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1 | %This file is TeX source for a reference card describing GDB, the GNU debugger. |
2 | %Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 | %Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
4 | %this reference provided the copyright notices and permission notices | |
5 | %are preserved on all copies. | |
6 | % | |
7 | %TeX markup is a programming language; accordingly this file is source | |
8 | %for a program to generate a reference. | |
9 | % | |
10 | %This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | |
11 | %it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
12 | %the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) | |
13 | %any later version. | |
14 | % | |
15 | %This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | |
16 | %WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
17 | %MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU | |
18 | %General Public License for more details. | |
19 | % | |
20 | %You can find a copy of the GNU General Public License in the GDB | |
21 | %manual; or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
22 | %675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | |
23 | % | |
24 | %You can contact the author as: pesch@cygnus.com | |
25 | % | |
26 | % Roland Pesch | |
27 | % Cygnus Support | |
28 | % 814 University Ave. | |
29 | % Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA | |
30 | % | |
31 | % +1 415 322 3811 | |
32 | % | |
33 | % Cygnus Support is an organization devoted to commercial | |
34 | % support of free software. For general information | |
35 | % contact ``info@cygnus.com'' | |
36 | % | |
37 | % | |
38 | \input threecol | |
39 | {% | |
40 | \def\$#1${{#1}}% Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$ | |
41 | \xdef\manvers{\$Revision$}% | |
42 | } | |
43 | \vsize=8in | |
44 | \hyphenpenalty=5000\tolerance=2000\raggedright | |
45 | % | |
46 | \font\bbf=cmbx10 | |
47 | \font\vbbf=cmbx12 | |
48 | \font\smrm=cmr6 | |
49 | \font\brm=cmr10 | |
50 | \font\rm=cmr8 | |
51 | \font\it=cmti8 | |
52 | \font\tt=cmtt8 | |
53 | \normalbaselineskip=9pt\baselineskip=9pt | |
54 | % | |
55 | \parindent=0pt | |
56 | \parskip=0pt | |
57 | \footline={\vbox to0pt{\hss}} | |
58 | % | |
59 | \def\ctl#1{{\tt C-#1}} | |
60 | \def\opt#1{{\brm[{\rm #1}]}} | |
61 | \def\xtra#1{\noalign{\smallskip{\tt#1}}} | |
62 | % | |
63 | \long\def\sec#1;#2\endsec{\vskip 1pc | |
64 | \halign{% | |
65 | %COL 1 (of halign): | |
66 | \vtop{\hsize=1in\tt | |
67 | ##\par\vskip 2pt | |
68 | }\quad | |
69 | %COL 2 (of halign): | |
70 | &\vtop{\hsize=2.1in\hangafter=1\hangindent=0.5em | |
71 | \rm ##\par\vskip 2pt}\cr | |
72 | %Tail of \long\def fills in halign body with \sec args: | |
73 | \noalign{{\bbf #1}\vskip 2pt} | |
74 | #2 | |
75 | } | |
76 | } | |
77 | ||
78 | {\vbbf GDB QUICK REFERENCE} | |
79 | \vskip 5pt | |
80 | {\smrm GDB Version 4.00---Cygnus Support 1991} | |
81 | ||
82 | \sec Starting GDB; | |
83 | gdb&starts GDB, with no debugging files\cr | |
84 | gdb {\it program}&begin debugging {\it program}\cr | |
85 | gdb {\it program core}&debug coredump {\it core} produced by {\it program}\cr | |
86 | \endsec | |
87 | ||
88 | \sec Stopping GDB; | |
89 | quit&Exit GDB; abbreviate as {\tt q} or {\tt EOF}\par (eg \ctl{d})\cr | |
90 | INTERRUPT&(eg \ctl{c}) terminate current command\cr | |
91 | \endsec | |
92 | ||
93 | \sec Getting Help; | |
94 | help&List classes of commands\cr | |
95 | help {\it class}&One-line descriptions for commands in {\it class}\cr | |
96 | help {\it command}&Describe {\it command}\cr | |
97 | \endsec | |
98 | ||
99 | \sec Executing your Program; | |
100 | run {\it arglist}&start your program with {\it arglist}\cr | |
