| 1 | %This file is TeX source for a reference card describing GDB, the GNU debugger. |
| 2 | %$Id$ |
| 3 | %Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 4 | %Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
| 5 | %this reference provided the copyright notices and permission notices |
| 6 | %are preserved on all copies. |
| 7 | % |
| 8 | %TeX markup is a programming language; accordingly this file is source |
| 9 | %for a program to generate a reference. |
| 10 | % |
| 11 | %This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
| 12 | %it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
| 13 | %the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) |
| 14 | %any later version. |
| 15 | % |
| 16 | %This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but |
| 17 | %WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
| 18 | %MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU |
| 19 | %General Public License for more details. |
| 20 | % |
| 21 | %You can find a copy of the GNU General Public License in the GDB |
| 22 | %manual; or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., |
| 23 | %675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. |
| 24 | % |
| 25 | %You can contact the author as: pesch@cygnus.com |
| 26 | % |
| 27 | % Roland Pesch |
| 28 | % Cygnus Support |
| 29 | % 814 University Ave. |
| 30 | % Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA |
| 31 | % |
| 32 | % +1 415 322 3811 |
| 33 | % |
| 34 | % Cygnus Support is an organization devoted to commercial |
| 35 | % support of free software. For general information |
| 36 | % contact ``info@cygnus.com'' |
| 37 | % |
| 38 | % NOTE ON INTENTIONAL OMISSIONS: This reference card includes most GDB |
| 39 | % commands, but due to space constraints there are some things I chose |
| 40 | % to omit. In general, not all synonyms for commands are covered. |
| 41 | % The GDB-under-Emacs section omits gdb-mode functions without default |
| 42 | % keybindings. GDB startup options are not described. |
| 43 | % |
| 44 | % |
| 45 | \input threecol |
| 46 | {% |
| 47 | \def\$#1${{#1}}% Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$ |
| 48 | \xdef\manvers{\$Revision$}% |
| 49 | } |
| 50 | \vsize=8in |
| 51 | \hyphenpenalty=5000\tolerance=2000\raggedright\raggedbottom |
| 52 | % |
| 53 | %The Times-Roman family is used below because it is both more |
| 54 | %attractive and more compact than Computer Modern. On the other hand, |
| 55 | %while common, it is not Free. The commented-out font definitions |
| 56 | %will be close (but may cause some column overflows) if you must use |
| 57 | %the CM fonts. |
| 58 | %\font\bbf=cmbx10 |
| 59 | \font\bbf=Times-Bold at 10pt |
| 60 | %\font\vbbf=cmbx12 |
| 61 | \font\vbbf=Times-Bold at 12pt |
| 62 | %\font\smrm=cmr5 |
| 63 | \font\smrm=Times-Roman at 6pt |
| 64 | %\font\brm=cmr10 |
| 65 | \font\brm=Times-Roman at 10pt |
| 66 | %\font\rm=cmr7 |
| 67 | \font\rm=Times-Roman at 8pt |
| 68 | %\font\it=cmti7 |
| 69 | \font\it=Times-Italic at 8pt |
| 70 | % We *do* use CMtt rather than Courier because TeX and PS fonts have |
| 71 | % different ideas about where ``funny'' chars go. |
| 72 | \font\tt=cmtt8 |
| 73 | % Finally, the following common-but-not-free font (Symbol) is used |
| 74 | % only for the copyright symbol. Comment out the whole definition of |
| 75 | % \copyright if you insist on using only Free fonts, and you'll pick |
| 76 | % up the kluge in plain.tex that defines \copyright by overstriking. |
| 77 | \font\sym=Symbol at 7pt |
| 78 | \def\copyright{{\sym\char'323}} |
| 79 | \normalbaselineskip=9pt\baselineskip=9pt |
| 80 | % |
| 81 | \parindent=0pt |
| 82 | \parskip=0pt |
| 83 | \footline={\vbox to0pt{\hss}} |
| 84 | % |
| 85 | \def\ctl#1{{\tt C-#1}} |
