC |
3194 | should not append the string @samp{@@ <number>}. These numbers are |
3195 | called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of accessing the | |
3196 | function in a DLL, other than by name. | |
252b5132 RH |
3197 | |
3198 | @item -A | |
3199 | @itemx --add-stdcall-alias | |
c7c55b78 | 3200 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
3201 | should add aliases for stdcall symbols without @samp{@@ <number>} |
3202 | in addition to the symbols with @samp{@@ <number>}. | |
3203 | ||
607dea97 NC |
3204 | @item -p |
3205 | @itemx --ext-prefix-alias @var{prefix} | |
3206 | Causes @command{dlltool} to create external aliases for all DLL | |
3207 | imports with the specified prefix. The aliases are created for both | |
3208 | external and import symbols with no leading underscore. | |
3209 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3210 | @item -x |
3211 | @itemx --no-idata4 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
3212 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
3213 | files it should omit the @code{.idata4} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
3214 | with certain operating systems. |
3215 | ||
3216 | @item -c | |
3217 | @itemx --no-idata5 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
3218 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
3219 | files it should omit the @code{.idata5} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
3220 | with certain operating systems. |
3221 | ||
3222 | @item -i | |
3223 | @itemx --interwork | |
c7c55b78 | 3224 | Specifies that @command{dlltool} should mark the objects in the library |
252b5132 | 3225 | file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking |
c36774d6 | 3226 | between ARM and Thumb code. |
252b5132 RH |
3227 | |
3228 | @item -n | |
3229 | @itemx --nodelete | |
c7c55b78 | 3230 | Makes @command{dlltool} preserve the temporary assembler files it used to |
252b5132 RH |
3231 | create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool will |
3232 | also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create the library | |
f9346411 DS |
3233 | file. |
3234 | ||
3235 | @item -t @var{prefix} | |
3236 | @itemx --temp-prefix @var{prefix} | |
3237 | Makes @command{dlltool} use @var{prefix} when constructing the names of | |
3238 | temporary assembler and object files. By default, the temp file prefix | |
3239 | is generated from the pid. | |
252b5132 RH |
3240 | |
3241 | @item -v | |
3242 | @itemx --verbose | |
3243 | Make dlltool describe what it is doing. | |
3244 | ||
3245 | @item -h | |
3246 | @itemx --help | |
3247 | Displays a list of command line options and then exits. | |
3248 | ||
3249 | @item -V | |
3250 | @itemx --version | |
3251 | Displays dlltool's version number and then exits. | |
3252 | ||
3253 | @end table | |
3254 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3255 | @c man end |
3256 | ||
2aa9814e BE |
3257 | @menu |
3258 | * def file format:: The format of the dlltool @file{.def} file | |
3259 | @end menu | |
3260 | ||
3261 | @node def file format | |
3262 | @section The format of the @command{dlltool} @file{.def} file | |
3263 | ||
3264 | A @file{.def} file contains any number of the following commands: | |
3265 | ||
3266 | @table @asis | |
3267 | ||
3268 | @item @code{NAME} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]} | |
3269 | The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.exe}. | |
3270 | ||
3271 | @item @code{LIBRARY} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]} | |
3272 | The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.dll}. | |
3273 | ||
3274 | @item @code{EXPORTS ( ( (} @var{name1} @code{[ = } @var{name2} @code{] ) | ( } @var{name1} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) )} | |
3275 | @item @code{[} @var{integer} @code{] [ NONAME ] [ CONSTANT ] [ DATA ] [ PRIVATE ] ) *} | |
3276 | Declares @var{name1} as an exported symbol from the DLL, with optional | |
3277 | ordinal number @var{integer}, or declares @var{name1} as an alias | |
3278 | (forward) of the function @var{external-name} in the DLL | |
3279 | @var{module-name}. | |
3280 | ||
3281 | @item @code{IMPORTS ( (} @var{internal-name} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{integer} @code{) | [} @var{internal-name} @code{= ]} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) ) *} | |
3282 | Declares that @var{external-name} or the exported function whose | |
3283 | ordinal number is @var{integer} is to be imported from the file | |
3284 | @var{module-name}. If @var{internal-name} is specified then this is | |
3285 | the name that the imported function will be referred to in the body of | |
3286 | the DLL. | |
3287 | ||
3288 | @item @code{DESCRIPTION} @var{string} | |
3289 | Puts @var{string} into the output @file{.exp} file in the | |
3290 | @code{.rdata} section. | |
3291 | ||
3292 | @item @code{STACKSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]} | |
3293 | @item @code{HEAPSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]} | |
3294 | Generates @code{--stack} or @code{--heap} | |
3295 | @var{number-reserve},@var{number-commit} in the output @code{.drectve} | |
3296 | section. The linker will see this and act upon it. | |