101 | run&start your program with current argument list\cr | |
102 | run $\ldots$ <{\it inf} >{\it outf}&start program with input, output | |
103 | redirected\cr | |
104 | \cr | |
105 | kill&Kill running program\cr | |
106 | \cr | |
107 | tty {\it dev}&Use {\it dev} as default i/o for next {\tt run}\cr | |
108 | set args {\it arglist}&specify {\it arglist} for next | |
109 | {\tt run}\cr | |
110 | set args&specify empty argument list\cr | |
111 | show args&display argument list\cr | |
112 | \cr | |
113 | show environment&show all environment variables\cr | |
114 | show env {\it var}&show value of environment variable {\it var}\cr | |
115 | set env {\it var} {\it expr}&set environment variable {\it var}\cr | |
116 | delete env {\it var}&Remove {\it var} from environment\cr | |
117 | \endsec | |
118 | ||
119 | \sec Shell Commands; | |
120 | cd {\it dir}&Change working directory to {\it dir}\cr | |
121 | pwd&Print working directory\cr | |
122 | make $\ldots$&Call ``{\tt make}''\cr | |
123 | shell {\it cmd}&Execute arbitrary shell command string\cr | |
124 | \endsec | |
125 | ||
126 | \vfill | |
127 | \centerline{\smrm \copyright 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\qquad Permissions on back} | |
128 | \eject | |
129 | \sec Breakpoints and Watchpoints; | |
130 | break \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it line}&Set breakpoint at {\it line} number \opt{in \it file}\par | |
131 | eg:\quad{\tt break main.c:37}\quad\cr | |
132 | break \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it fun}&Set breakpoint at {\it | |
133 | fun}() \opt{in \it file}\cr | |
134 | break +{\it offset}\par | |
135 | break -{\it offset}&Set break at offset from current stop\cr | |
136 | break *{\it addr}&Set breakpoint at address {\it addr}\cr | |
137 | break&Set breakpoint at next instruction\cr | |
138 | break $\ldots$ if {\it expr}&Break conditionally on nonzero {\it expr}\cr | |
139 | cond {\it bno} \opt{\it expr}&New conditional expression on breakpoint | |
140 | number {\it bno}; make unconditional if no {\it expr}\cr | |
141 | tbreak $\ldots$&Temporary break; disable when reached\cr | |
142 | rbreak {\it regex}&Break on all functions matching {\it regex}\cr | |
143 | watch {\it expr}&Set a watchpoint for expression {\it expr}\cr | |
144 | catch {\it x}&Set breakpoint at C++ handler for exception {\it x}\cr | |
145 | \cr | |
146 | info break&Show defined breakpoints\cr | |
147 | info watch&Show defined watchpoints\cr | |
148 | \cr | |
149 | clear&Delete breakpoints at next instruction\cr | |
150 | clear \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it fun}&Delete breakpoints at entry to {\it fun}()\cr | |
151 | clear \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it line}&Delete breakpoints on source line \cr | |
152 | delete \opt{{\it bnos}}&Delete breakpoints numbered {\it bnos}; | |
153 | \opt{or all breakpoints}\cr | |
154 | \cr | |
155 | disable \opt{{\it bnos}}&Disable breakpoints {\it bnos} \opt{or all}\cr | |
156 | enable {\it bnos}&Enable breakpoints {\it bnos} \opt{or all}\cr | |
157 | enable once {\it bnos}&Enable breakpoints; disable again when | |
158 | reached\cr | |
159 | enable del {\it bnos}&Enable breakpoints; delete when reached\cr | |
160 | \cr | |
161 | ignore {\it bno} {\it count}&Ignore breakpoint number {\it bno}, {\it count} | |
162 | times\cr | |
163 | \cr | |
164 | commands {\it bno}\par | |
165 | \qquad {\it command list}&Execute GDB {\it command list} every time breakpoint {\it bno} is reached\cr | |
166 | end&(use only with {\tt commands}) End of {\it command list}\cr | |
167 | \endsec | |
168 | ||
169 | \sec Signals; | |
170 | handle {\it signal} {\it act}&Specify GDB actions when {\it signal} occurs:\cr | |