| 86 | \def\opt#1{{\brm[{\rm #1}]}} |
| 87 | \def\xtra#1{\noalign{\smallskip{\tt#1}}} |
| 88 | % |
| 89 | \long\def\sec#1;#2\endsec{\vskip 1pc |
| 90 | \halign{% |
| 91 | %COL 1 (of halign): |
| 92 | \vtop{\hsize=1in\tt |
| 93 | ##\par\vskip 2pt |
| 94 | }\quad |
| 95 | %COL 2 (of halign): |
| 96 | &\vtop{\hsize=2.1in\hangafter=1\hangindent=0.5em |
| 97 | \rm ##\par\vskip 2pt}\cr |
| 98 | %Tail of \long\def fills in halign body with \sec args: |
| 99 | \noalign{{\bbf #1}\vskip 2pt} |
| 100 | #2 |
| 101 | } |
| 102 | } |
| 103 | |
| 104 | {\vbbf GDB QUICK REFERENCE} |
| 105 | \vskip 5pt |
| 106 | {\smrm GDB Version 4.0---Cygnus Support 1991} |
| 107 | |
| 108 | \sec Essential Commands; |
| 109 | gdb {\it program} \opt{{\it core}}&debug {\it program} \opt{using |
| 110 | coredump {\it core}}\cr |
| 111 | bt& backtrace: display program stack\cr |
| 112 | b \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it function}&set breakpoint at {\it function} \opt{in \it file}\cr |
| 113 | run \opt{{\it arglist}}&start your program \opt{with {\it arglist}}\cr |
| 114 | p {\it expr}&display the value of an expression\cr |
| 115 | c &continue running your program\cr |
| 116 | n &execute next line, including function calls\cr |
| 117 | s &execute until another line is reached\cr |
| 118 | \endsec |
| 119 | |
| 120 | \sec Starting GDB; |
| 121 | gdb&starts GDB, with no debugging files\cr |
| 122 | gdb {\it program}&begin debugging {\it program}\cr |
| 123 | gdb {\it program core}&debug coredump {\it core} produced by {\it program}\cr |
| 124 | \endsec |
| 125 | |
| 126 | \sec Stopping GDB; |
| 127 | quit&exit GDB; also {\tt q} or {\tt EOF} (eg \ctl{d})\cr |
| 128 | INTERRUPT&(eg \ctl{c}) terminate current command, or send to running process\cr |
| 129 | \endsec |
| 130 | |
| 131 | \sec Getting Help; |
| 132 | help&list classes of commands\cr |
| 133 | help {\it class}&one-line descriptions for commands in {\it class}\cr |
| 134 | help {\it command}&describe {\it command}\cr |
| 135 | \endsec |
| 136 | |
| 137 | \sec Executing your Program; |
| 138 | run {\it arglist}&start your program with {\it arglist}\cr |
| 139 | run&start your program with current argument list\cr |
| 140 | run $\ldots$ <{\it inf} >{\it outf}&start program with input, output |
| 141 | redirected\cr |
| 142 | \cr |
| 143 | kill&kill running program\cr |
| 144 | \cr |
| 145 | tty {\it dev}&use {\it dev} as stdin and stdout for next {\tt run}\cr |
| 146 | set args {\it arglist}&specify {\it arglist} for next |
| 147 | {\tt run}\cr |
| 148 | set args&specify empty argument list\cr |
| 149 | show args&display argument list\cr |
| 150 | \cr |
| 151 | show environment&show all environment variables\cr |
| 152 | show env {\it var}&show value of environment variable {\it var}\cr |
| 153 | set env {\it var} {\it string}&set environment variable {\it var}\cr |
| 154 | unset env {\it var}&remove {\it var} from environment\cr |
| 155 | \endsec |
| 156 | |
| 157 | \sec Shell Commands; |
| 158 | cd {\it dir}&change working directory to {\it dir}\cr |
| 159 | pwd&Print working directory\cr |
| 160 | make $\ldots$&call ``{\tt make}''\cr |
| 161 | shell {\it cmd}&execute arbitrary shell command string\cr |
| 162 | \endsec |
| 163 | |
| 164 | \vfill |
| 165 | \centerline{\smrm \copyright 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\qquad Permissions on back} |
| 166 | \eject |
| 167 | \sec Breakpoints and Watchpoints; |
| 168 | break \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it line}\par |
| 169 | b \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it line}&set breakpoint at {\it line} number \opt{in \it file}\par |
| 170 | eg:\quad{\tt break main.c:37}\quad\cr |
| 171 | break \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it function}&set breakpoint at {\it |