3297 | ||
3298 | @item @code{CODE} @var{attr} @code{+} | |
3299 | @item @code{DATA} @var{attr} @code{+} | |
3300 | @item @code{SECTIONS (} @var{section-name} @var{attr}@code{ + ) *} | |
3301 | Generates @code{--attr} @var{section-name} @var{attr} in the output | |
3302 | @code{.drectve} section, where @var{attr} is one of @code{READ}, | |
3303 | @code{WRITE}, @code{EXECUTE} or @code{SHARED}. The linker will see | |
3304 | this and act upon it. | |
3305 | ||
3306 | @end table | |
3307 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3308 | @ignore |
3309 | @c man begin SEEALSO dlltool | |
2aa9814e | 3310 | The Info pages for @file{binutils}. |
0285c67d NC |
3311 | @c man end |
3312 | @end ignore | |
3313 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3314 | @node readelf |
3315 | @chapter readelf | |
3316 | ||
3317 | @cindex ELF file information | |
3318 | @kindex readelf | |
3319 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3320 | @c man title readelf Displays information about ELF files. |
3321 | ||
252b5132 | 3322 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3323 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS readelf |
c7c55b78 NC |
3324 | readelf [@option{-a}|@option{--all}] |
3325 | [@option{-h}|@option{--file-header}] | |
3326 | [@option{-l}|@option{--program-headers}|@option{--segments}] | |
3327 | [@option{-S}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--sections}] | |
81fc812e | 3328 | [@option{-g}|@option{--section-groups}] |
5477e8a0 | 3329 | [@option{-t}|@option{--section-details}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
3330 | [@option{-e}|@option{--headers}] |
3331 | [@option{-s}|@option{--syms}|@option{--symbols}] | |
3332 | [@option{-n}|@option{--notes}] | |
3333 | [@option{-r}|@option{--relocs}] | |
3334 | [@option{-u}|@option{--unwind}] | |
3335 | [@option{-d}|@option{--dynamic}] | |
3336 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version-info}] | |
947ed062 | 3337 | [@option{-A}|@option{--arch-specific}] |
c7c55b78 | 3338 | [@option{-D}|@option{--use-dynamic}] |
aef1f6d0 | 3339 | [@option{-x} <number or name>|@option{--hex-dump=}<number or name>] |
18bd398b NC |
3340 | [@option{-w[liaprmfFsoR]}| |
3341 | @option{--debug-dump}[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]] | |
947ed062 | 3342 | [@option{-I}|@option{-histogram}] |
c7c55b78 | 3343 | [@option{-v}|@option{--version}] |
d974e256 | 3344 | [@option{-W}|@option{--wide}] |
c7c55b78 | 3345 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] |
252b5132 | 3346 | @var{elffile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 3347 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3348 | @end smallexample |
3349 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3350 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION readelf |
3351 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3352 | @command{readelf} displays information about one or more ELF format object |
252b5132 RH |
3353 | files. The options control what particular information to display. |
3354 | ||
fb52b2f4 NC |
3355 | @var{elffile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and |
3356 | 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files. | |
252b5132 | 3357 | |
9eb20dd8 NC |
3358 | This program performs a similar function to @command{objdump} but it |
3359 | goes into more detail and it exists independently of the @sc{bfd} | |
3360 | library, so if there is a bug in @sc{bfd} then readelf will not be | |
3361 | affected. | |
3362 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3363 | @c man end |
3364 | ||
3365 | @c man begin OPTIONS readelf | |
3366 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3367 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
3368 | equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-v} or @samp{-H} must be | |
3369 | given. | |
3370 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3371 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
3372 | @item -a |
3373 | @itemx --all | |
c7c55b78 NC |
3374 | Equivalent to specifiying @option{--file-header}, |
3375 | @option{--program-headers}, @option{--sections}, @option{--symbols}, | |
3376 | @option{--relocs}, @option{--dynamic}, @option{--notes} and | |
3377 | @option{--version-info}. | |
252b5132 RH |
3378 | |
3379 | @item -h | |
3380 | @itemx --file-header | |
3381 | @cindex ELF file header information | |
3382 | Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the | |
3383 | file. | |
3384 | ||
3385 | @item -l | |
3386 | @itemx --program-headers | |
3387 | @itemx --segments | |
3388 | @cindex ELF program header information | |
3389 | @cindex ELF segment information | |
3390 | Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it | |
3391 | has any. | |
3392 | ||
3393 | @item -S | |
3394 | @itemx --sections | |
3395 | @itemx --section-headers | |
3396 | @cindex ELF section information | |
3397 | Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it | |
3398 | has any. | |
3399 | ||
81fc812e L |
3400 | @item -g |
3401 | @itemx --section-groups | |
3402 | @cindex ELF section group information | |
3403 | Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it | |