171 | \quad print&Announce when signal occurs\cr | |
172 | \quad noprint&Be silent when signal occurs\cr | |
173 | \quad stop&Halt execution on signal\cr | |
174 | \quad nostop&Do not halt execution\cr | |
175 | \quad pass&Allow your program to handle signal\cr | |
176 | \quad nopass&Do not allow your program to see signal\cr | |
177 | info signal&Show table of signals and GDB action for each\cr | |
178 | \endsec | |
179 | ||
180 | \vfill\eject | |
181 | \sec Execution Control; | |
182 | continue \opt{\it count}\par | |
183 | c \opt{\it count}&Continue running; if {\it count} specified, ignore | |
184 | this breakpoint next {\it count} times\cr | |
185 | \cr | |
186 | step \opt{\it count}\par | |
187 | s \opt{\it count}&Execute until another line reached; repeat {\it count} times if | |
188 | specified\cr | |
189 | \cr | |
190 | stepi \opt{\it count}\par | |
191 | si \opt{\it count}&Step by machine instructions rather than source | |
192 | lines\cr | |
193 | \cr | |
194 | next \opt{\it count}\par | |
195 | n \opt{\it count}&Execute next line, including any function calls.\cr | |
196 | \cr | |
197 | nexti \opt{\it count}\par | |
198 | ni \opt{\it count}&Next machine instruction rather than source | |
199 | line\cr | |
200 | \cr | |
201 | until \opt{\it location}&Run until next instruction (or {\it | |
202 | location}) reached\cr | |
203 | \cr | |
204 | finish&Run until selected stack frame returns\cr | |
205 | return \opt{\it expr}&Pop selected stack frame without executing, | |
206 | optionally setting return value\cr | |
207 | \cr | |
208 | signal {\it num}&Resume execution with signal {\it num} (none if {\tt 0})\cr | |
209 | jump {\it line}\par | |
210 | jump *{\it address}&Resume execution at specified {\it line} number or | |
211 | {\it address}\cr | |
212 | set var {\it expr}&Evaluate {\it expr} without displaying it; use for | |
213 | altering program variables\cr | |
214 | \endsec | |
215 | ||
216 | \sec Debugging Targets; | |
217 | target {\it type} {\it param}&Connect to target machine, process, or file\cr | |
218 | info targets&Display available targets\cr | |
219 | attach {\it param}&Connect to another target of same type\cr | |
220 | detach&Release target from GDB control\cr | |
221 | \endsec | |
222 | ||
223 | \sec Expressions; | |
224 | {\it expr}&An expression in C or C++ (including function calls), or:\cr | |
225 | {\it addr\/}@{\it len}&An array of {\it len} elements beginning at {\it | |
226 | addr}\cr | |
227 | {\it file}::{\it nm}&A variable or function {\it nm} defined in {\it | |
228 | file}\cr | |
229 | $\tt\{${\it type}$\tt\}${\it addr}&Read memory at {\it addr} as specified | |
230 | {\it type}\cr | |
231 | print \opt{\tt/{\it f}\/} {\it expr}\par | |
232 | p \opt{\tt/{\it f}\/} {\it expr}&Display the value of an expression\par | |
233 | in format {\it f}:\cr | |
234 | \qquad x&hexadecimal\cr | |
235 | \qquad d&signed decimal\cr | |
236 | \qquad u&unsigned decimal\cr | |
237 | \qquad o&octal\cr | |
238 | \qquad a&address, absolute and relative\cr | |
239 | \qquad c&character constant\cr | |
240 | \qquad f&floating point\cr | |
241 | call \opt{\tt /{\it f}\/} {\it expr}&Like {\tt print} but does not display | |
242 | {\tt void}\cr | |
243 | \endsec | |
244 | ||
245 | \vfill\eject | |
246 | \sec Memory; | |
247 | x \opt{\tt/{\it Nuf}\/} {\it expr}&Examine memory at address {\it expr}; | |
248 | optional format spec follows slash.\cr | |
249 | \quad {\it N}&Count of how many units to display;\cr | |
250 | \quad {\it u}&Unit size; one of\cr | |
251 | &{\tt\qquad b}\ individual bytes\cr | |
252 | &{\tt\qquad h}\ halfwords (two bytes)\cr | |
253 | &{\tt\qquad w}\ words (four bytes)\cr | |
254 | &{\tt\qquad g}\ giant words (eight bytes)\cr | |
