| 1 | @c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 |
| 2 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 3 | @c This is part of the GAS manual. |
| 4 | @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo. |
| 5 | @ifset GENERIC |
| 6 | @page |
| 7 | @node M68HC11-Dependent |
| 8 | @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features |
| 9 | @end ifset |
| 10 | @ifclear GENERIC |
| 11 | @node Machine Dependencies |
| 12 | @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features |
| 13 | @end ifclear |
| 14 | |
| 15 | @cindex M68HC11 and M68HC12 support |
| 16 | @menu |
| 17 | * M68HC11-Opts:: M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options |
| 18 | * M68HC11-Syntax:: Syntax |
| 19 | * M68HC11-Modifiers:: Symbolic Operand Modifiers |
| 20 | * M68HC11-Directives:: Assembler Directives |
| 21 | * M68HC11-Float:: Floating Point |
| 22 | * M68HC11-opcodes:: Opcodes |
| 23 | @end menu |
| 24 | |
| 25 | @node M68HC11-Opts |
| 26 | @section M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options |
| 27 | |
| 28 | @cindex options, M68HC11 |
| 29 | @cindex M68HC11 options |
| 30 | The Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have a few machine |
| 31 | dependent options. |
| 32 | |
| 33 | @table @code |
| 34 | |
| 35 | @cindex @samp{-m68hc11} |
| 36 | @item -m68hc11 |
| 37 | This option switches the assembler in the M68HC11 mode. In this mode, |
| 38 | the assembler only accepts 68HC11 operands and mnemonics. It produces |
| 39 | code for the 68HC11. |
| 40 | |
| 41 | @cindex @samp{-m68hc12} |
| 42 | @item -m68hc12 |
| 43 | This option switches the assembler in the M68HC12 mode. In this mode, |
| 44 | the assembler also accepts 68HC12 operands and mnemonics. It produces |
| 45 | code for the 68HC12. A few 68HC11 instructions are replaced by |
| 46 | some 68HC12 instructions as recommended by Motorola specifications. |
| 47 | |
| 48 | @cindex @samp{-m68hcs12} |
| 49 | @item -m68hcs12 |
| 50 | This option switches the assembler in the M68HCS12 mode. This mode is |
| 51 | similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the 68HCS12 |
| 52 | series. The only difference is on the assembling of the @samp{movb} |
| 53 | and @samp{movw} instruction when a PC-relative operand is used. |
| 54 | |
| 55 | @cindex @samp{-mshort} |
| 56 | @item -mshort |
| 57 | This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 16-bit integer ABI. |
| 58 | It has no effect on the assembled instructions. |
| 59 | This is the default. |
| 60 | |
| 61 | @cindex @samp{-mlong} |
| 62 | @item -mlong |
| 63 | This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit integer ABI. |
| 64 | |
| 65 | @cindex @samp{-mshort-double} |
| 66 | @item -mshort-double |
| 67 | This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit float ABI. |
| 68 | This is the default. |
| 69 | |
| 70 | @cindex @samp{-mlong-double} |
| 71 | @item -mlong-double |
| 72 | This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 64-bit float ABI. |
| 73 | |
| 74 | @cindex @samp{--strict-direct-mode} |
| 75 | @item --strict-direct-mode |
| 76 | You can use the @samp{--strict-direct-mode} option to disable |
| 77 | the automatic translation of direct page mode addressing into |
| 78 | extended mode when the instruction does not support direct mode. |
| 79 | For example, the @samp{clr} instruction does not support direct page |
| 80 | mode addressing. When it is used with the direct page mode, |
| 81 | @code{@value{AS}} will ignore it and generate an absolute addressing. |
| 82 | This option prevents @code{@value{AS}} from doing this, and the wrong |
| 83 | usage of the direct page mode will raise an error. |
| 84 | |
| 85 | @cindex @samp{--short-branches} |
| 86 | @item --short-branches |
| 87 | The @samp{--short-branches} option turns off the translation of |
| 88 | relative branches into absolute branches when the branch offset is |
| 89 | out of range. By default @code{@value{AS}} transforms the relative |
| 90 | branch (@samp{bsr}, @samp{bgt}, @samp{bge}, @samp{beq}, @samp{bne}, |
| 91 | @samp{ble}, @samp{blt}, @samp{bhi}, @samp{bcc}, @samp{bls}, |
| 92 | @samp{bcs}, @samp{bmi}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bra}) into |
| 93 | an absolute branch when the offset is out of the -128 .. 127 range. |
| 94 | In that case, the @samp{bsr} instruction is translated into a |
| 95 | @samp{jsr}, the @samp{bra} instruction is translated into a |
| 96 | @samp{jmp} and the conditional branches instructions are inverted and |
| 97 | followed by a @samp{jmp}. This option disables these translations |
| 98 | and @code{@value{AS}} will generate an error if a relative branch |