3404 | has any. | |
3405 | ||
5477e8a0 L |
3406 | @item -t |
3407 | @itemx --section-details | |
3408 | @cindex ELF section information | |
3409 | Displays the detailed section information. Implies @option{-S}. | |
81fc812e | 3410 | |
252b5132 RH |
3411 | @item -s |
3412 | @itemx --symbols | |
3413 | @itemx --syms | |
3414 | @cindex ELF symbol table information | |
3415 | Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one. | |
3416 | ||
3417 | @item -e | |
3418 | @itemx --headers | |
c7c55b78 | 3419 | Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @option{-h -l -S}. |
252b5132 | 3420 | |
779fe533 NC |
3421 | @item -n |
3422 | @itemx --notes | |
1ec5cd37 NC |
3423 | @cindex ELF notes |
3424 | Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any. | |
779fe533 | 3425 | |
252b5132 RH |
3426 | @item -r |
3427 | @itemx --relocs | |
3428 | @cindex ELF reloc information | |
f5e21966 NC |
3429 | Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one. |
3430 | ||
3431 | @item -u | |
3432 | @itemx --unwind | |
3433 | @cindex unwind information | |
3434 | Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only | |
3435 | the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently supported. | |
252b5132 RH |
3436 | |
3437 | @item -d | |
3438 | @itemx --dynamic | |
3439 | @cindex ELF dynamic section information | |
3440 | Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one. | |
3441 | ||
3442 | @item -V | |
3443 | @itemx --version-info | |
3444 | @cindex ELF version sections informations | |
3445 | Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they | |
3446 | exist. | |
3447 | ||
947ed062 NC |
3448 | @item -A |
3449 | @itemx --arch-specific | |
3450 | Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there | |
3451 | is any. | |
3452 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3453 | @item -D |
3454 | @itemx --use-dynamic | |
c7c55b78 | 3455 | When displaying symbols, this option makes @command{readelf} use the |
6dbb55b6 | 3456 | symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in the |
252b5132 RH |
3457 | symbols section. |
3458 | ||
aef1f6d0 DJ |
3459 | @item -x <number or name> |
3460 | @itemx --hex-dump=<number or name> | |
252b5132 | 3461 | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal dump. |
aef1f6d0 DJ |
3462 | A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; |
3463 | any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. | |
252b5132 | 3464 | |
18bd398b NC |
3465 | @item -w[liaprmfFsoR] |
3466 | @itemx --debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges] | |
252b5132 RH |
3467 | Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are |
3468 | present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch | |
3469 | then only data found in those specific sections will be dumped. | |
3470 | ||
947ed062 NC |
3471 | @item -I |
3472 | @itemx --histogram | |
252b5132 RH |
3473 | Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents |
3474 | of the symbol tables. | |
3475 | ||
3476 | @item -v | |
3477 | @itemx --version | |
3478 | Display the version number of readelf. | |
3479 | ||
d974e256 JJ |
3480 | @item -W |
3481 | @itemx --wide | |
3482 | Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default | |
3483 | @command{readelf} breaks section header and segment listing lines for | |
3484 | 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes | |
3485 | @command{readelf} to print each section header resp. each segment one a | |
3486 | single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns. | |
3487 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3488 | @item -H |
3489 | @itemx --help | |
c7c55b78 | 3490 | Display the command line options understood by @command{readelf}. |
252b5132 RH |
3491 | |
3492 | @end table | |
3493 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3494 | @c man end |
3495 | ||
3496 | @ignore | |
3497 | @c man begin SEEALSO readelf | |
3498 | objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
3499 | @c man end | |
3500 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 | 3501 | |
07012eee MM |
3502 | @node Common Options |
3503 | @chapter Common Options | |
3504 | ||
3505 | The following command-line options are supported by all of the | |
3506 | programs described in this manual. | |
3507 | ||
3508 | @table @env | |
1334d4d5 | 3509 | @include @value{top_srcdir}/../libiberty/at-file.texi |
07012eee MM |
3510 | |
3511 | @item --help | |
3512 | Display the command-line options supported by the program. | |
3513 | ||
3514 | @item --version | |
3515 | Display the version number of the program. | |
3516 | ||
3517 | @end table | |
3518 | ||
252b5132 | 3519 | @node Selecting The Target System |
947ed062 | 3520 | @chapter Selecting the Target System |
252b5132 | 3521 | |
947ed062 | 3522 | You can specify two aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu} |
252b5132 RH |
3523 | binary file utilities, each in several ways: |
3524 | ||
3525 | @itemize @bullet | |
3526 | @item | |
3527 | the target | |
3528 | ||
3529 | @item | |
3530 | the architecture | |
252b5132 RH |
3531 | @end itemize |
3532 | ||
3533 | In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in | |
3534 | order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those | |