255 | \quad {\it f}&Printing format. Any {\tt print} format, or\cr | |
256 | &{\tt\qquad s}\ Null-terminated string\cr | |
257 | &{\tt\qquad i}\ Machine instructions\cr | |
258 | disassem \opt{\it addr}&Display range of memory as machine | |
259 | instructions; function surrounding {\it addr} or program counter, or range between two arguments\cr | |
260 | \endsec | |
261 | ||
262 | \sec Automatic Display; | |
263 | display \opt{\tt/\it f\/} {\it expr}&Show value of {\it expr} each time | |
264 | program stops \opt{according to format {\it f}\/}\cr | |
265 | display&Display all enabled expressions on list\cr | |
266 | undisplay {\it dnos}&Remove number(s) {\it dnos} from list of | |
267 | automatically displayed expressions\cr | |
268 | disable dis {\it dnos}&Disable display for expression(s) number {\it | |
269 | dnos}\cr | |
270 | enable dis {\it dnos}&Enable display for expression(s) number {\it | |
271 | dnos}\cr | |
272 | info display&Show numbered list of expressions to display\cr | |
273 | \endsec | |
274 | ||
275 | \sec Program Stack; | |
276 | backtrace \opt{\it n}\par | |
277 | bt \opt{\it n}&Print trace of all frames in stack; or of {\it n} | |
278 | frames---innermost if {\it n}{\tt >0}, outermost if {\it n}{\tt <0}\cr | |
279 | frame \opt{\it n}&Select frame number {\it n} or frame at address {\it | |
280 | n}; if no {\it n}, display current frame\cr | |
281 | up {\it n}&Select frame {\it n} frames up\cr | |
282 | down {\it n}&Select frame {\it n} frames down\cr | |
283 | info frame \opt{\it addr}&Description of selected frame, or frame at | |
284 | {\it addr}\cr | |
285 | info args&Arguments of selected frame\cr | |
286 | info locals&Local variables of selected frame\cr | |
287 | info catch&Exception handlers active in selected frame\cr | |
288 | \endsec | |
289 | ||
290 | \sec Symbol Table; | |
291 | info address {\it s}&Show where symbol {\it s} is stored\cr | |
292 | info func \opt{\it regex}&Show names, types of defined functions | |
293 | (all, or matching {\it regex})\cr | |
294 | info var \opt{\it regex}&Show names, types of global variables (all, | |
295 | or matching {\it regex})\cr | |
296 | info sources&Show all sources having debugging information\cr | |
297 | whatis {\it expr}\par | |
298 | ptype {\it expr}&Show data type of {\it expr} without evaluating; {\tt | |
299 | ptype} gives more detail\cr | |
300 | ptype {\it type}&Describe type, struct, union, or enum\cr | |
301 | \endsec | |
302 | ||
303 | \vfill\eject | |
304 | \sec Controlling GDB; | |
305 | set {\it param} {\it expr}&Set one of GDB's internal parameters, | |
306 | controlling its interaction with you\cr | |
307 | show {\it param}&Display current setting of a GDB parameter\cr | |
308 | \xtra{\rm Parameters understood by {\tt set} and {\tt show}:} | |
309 | \quad addressp {\it on/off}&print memory addresses in stacks, | |
310 | structs\cr | |
311 | \quad array-max {\it limit}&Number of elements to display from an | |
312 | array\cr | |
313 | \quad arraypr {\it off/on}&Compact or attractive format for | |
314 | arrays\cr | |
315 | \quad caution {\it on/off}&Enable or disable cautionary queries\cr | |
316 | \quad editing {\it on/off}&Control {\tt readline} command-line editing\cr | |
317 | \quad history&({\tt h}) covers a number of options:\cr | |
318 | \quad h exp {\it off/on}&Disable or enable {\tt readline} history expansion\cr | |
319 | \quad h file {\it filename}&File for recording GDB command history\cr | |
320 | \quad h size {\it size}&Number of commands kept in history list\cr | |
321 | \quad h write {\it off/on}&Control use of external file for | |
322 | command history\cr | |
323 | \cr | |
324 | \quad pretty {\it off/on}&Compact or indented format for struct | |
325 | display\cr | |