| 172 | function} \opt{in \it file}\cr |
| 173 | break +{\it offset}\par |
| 174 | break -{\it offset}&set break at {\it offset} lines from current stop\cr |
| 175 | break *{\it addr}&set breakpoint at address {\it addr}\cr |
| 176 | break&set breakpoint at next instruction\cr |
| 177 | break $\ldots$ if {\it expr}&break conditionally on nonzero {\it expr}\cr |
| 178 | cond {\it n} \opt{\it expr}&new conditional expression on breakpoint |
| 179 | {\it n}; make unconditional if no {\it expr}\cr |
| 180 | tbreak $\ldots$&temporary break; disable when reached\cr |
| 181 | rbreak {\it regex}&break on all functions matching {\it regex}\cr |
| 182 | watch {\it expr}&set a watchpoint for expression {\it expr}\cr |
| 183 | catch {\it x}&break at C++ handler for exception {\it x}\cr |
| 184 | \cr |
| 185 | info break&show defined breakpoints\cr |
| 186 | info watch&show defined watchpoints\cr |
| 187 | \cr |
| 188 | clear&delete breakpoints at next instruction\cr |
| 189 | clear \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it fun}&delete breakpoints at entry to {\it fun}()\cr |
| 190 | clear \opt{\it file\tt:}{\it line}&delete breakpoints on source line \cr |
| 191 | delete \opt{{\it n}}&delete breakpoints {\it n}; |
| 192 | \opt{or all breakpoints}\cr |
| 193 | \cr |
| 194 | disable \opt{{\it n}}&disable breakpoints {\it n} \opt{or all}\cr |
| 195 | enable \opt{{\it n}}&enable breakpoints {\it n} \opt{or all}\cr |
| 196 | enable once \opt{{\it n}}&enable breakpoints; disable again when |
| 197 | reached\cr |
| 198 | enable del \opt{{\it n}}&enable breakpoints; delete when reached\cr |
| 199 | \cr |
| 200 | ignore {\it n} {\it count}&ignore breakpoint {\it n}, {\it count} |
| 201 | times\cr |
| 202 | \cr |
| 203 | commands {\it n}\par |
| 204 | \qquad {\it command list}&execute GDB {\it command list} every time breakpoint {\it n} is reached\cr |
| 205 | end&end of {\it command list}\cr |
| 206 | \endsec |
| 207 | |
| 208 | \sec Program Stack; |
| 209 | backtrace \opt{\it n}\par |
| 210 | bt \opt{\it n}&print trace of all frames in stack; or of {\it n} |
| 211 | frames---innermost if {\it n}{\tt >0}, outermost if {\it n}{\tt <0}\cr |
| 212 | frame \opt{\it n}&select frame number {\it n} or frame at address {\it |
| 213 | n}; if no {\it n}, display current frame\cr |
| 214 | up {\it n}&select frame {\it n} frames up\cr |
| 215 | down {\it n}&select frame {\it n} frames down\cr |
| 216 | info frame \opt{\it addr}&describe selected frame, or frame at |
| 217 | {\it addr}\cr |
| 218 | info args&arguments of selected frame\cr |
| 219 | info locals&local variables of selected frame\cr |
| 220 | info reg \opt{\it{rn}}®ister values \opt{for reg {\it rn\/}} in selected frame\cr |
| 221 | info catch&exception handlers active in selected frame\cr |
| 222 | \endsec |
| 223 | |
| 224 | \vfill\eject |
| 225 | \sec Execution Control; |
| 226 | continue \opt{\it count}\par |
| 227 | c \opt{\it count}&continue running; if {\it count} specified, ignore |
| 228 | this breakpoint next {\it count} times\cr |
| 229 | \cr |
| 230 | step \opt{\it count}\par |
| 231 | s \opt{\it count}&execute until another line reached; repeat {\it count} times if |
| 232 | specified\cr |
| 233 | \cr |
| 234 | stepi \opt{\it count}\par |
| 235 | si \opt{\it count}&step by machine instructions rather than source |
| 236 | lines\cr |
| 237 | \cr |
| 238 | next \opt{\it count}\par |
| 239 | n \opt{\it count}&execute next line, including any function calls\cr |
| 240 | \cr |
| 241 | nexti \opt{\it count}\par |
| 242 | ni \opt{\it count}&next machine instruction rather than source |
| 243 | line\cr |
| 244 | \cr |
| 245 | until \opt{\it location}&run until next instruction (or {\it |
| 246 | location})\cr |