3535 | listed later. | |
3536 | ||
3537 | The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the | |
3538 | programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with | |
c7c55b78 | 3539 | @option{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available |
252b5132 RH |
3540 | values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at |
3541 | once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts | |
3542 | with the same type as the target system). | |
3543 | ||
3544 | @menu | |
3545 | * Target Selection:: | |
3546 | * Architecture Selection:: | |
252b5132 RH |
3547 | @end menu |
3548 | ||
3549 | @node Target Selection | |
3550 | @section Target Selection | |
3551 | ||
3552 | A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be | |
3553 | supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}). | |
3554 | A target selection may also have variations for different operating | |
3555 | systems or architectures. | |
3556 | ||
3557 | The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i} | |
3558 | (the first column of output contains the relevant information). | |
3559 | ||
3560 | Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, | |
3561 | @samp{a.out-sunos-big}. | |
3562 | ||
3563 | You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is | |
f20a759a ILT |
3564 | the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a |
3565 | target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be | |
3566 | fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by | |
252b5132 RH |
3567 | running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the |
3568 | sources. | |
3569 | ||
3570 | Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd}, | |
3571 | @samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}. | |
3572 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3573 | @subheading @command{objdump} Target |
252b5132 RH |
3574 | |
3575 | Ways to specify: | |
3576 | ||
3577 | @enumerate | |
3578 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3579 | command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3580 | |
3581 | @item | |
3582 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3583 | ||
3584 | @item | |
3585 | deduced from the input file | |
3586 | @end enumerate | |
3587 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3588 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target |
252b5132 RH |
3589 | |
3590 | Ways to specify: | |
3591 | ||
3592 | @enumerate | |
3593 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3594 | command line options: @option{-I} or @option{--input-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3595 | |
3596 | @item | |
3597 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3598 | ||
3599 | @item | |
3600 | deduced from the input file | |
3601 | @end enumerate | |
3602 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3603 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Output Target |
252b5132 RH |
3604 | |
3605 | Ways to specify: | |
3606 | ||
3607 | @enumerate | |
3608 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3609 | command line options: @option{-O} or @option{--output-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3610 | |
3611 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3612 | the input target (see ``@command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target'' above) |
252b5132 RH |
3613 | |
3614 | @item | |
3615 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3616 | ||
3617 | @item | |
3618 | deduced from the input file | |
3619 | @end enumerate | |
3620 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3621 | @subheading @command{nm}, @command{size}, and @command{strings} Target |
252b5132 RH |
3622 | |
3623 | Ways to specify: | |
3624 | ||
3625 | @enumerate | |
3626 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3627 | command line option: @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3628 | |
3629 | @item | |
3630 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3631 | ||
3632 | @item | |
3633 | deduced from the input file | |
3634 | @end enumerate | |
3635 | ||
252b5132 | 3636 | @node Architecture Selection |
947ed062 | 3637 | @section Architecture Selection |
252b5132 RH |
3638 | |
3639 | An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is | |
3640 | to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the | |
3641 | processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}. | |
3642 | ||
3643 | The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the | |
3644 | second column contains the relevant information). | |
3645 | ||
3646 | Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}. | |
3647 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3648 | @subheading @command{objdump} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
3649 | |
3650 | Ways to specify: | |
3651 | ||
3652 | @enumerate | |
3653 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3654 | command line option: @option{-m} or @option{--architecture} |
252b5132 RH |
3655 | |
3656 | @item | |
3657 | deduced from the input file | |
3658 | @end enumerate | |