| 99 | is out of range. This option does not affect the optimization |
| 100 | associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes. |
| 101 | |
| 102 | @cindex @samp{--force-long-branches} |
| 103 | @item --force-long-branches |
| 104 | The @samp{--force-long-branches} option forces the translation of |
| 105 | relative branches into absolute branches. This option does not affect |
| 106 | the optimization associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and |
| 107 | @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes. |
| 108 | |
| 109 | @cindex @samp{--print-insn-syntax} |
| 110 | @item --print-insn-syntax |
| 111 | You can use the @samp{--print-insn-syntax} option to obtain the |
| 112 | syntax description of the instruction when an error is detected. |
| 113 | |
| 114 | @cindex @samp{--print-opcodes} |
| 115 | @item --print-opcodes |
| 116 | The @samp{--print-opcodes} option prints the list of all the |
| 117 | instructions with their syntax. The first item of each line |
| 118 | represents the instruction name and the rest of the line indicates |
| 119 | the possible operands for that instruction. The list is printed |
| 120 | in alphabetical order. Once the list is printed @code{@value{AS}} |
| 121 | exits. |
| 122 | |
| 123 | @cindex @samp{--generate-example} |
| 124 | @item --generate-example |
| 125 | The @samp{--generate-example} option is similar to @samp{--print-opcodes} |
| 126 | but it generates an example for each instruction instead. |
| 127 | @end table |
| 128 | |
| 129 | @node M68HC11-Syntax |
| 130 | @section Syntax |
| 131 | |
| 132 | @cindex M68HC11 syntax |
| 133 | @cindex syntax, M68HC11 |
| 134 | |
| 135 | In the M68HC11 syntax, the instruction name comes first and it may |
| 136 | be followed by one or several operands (up to three). Operands are |
| 137 | separated by comma (@samp{,}). In the normal mode, |
| 138 | @code{@value{AS}} will complain if too many operands are specified for |
| 139 | a given instruction. In the MRI mode (turned on with @samp{-M} option), |
| 140 | it will treat them as comments. Example: |
| 141 | |
| 142 | @smallexample |
| 143 | inx |
| 144 | lda #23 |
| 145 | bset 2,x #4 |
| 146 | brclr *bot #8 foo |
| 147 | @end smallexample |
| 148 | |
| 149 | @cindex M68HC11 addressing modes |
| 150 | @cindex addressing modes, M68HC11 |
| 151 | The following addressing modes are understood for 68HC11 and 68HC12: |
| 152 | @table @dfn |
| 153 | @item Immediate |
| 154 | @samp{#@var{number}} |
| 155 | |
| 156 | @item Address Register |
| 157 | @samp{@var{number},X}, @samp{@var{number},Y} |
| 158 | |
| 159 | The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | @item Direct Addressing mode |
| 162 | @samp{*@var{symbol}}, or @samp{*@var{digits}} |
| 163 | |
| 164 | @item Absolute |
| 165 | @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}} |
| 166 | @end table |
| 167 | |
| 168 | The M68HC12 has other more complex addressing modes. All of them |
| 169 | are supported and they are represented below: |
| 170 | |
| 171 | @table @dfn |
| 172 | @item Constant Offset Indexed Addressing Mode |
| 173 | @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}} |
| 174 | |
| 175 | The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed. |
| 176 | The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or |
| 177 | @samp{PC}. The assembler will use the smaller post-byte definition |
| 178 | according to the constant value (5-bit constant offset, 9-bit constant |
| 179 | offset or 16-bit constant offset). If the constant is not known by |
| 180 | the assembler it will use the 16-bit constant offset post-byte and the value |
| 181 | will be resolved at link time. |
| 182 | |
| 183 | @item Offset Indexed Indirect |
| 184 | @samp{[@var{number},@var{reg}]} |
| 185 | |
| 186 | The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}. |
| 187 | |
| 188 | @item Auto Pre-Increment/Pre-Decrement/Post-Increment/Post-Decrement |
| 189 | @samp{@var{number},-@var{reg}} |
| 190 | @samp{@var{number},+@var{reg}} |
| 191 | @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}-} |
| 192 | @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}+} |
| 193 | |
| 194 | The number must be in the range @samp{-8}..@samp{+8} and must not be 0. |
| 195 | The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}. |
| 196 | |
| 197 | @item Accumulator Offset |
| 198 | @samp{@var{acc},@var{reg}} |
| 199 | |
| 200 | The accumulator register can be either @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{D}. |
| 201 | The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}. |
| 202 | |
| 203 | @item Accumulator D offset indexed-indirect |
| 204 | @samp{[D,@var{reg}]} |
| 205 | |