| 247 | finish&run until selected stack frame returns\cr |
| 248 | return \opt{\it expr}&pop selected stack frame without executing |
| 249 | \opt{setting return value}\cr |
| 250 | signal {\it num}&resume execution with signal {\it s} (none if {\tt 0})\cr |
| 251 | jump {\it line}\par |
| 252 | jump *{\it address}&resume execution at specified {\it line} number or |
| 253 | {\it address}\cr |
| 254 | set var={\it expr}&evaluate {\it expr} without displaying it; use for |
| 255 | altering program variables\cr |
| 256 | \endsec |
| 257 | |
| 258 | \sec Display; |
| 259 | print \opt{\tt/{\it f}\/} {\it expr}\par |
| 260 | p \opt{\tt/{\it f}\/} {\it expr}&show value of {\it expr} according to format {\it f}:\cr |
| 261 | \qquad x&hexadecimal\cr |
| 262 | \qquad d&signed decimal\cr |
| 263 | \qquad u&unsigned decimal\cr |
| 264 | \qquad o&octal\cr |
| 265 | \qquad a&address, absolute and relative\cr |
| 266 | \qquad c&character\cr |
| 267 | \qquad f&floating point\cr |
| 268 | call \opt{\tt /{\it f}\/} {\it expr}&like {\tt print} but does not display |
| 269 | {\tt void}\cr |
| 270 | x \opt{\tt/{\it Nuf}\/} {\it expr}&examine memory at address {\it expr}; |
| 271 | optional format spec follows slash\cr |
| 272 | \quad {\it N}&count of how many units to display\cr |
| 273 | \quad {\it u}&unit size; one of\cr |
| 274 | &{\tt\qquad b}\ individual bytes\cr |
| 275 | &{\tt\qquad h}\ halfwords (two bytes)\cr |
| 276 | &{\tt\qquad w}\ words (four bytes)\cr |
| 277 | &{\tt\qquad g}\ giant words (eight bytes)\cr |
| 278 | \quad {\it f}&printing format. Any {\tt print} format, or\cr |
| 279 | &{\tt\qquad s}\ null-terminated string\cr |
| 280 | &{\tt\qquad i}\ machine instructions\cr |
| 281 | disassemble \opt{\it addr}&display memory as machine instructions\cr |
| 282 | \endsec |
| 283 | |
| 284 | \sec Automatic Display; |
| 285 | display \opt{\tt/\it f\/} {\it expr}&show value of {\it expr} each time |
| 286 | program stops \opt{according to format {\it f}\/}\cr |
| 287 | display&display all enabled expressions on list\cr |
| 288 | undisplay {\it n}&remove number(s) {\it n} from list of |
| 289 | automatically displayed expressions\cr |
| 290 | disable display {\it n}&disable display for expression(s) number {\it |
| 291 | n}\cr |
| 292 | enable display {\it n}&enable display for expression(s) number {\it |
| 293 | n}\cr |
| 294 | info display&numbered list of display expressions\cr |
| 295 | \endsec |
| 296 | |
| 297 | \vfill\eject |
| 298 | |
| 299 | \sec Expressions; |
| 300 | {\it expr}&an expression in C or C++ (including function calls), or:\cr |
| 301 | {\it addr\/}@{\it len}&an array of {\it len} elements beginning at {\it |
| 302 | addr}\cr |
| 303 | {\it file}::{\it nm}&a variable or function {\it nm} defined in {\it |
| 304 | file}\cr |
| 305 | $\tt\{${\it type}$\tt\}${\it addr}&read memory at {\it addr} as specified |
| 306 | {\it type}\cr |
| 307 | \$&most recent displayed value\cr |
| 308 | \${\it n}&{\it n}th displayed value\cr |
| 309 | \$\$&displayed value previous to \$\cr |
| 310 | \$\${\it n}&{\it n}th displayed value back from \$\cr |
| 311 | \$\_&last address examined with {\tt x}\cr |
| 312 | \$\_\_&value at address \$\_\cr |
| 313 | \${\it var}&convenience variable; assign any value\cr |
| 314 | \cr |
| 315 | show values \opt{{\it n}}&show last 10 values \opt{or surrounding |
| 316 | \${\it n}}\cr |
| 317 | show convenience&display all convenience variables\cr |
| 318 | \endsec |
| 319 | |
| 320 | \sec Symbol Table; |
| 321 | info address {\it s}&show where symbol {\it s} is stored\cr |
| 322 | info func \opt{\it regex}&show names, types of defined functions |
| 323 | (all, or matching {\it regex})\cr |
| 324 | info var \opt{\it regex}&show names, types of global variables (all, |
| 325 | or matching {\it regex})\cr |