3659 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3660 | @subheading @command{objcopy}, @command{nm}, @command{size}, @command{strings} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
3661 | |
3662 | Ways to specify: | |
3663 | ||
3664 | @enumerate | |
3665 | @item | |
3666 | deduced from the input file | |
3667 | @end enumerate | |
3668 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3669 | @node Reporting Bugs |
3670 | @chapter Reporting Bugs | |
3671 | @cindex bugs | |
3672 | @cindex reporting bugs | |
3673 | ||
3674 | Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities | |
3675 | reliable. | |
3676 | ||
3677 | Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or | |
3678 | it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is | |
3679 | to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary | |
3680 | utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their | |
3681 | maintenance. | |
3682 | ||
3683 | In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the | |
3684 | information that enables us to fix the bug. | |
3685 | ||
3686 | @menu | |
3687 | * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? | |
3688 | * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs | |
3689 | @end menu | |
3690 | ||
3691 | @node Bug Criteria | |
947ed062 | 3692 | @section Have You Found a Bug? |
252b5132 RH |
3693 | @cindex bug criteria |
3694 | ||
3695 | If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines: | |
3696 | ||
3697 | @itemize @bullet | |
3698 | @cindex fatal signal | |
3699 | @cindex crash | |
3700 | @item | |
3701 | If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is | |
3702 | a bug. Reliable utilities never crash. | |
3703 | ||
3704 | @cindex error on valid input | |
3705 | @item | |
3706 | If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a | |
3707 | bug. | |
3708 | ||
3709 | @item | |
3710 | If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for | |
3711 | improvement are welcome in any case. | |
3712 | @end itemize | |
3713 | ||
3714 | @node Bug Reporting | |
947ed062 | 3715 | @section How to Report Bugs |
252b5132 RH |
3716 | @cindex bug reports |
3717 | @cindex bugs, reporting | |
3718 | ||
3719 | A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} | |
3720 | products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support | |
3721 | organization, we recommend you contact that organization first. | |
3722 | ||
3723 | You can find contact information for many support companies and | |
3724 | individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs | |
3725 | distribution. | |
3726 | ||
3727 | In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary | |
2f952d20 | 3728 | utilities to @samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org}. |
252b5132 RH |
3729 | |
3730 | The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: | |
3731 | @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a | |
3732 | fact or leave it out, state it! | |
3733 | ||
3734 | Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the | |
3735 | problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might | |
3736 | assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter. | |
3737 | Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is | |
3738 | a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where | |
3739 | that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were | |
3740 | different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into | |
3741 | doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a | |
3742 | specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, | |
3743 | and the most helpful. | |
3744 | ||
3745 | Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if | |
3746 | it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption | |
3747 | that the bug has not been reported previously. | |
3748 | ||
3749 | Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a | |
947ed062 NC |
3750 | bell?'' This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We |
3751 | respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. | |
3752 | You might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. | |
252b5132 RH |
3753 | |
3754 | To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things: | |
3755 | ||
3756 | @itemize @bullet | |
3757 | @item | |
3758 | The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it | |
c7c55b78 | 3759 | with the @option{--version} argument. |
252b5132 RH |
3760 | |
3761 | Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for | |
3762 | the bug in the current version of the binary utilities. | |
3763 | ||
3764 | @item | |
3765 | Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches | |
3766 | made to the @code{BFD} library. | |
3767 | ||
3768 | @item | |
3769 | The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and | |
3770 | version number. | |
3771 | ||
3772 | @item | |
3773 | What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g. | |
3774 | ``@code{gcc-2.7}''. | |
3775 | ||
3776 | @item | |
3777 | The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To | |
3778 | guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy | |
3779 | of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient. | |
3780 | ||