326 | \quad prompt {\it str}&Use {\it str} as GDB prompt\cr | |
327 | \quad radix {\it base}&Octal, decimal, or hex number representation\cr | |
328 | \quad screen-h {\it lpp}&Number of lines before pause in | |
329 | display\cr | |
330 | \quad screen-w {\it cpl}&Number of characters before line folded\cr | |
331 | \quad unionpr {\it on/off}&Enable or disable display of unions in | |
332 | structs\cr | |
333 | \quad verbose {\it on/off}&Control messages when loading | |
334 | symbol table\cr | |
335 | \quad vtblpr {\it off/on}&Display of C++ virtual function tables\cr | |
336 | info editing&Show last 10 commands\cr | |
337 | info editing {\it n}&Show 10 commands around number {\it n}\cr | |
338 | info editing +&Show next 10 commands\cr | |
339 | \endsec | |
340 | ||
341 | \sec Working Files; | |
342 | file {\it name}&Use {\it file} for symbols and executable\cr | |
343 | core {\it name}&Read {\it file} as coredump\cr | |
344 | exec {\it name}&Use {\it file} as executable only\cr | |
345 | symbol {\it name}&Use only symbol table from {\it file}\cr | |
346 | load {\it file} {\it addr}&Read additional symbols from {\it file}, | |
347 | dynamically loaded at {\it addr}\cr | |
348 | info files&Display working files and targets in use\cr | |
349 | \cr | |
350 | share \opt{\it regex}&Add symbol information for shared libraries | |
351 | matching {\it regex}, or all shared libraries\cr | |
352 | info share&List names of shared libraries currently loaded\cr | |
353 | \endsec | |
354 | ||
355 | \vfill\eject | |
356 | \sec Source Files; | |
357 | dir {\it name}&Add directory {\it name} to front of source path\cr | |
358 | dir&Clear source path\cr | |
359 | info dir&Show current source path\cr | |
360 | \cr | |
361 | list&Show next ten lines of source\cr | |
362 | list -&Show previous ten lines\cr | |
363 | list {\it lines}&Display source centered around {\it lines}, | |
364 | specified as one of:\cr | |
365 | \quad{\opt{\it file\tt:}\it num}&Line number \opt{in named file}\cr | |
366 | \quad{\opt{\it file\tt:}\it function}&Beginning of function \opt{in | |
367 | named file}\cr | |
368 | \quad{\tt +\it off}&{\it off} lines after last printed\cr | |
369 | \quad{\tt -\it off}&{\it off} lines previous to last printed\cr | |
370 | \quad{\tt*\it address}&Line containing {\it address}\cr | |
371 | list {\it f},{\it l}&from line {\it f} to line {\it l}\cr | |
372 | info line {\it num}&Show starting, ending addresses of compiled code for | |
373 | source line {\it num}\cr | |
374 | forw {\it regex}&Search following source lines for {\it regex}\cr | |
375 | rev {\it regex}&Search preceding source lines for {\it regex}\cr | |
376 | \endsec | |
377 | ||
378 | \sec GDB under GNU Emacs; | |
379 | M-x gdb&Run GDB under Emacs\cr | |
380 | \ctl{h} m&Describe GDB mode\cr | |
381 | M-s&Step one line ({\tt step})\cr | |
382 | M-n&Next line ({\tt next})\cr | |
383 | M-i&Step one instruction ({\tt stepi})\cr | |
384 | \ctl{c} \ctl{f}&Finish current stack frame ({\tt finish})\cr | |
385 | M-c&Continue ({\tt cont})\cr | |
386 | M-u&Up {\it arg} frames ({\tt up})\cr | |
387 | M-d&Down {\it arg} frames ({\tt down})\cr | |
388 | \ctl{x} SPC&(in source file) set break at point\cr | |
389 | \endsec | |
390 | ||
391 | ||
392 | \vfill | |
393 | {\smrm\parskip=6pt | |
394 | \centerline{Copyright \copyright 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.} | |
395 | \centerline{Roland Pesch (pesch@cygnus.com), January 1991---\manvers} | |
396 | ||
397 | This card may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU | |
398 | General Public License. | |
399 | ||
400 | Please contribute to development of this card by annotating it. | |
401 | ||
402 | No author assumes any responsibility for any errors on this card.} | |
403 | \end |