| 326 | whatis {\it expr}\par |
| 327 | ptype {\it expr}&show data type of {\it expr} without evaluating; {\tt |
| 328 | ptype} gives more detail\cr |
| 329 | ptype {\it type}&describe type, struct, union, or enum\cr |
| 330 | \endsec |
| 331 | |
| 332 | \sec GDB Scripts; |
| 333 | source {\it script}&read, execute GDB commands from file {\it |
| 334 | script}\cr |
| 335 | \cr |
| 336 | define {\it cmd}\par |
| 337 | \qquad {\it command list}&new GDB command {\it cmd}, executes script |
| 338 | defined by {\it command list} \cr |
| 339 | end&end of {\it command list}\cr |
| 340 | document {\it cmd}\par |
| 341 | \qquad {\it help text}&new online documentation for GDB command {\it |
| 342 | cmd}\cr |
| 343 | end&end of {\it help text}\cr |
| 344 | \endsec |
| 345 | |
| 346 | \sec Signals; |
| 347 | handle {\it signal} {\it act}&specify GDB actions when {\it signal} occurs:\cr |
| 348 | \quad print&announce when signal occurs\cr |
| 349 | \quad noprint&be silent when signal occurs\cr |
| 350 | \quad stop&halt execution on signal\cr |
| 351 | \quad nostop&do not halt execution\cr |
| 352 | \quad pass&allow your program to handle signal\cr |
| 353 | \quad nopass&do not allow your program to see signal\cr |
| 354 | info signals&show table of signals, GDB action for each\cr |
| 355 | \endsec |
| 356 | |
| 357 | \sec Debugging Targets; |
| 358 | target {\it type} {\it param}&connect to target machine, process, or file\cr |
| 359 | help target&display available targets\cr |
| 360 | attach {\it param}&connect to another process\cr |
| 361 | detach&release target from GDB control\cr |
| 362 | \endsec |
| 363 | |
| 364 | \vfill\eject |
| 365 | \sec Controlling GDB; |
| 366 | set {\it param} {\it expr}&set one of GDB's internal parameters\cr |
| 367 | show {\it param}&display current setting of a GDB parameter\cr |
| 368 | \xtra{\rm Parameters understood by {\tt set} and {\tt show}:} |
| 369 | \quad complaints {\it limit}&number of messages on unusual symbols\cr |
| 370 | \quad confirm {\it on/off}&enable or disable cautionary queries\cr |
| 371 | \quad editing {\it on/off}&control {\tt readline} command-line editing\cr |
| 372 | \quad height {\it lpp}&number of lines before pause in |
| 373 | display\cr |
| 374 | \quad prompt {\it str}&use {\it str} as GDB prompt\cr |
| 375 | \quad radix {\it base}&octal, decimal, or hex number representation\cr |
| 376 | \quad verbose {\it on/off}&control messages when loading |
| 377 | symbol table\cr |
| 378 | \quad width {\it cpl}&number of characters before line folded\cr |
| 379 | \cr |
| 380 | \quad history $\ldots$&({\tt h}) groups the following options:\cr |
| 381 | \quad h exp {\it off/on}&disable or enable {\tt readline} history expansion\cr |
| 382 | \quad h file {\it filename}&file for recording GDB command history\cr |
| 383 | \quad h size {\it size}&number of commands kept in history list\cr |
| 384 | \quad h save {\it off/on}&control use of external file for |
| 385 | command history\cr |
| 386 | \cr |
| 387 | \quad print $\ldots$&({\tt p}) groups the following options:\cr |
| 388 | \quad p address {\it on/off}&print memory addresses in stacks, |
| 389 | values\cr |
| 390 | \quad p array {\it off/on}&compact or attractive format for |
| 391 | arrays\cr |
| 392 | \quad p demangle {\it on/off}&source or internal form for C++ |
| 393 | symbols\cr |
| 394 | \quad p asm-dem {\it on/off}&demangle C++ symbols in |
| 395 | machine-instruction output\cr |
| 396 | \quad p elements {\it limit}&number of elements to display from an |
| 397 | array\cr |
| 398 | \quad p object {\it on/off}&print C++ derived types for objects\cr |
| 399 | \quad p pretty {\it off/on}&struct display: compact or indented\cr |
| 400 | \quad p union {\it on/off}&enable or disable display of union members\cr |