| 206 | The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}. |
| 207 | |
| 208 | @end table |
| 209 | |
| 210 | For example: |
| 211 | |
| 212 | @smallexample |
| 213 | ldab 1024,sp |
| 214 | ldd [10,x] |
| 215 | orab 3,+x |
| 216 | stab -2,y- |
| 217 | ldx a,pc |
| 218 | sty [d,sp] |
| 219 | @end smallexample |
| 220 | |
| 221 | |
| 222 | @node M68HC11-Modifiers |
| 223 | @section Symbolic Operand Modifiers |
| 224 | |
| 225 | @cindex M68HC11 modifiers |
| 226 | @cindex syntax, M68HC11 |
| 227 | |
| 228 | The assembler supports several modifiers when using symbol addresses |
| 229 | in 68HC11 and 68HC12 instruction operands. The general syntax is |
| 230 | the following: |
| 231 | |
| 232 | @smallexample |
| 233 | %modifier(symbol) |
| 234 | @end smallexample |
| 235 | |
| 236 | @table @code |
| 237 | @cindex symbol modifiers |
| 238 | @item %addr |
| 239 | This modifier indicates to the assembler and linker to use |
| 240 | the 16-bit physical address corresponding to the symbol. This is intended |
| 241 | to be used on memory window systems to map a symbol in the memory bank window. |
| 242 | If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, the physical address |
| 243 | corresponds to the symbol address within the memory bank window. |
| 244 | If the symbol is not in a memory expansion part, this is the symbol address |
| 245 | (using or not using the %addr modifier has no effect in that case). |
| 246 | |
| 247 | @item %page |
| 248 | This modifier indicates to use the memory page number corresponding |
| 249 | to the symbol. If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, its page |
| 250 | number is computed by the linker as a number used to map the page containing |
| 251 | the symbol in the memory bank window. If the symbol is not in a memory |
| 252 | expansion part, the page number is 0. |
| 253 | |
| 254 | @item %hi |
| 255 | This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit high part of the physical |
| 256 | address of the symbol. |
| 257 | |
| 258 | @item %lo |
| 259 | This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit low part of the physical |
| 260 | address of the symbol. |
| 261 | |
| 262 | @end table |
| 263 | |
| 264 | For example a 68HC12 call to a function @samp{foo_example} stored in memory |
| 265 | expansion part could be written as follows: |
| 266 | |
| 267 | @smallexample |
| 268 | call %addr(foo_example),%page(foo_example) |
| 269 | @end smallexample |
| 270 | |
| 271 | and this is equivalent to |
| 272 | |
| 273 | @smallexample |
| 274 | call foo_example |
| 275 | @end smallexample |
| 276 | |
| 277 | And for 68HC11 it could be written as follows: |
| 278 | |
| 279 | @smallexample |
| 280 | ldab #%page(foo_example) |
| 281 | stab _page_switch |
| 282 | jsr %addr(foo_example) |
| 283 | @end smallexample |
| 284 | |
| 285 | @node M68HC11-Directives |
| 286 | @section Assembler Directives |
| 287 | |
| 288 | @cindex assembler directives, M68HC11 |
| 289 | @cindex assembler directives, M68HC12 |
| 290 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directives |
| 291 | @cindex M68HC12 assembler directives |
| 292 | |
| 293 | The 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have the following |
| 294 | specific assembler directives: |
| 295 | |
| 296 | @table @code |
| 297 | @item .relax |
| 298 | @cindex assembler directive .relax, M68HC11 |
| 299 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .relax |
| 300 | The relax directive is used by the @samp{GNU Compiler} to emit a specific |
| 301 | relocation to mark a group of instructions for linker relaxation. |
| 302 | The sequence of instructions within the group must be known to the linker |
| 303 | so that relaxation can be performed. |
| 304 | |
| 305 | @item .mode [mshort|mlong|mshort-double|mlong-double] |
| 306 | @cindex assembler directive .mode, M68HC11 |
| 307 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .mode |
| 308 | This directive specifies the ABI. It overrides the @samp{-mshort}, |
| 309 | @samp{-mlong}, @samp{-mshort-double} and @samp{-mlong-double} options. |
| 310 | |
| 311 | @item .far @var{symbol} |
| 312 | @cindex assembler directive .far, M68HC11 |
| 313 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .far |
| 314 | This directive marks the symbol as a @samp{far} symbol meaning that it |
| 315 | uses a @samp{call/rtc} calling convention as opposed to @samp{jsr/rts}. |
| 316 | During a final link, the linker will identify references to the @samp{far} |
| 317 | symbol and will verify the proper calling convention. |
| 318 | |
| 319 | @item .interrupt @var{symbol} |
| 320 | @cindex assembler directive .interrupt, M68HC11 |
| 321 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .interrupt |