3781 | If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong | |
3782 | and then we might not encounter the bug. | |
3783 | ||
3784 | @item | |
3785 | A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the | |
3786 | bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is | |
3787 | generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if | |
757acbc5 | 3788 | necessary to get them through the mail system. Note that |
2f952d20 | 3789 | @samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org} is a mailing list, so you should avoid |
757acbc5 ILT |
3790 | sending very large files to it. Making the files available for |
3791 | anonymous FTP is OK. | |
252b5132 RH |
3792 | |
3793 | If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs | |
c7c55b78 | 3794 | (e.g., @command{gcc}, @command{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @command{ld}), then it |
252b5132 | 3795 | may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In |
c7c55b78 | 3796 | this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @command{gcc}, or |
252b5132 | 3797 | whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how |
c7c55b78 | 3798 | @command{gcc}, or whatever, was configured. |
252b5132 RH |
3799 | |
3800 | @item | |
3801 | A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is | |
3802 | incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.'' | |
3803 | ||
3804 | Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we | |
3805 | will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might | |
3806 | not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us | |
3807 | a chance to make a mistake. | |
3808 | ||
3809 | Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still | |
f20a759a | 3810 | say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your |
252b5132 RH |
3811 | copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in |
3812 | the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might | |
3813 | crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when | |
3814 | ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for | |
3815 | us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able | |
3816 | to draw any conclusion from our observations. | |
3817 | ||
3818 | @item | |
3819 | If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as | |
c7c55b78 | 3820 | generated by @command{diff} with the @option{-u}, @option{-c}, or @option{-p} |
252b5132 | 3821 | option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you |
c7c55b78 | 3822 | wish to discuss something in the @command{ld} source, refer to it by |
f20a759a | 3823 | context, not by line number. |
252b5132 RH |
3824 | |
3825 | The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your | |
3826 | sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us. | |
3827 | @end itemize | |
3828 | ||
3829 | Here are some things that are not necessary: | |
3830 | ||
3831 | @itemize @bullet | |
3832 | @item | |
3833 | A description of the envelope of the bug. | |
3834 | ||
3835 | Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating | |
3836 | which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which | |
3837 | changes will not affect it. | |
3838 | ||
3839 | This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we | |
3840 | will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger | |
3841 | with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. | |
3842 | We recommend that you save your time for something else. | |
3843 | ||
3844 | Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead} | |
3845 | of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the | |
3846 | output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take | |
3847 | less time, and so on. | |
3848 | ||
3849 | However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, | |
3850 | report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used. | |
3851 | ||
3852 | @item | |
3853 | A patch for the bug. | |
3854 | ||
3855 | A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit | |
3856 | the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that | |
3857 | a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide | |
3858 | to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all. | |
3859 | ||
3860 | Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is | |
3861 | very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a | |
3862 | certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we | |
3863 | will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that | |
3864 | the bug is fixed. | |
3865 | ||
3866 | And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your | |
3867 | patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will | |
3868 | help us to understand. | |
3869 | ||
3870 | @item | |
3871 | A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. | |
3872 | ||
3873 | Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such | |
3874 | things without first using the debugger to find the facts. | |
3875 | @end itemize | |
3876 | ||
947ed062 | 3877 | @include fdl.texi |
cf055d54 | 3878 | |
252b5132 RH |
3879 | @node Index |
3880 | @unnumbered Index | |
3881 | ||
3882 | @printindex cp | |
3883 | ||
3884 | @contents | |
3885 | @bye |