| 401 | \quad p vtbl {\it off/on}&display of C++ virtual function |
| 402 | tables\cr |
| 403 | \cr |
| 404 | show commands&show last 10 commands\cr |
| 405 | show commands {\it n}&show 10 commands around number {\it n}\cr |
| 406 | show commands +&show next 10 commands\cr |
| 407 | \endsec |
| 408 | |
| 409 | \sec Working Files; |
| 410 | file {\it name}&use {\it file} for symbols and executable\cr |
| 411 | core {\it name}&read {\it file} as coredump\cr |
| 412 | exec {\it name}&use {\it file} as executable only\cr |
| 413 | symbol {\it name}&use only symbol table from {\it file}\cr |
| 414 | load {\it file}&dynamically link {\it file\/} and add its symbols\cr |
| 415 | add-sym {\it file} {\it addr}&read additional symbols from {\it file}, |
| 416 | dynamically loaded at {\it addr}\cr |
| 417 | info files&display working files and targets in use\cr |
| 418 | path {\it dirs}&add {\it dirs} to front of path searched for |
| 419 | executable and symbol files\cr |
| 420 | info path&display executable and symbol file path\cr |
| 421 | share \opt{\it regex}&add symbol information for shared libraries |
| 422 | matching {\it regex}, or all shared libraries\cr |
| 423 | info share&list names of shared libraries currently loaded\cr |
| 424 | \endsec |
| 425 | |
| 426 | \vfill\eject |
| 427 | \sec Source Files; |
| 428 | dir {\it names}&add directory {\it names} to front of source path\cr |
| 429 | dir&clear source path\cr |
| 430 | show dir&show current source path\cr |
| 431 | \cr |
| 432 | list&show next ten lines of source\cr |
| 433 | list -&show previous ten lines\cr |
| 434 | list {\it lines}&display source centered around {\it lines}, |
| 435 | specified as one of:\cr |
| 436 | \quad{\opt{\it file\tt:}\it num}&line number \opt{in named file}\cr |
| 437 | \quad{\opt{\it file\tt:}\it function}&beginning of function \opt{in |
| 438 | named file}\cr |
| 439 | \quad{\tt +\it off}&{\it off} lines after last printed\cr |
| 440 | \quad{\tt -\it off}&{\it off} lines previous to last printed\cr |
| 441 | \quad{\tt*\it address}&line containing {\it address}\cr |
| 442 | list {\it f},{\it l}&from line {\it f} to line {\it l}\cr |
| 443 | info line {\it num}&show starting, ending addresses of compiled code for |
| 444 | source line {\it num}\cr |
| 445 | info source&show name of current source file\cr |
| 446 | info sources&list all source files in use\cr |
| 447 | forw {\it regex}&search following source lines for {\it regex}\cr |
| 448 | rev {\it regex}&search preceding source lines for {\it regex}\cr |
| 449 | \endsec |
| 450 | |
| 451 | \sec GDB under GNU Emacs; |
| 452 | M-x gdb&run GDB under Emacs\cr |
| 453 | \ctl{h} m&describe GDB mode\cr |
| 454 | M-s&step one line ({\tt step})\cr |
| 455 | M-n&next line ({\tt next})\cr |
| 456 | M-i&step one instruction ({\tt stepi})\cr |
| 457 | \ctl{c} \ctl{f}&finish current stack frame ({\tt finish})\cr |
| 458 | M-c&continue ({\tt cont})\cr |
| 459 | M-u&up {\it arg} frames ({\tt up})\cr |
| 460 | M-d&down {\it arg} frames ({\tt down})\cr |
| 461 | \ctl{x} \&© number from point, insert at end\cr |
| 462 | \ctl{x} SPC&(in source file) set break at point\cr |
| 463 | \endsec |
| 464 | |
| 465 | |
| 466 | \vfill |
| 467 | {\smrm\parskip=6pt |
| 468 | \centerline{Copyright \copyright 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.} |
| 469 | \centerline{Roland Pesch (pesch@cygnus.com), May 1991---\manvers} |
| 470 | \centerline{The author assumes no responsibility for any errors on this card.} |
| 471 | |
| 472 | This card may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU |
| 473 | General Public License. |
| 474 | |
| 475 | \centerline{Please contribute to development of this card by annotating it.} |
| 476 | } |
| 477 | \end |