| 322 | This directive marks the symbol as an interrupt entry point. |
| 323 | This information is then used by the debugger to correctly unwind the |
| 324 | frame across interrupts. |
| 325 | |
| 326 | @item .xrefb @var{symbol} |
| 327 | @cindex assembler directive .xrefb, M68HC11 |
| 328 | @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .xrefb |
| 329 | This directive is defined for compatibility with the |
| 330 | @samp{Specification for Motorola 8 and 16-Bit Assembly Language Input |
| 331 | Standard} and is ignored. |
| 332 | |
| 333 | @end table |
| 334 | |
| 335 | @node M68HC11-Float |
| 336 | @section Floating Point |
| 337 | |
| 338 | @cindex floating point, M68HC11 |
| 339 | @cindex M68HC11 floating point |
| 340 | Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported. |
| 341 | Feel free to add the code! |
| 342 | |
| 343 | The floating point formats generated by directives are these. |
| 344 | |
| 345 | @table @code |
| 346 | @cindex @code{float} directive, M68HC11 |
| 347 | @item .float |
| 348 | @code{Single} precision floating point constants. |
| 349 | |
| 350 | @cindex @code{double} directive, M68HC11 |
| 351 | @item .double |
| 352 | @code{Double} precision floating point constants. |
| 353 | |
| 354 | @cindex @code{extend} directive M68HC11 |
| 355 | @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M68HC11 |
| 356 | @item .extend |
| 357 | @itemx .ldouble |
| 358 | @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants. |
| 359 | @end table |
| 360 | |
| 361 | @need 2000 |
| 362 | @node M68HC11-opcodes |
| 363 | @section Opcodes |
| 364 | |
| 365 | @cindex M68HC11 opcodes |
| 366 | @cindex opcodes, M68HC11 |
| 367 | @cindex instruction set, M68HC11 |
| 368 | |
| 369 | @menu |
| 370 | * M68HC11-Branch:: Branch Improvement |
| 371 | @end menu |
| 372 | |
| 373 | @node M68HC11-Branch |
| 374 | @subsection Branch Improvement |
| 375 | |
| 376 | @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M68HC11 |
| 377 | @cindex M68HC11 pseudo-opcodes |
| 378 | @cindex branch improvement, M68HC11 |
| 379 | @cindex M68HC11 branch improvement |
| 380 | |
| 381 | Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions. |
| 382 | They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the |
| 383 | target. Generally these mnemonics are made by prepending @samp{j} to |
| 384 | the start of Motorola mnemonic. These pseudo opcodes are not affected |
| 385 | by the @samp{--short-branches} or @samp{--force-long-branches} options. |
| 386 | |
| 387 | The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations. |
| 388 | |
| 389 | @smallexample |
| 390 | Displacement Width |
| 391 | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| 392 | | Options | |
| 393 | | --short-branches --force-long-branches | |
| 394 | +--------------------------+----------------------------------+ |
| 395 | Op |BYTE WORD | BYTE WORD | |
| 396 | +--------------------------+----------------------------------+ |
| 397 | bsr | bsr <pc-rel> <error> | jsr <abs> | |
| 398 | bra | bra <pc-rel> <error> | jmp <abs> | |
| 399 | jbsr | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> | |
| 400 | jbra | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> | |
| 401 | bXX | bXX <pc-rel> <error> | bNX +3; jmp <abs> | |
| 402 | jbXX | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; jmp <abs> | |
| 403 | | jmp <abs> | | |
| 404 | +--------------------------+----------------------------------+ |
| 405 | XX: condition |
| 406 | NX: negative of condition XX |
| 407 | |
| 408 | @end smallexample |
| 409 | |
| 410 | @table @code |
| 411 | @item jbsr |
| 412 | @itemx jbra |
| 413 | These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one |
| 414 | particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the |
| 415 | branch target. |
| 416 | |
| 417 | @item jb@var{XX} |
| 418 | Here, @samp{jb@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations, |
| 419 | where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full |
| 420 | list of pseudo-ops in this family is: |
| 421 | @smallexample |
| 422 | jbcc jbeq jbge jbgt jbhi jbvs jbpl jblo |
| 423 | jbcs jbne jblt jble jbls jbvc jbmi |
| 424 | @end smallexample |
| 425 | |
| 426 | For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements, |
| 427 | @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of |
| 428 | @var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the |
| 429 | non-PC relative case: |
| 430 | @smallexample |
| 431 | jb@var{XX} foo |
| 432 | @end smallexample |
| 433 | gives |
| 434 | @smallexample |
| 435 | b@var{NX}s oof |
| 436 | jmp foo |
| 437 | oof: |
| 438 | @end smallexample |
| 439 | |
| 440 | @end table |
| 441 | |
| 442 | |