Documentation/bus-virt-phys-mapping.txt

   1 [ NOTE: The virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() functions have been
   2         superseded by the functionality provided by the PCI DMA interface
   3         (see Documentation/PCI/PCI-DMA-mapping.txt).  They continue
   4         to be documented below for historical purposes, but new code
   5         must not use them. --davidm 00/12/12 ]
   6
   7 [ This is a mail message in response to a query on IO mapping, thus the
   8   strange format for a "document" ]
   9
  10 The AHA-1542 is a bus-master device, and your patch makes the driver give the
  11 controller the physical address of the buffers, which is correct on x86
  12 (because all bus master devices see the physical memory mappings directly).
  13
  14 However, on many setups, there are actually _three_ different ways of looking
  15 at memory addresses, and in this case we actually want the third, the
  16 so-called "bus address".
  17
  18 Essentially, the three ways of addressing memory are (this is "real memory",
  19 that is, normal RAM--see later about other details):
  20
  21  - CPU untranslated.  This is the "physical" address.  Physical address
  22    0 is what the CPU sees when it drives zeroes on the memory bus.
  23
  24  - CPU translated address. This is the "virtual" address, and is
  25    completely internal to the CPU itself with the CPU doing the appropriate
  26    translations into "CPU untranslated".
  27
  28  - bus address. This is the address of memory as seen by OTHER devices,
  29    not the CPU. Now, in theory there could be many different bus
  30    addresses, with each device seeing memory in some device-specific way, but
  31    happily most hardware designers aren't actually actively trying to make
  32    things any more complex than necessary, so you can assume that all
  33    external hardware sees the memory the same way.
  34
  35 Now, on normal PCs the bus address is exactly the same as the physical
  36 address, and things are very simple indeed. However, they are that simple
  37 because the memory and the devices share the same address space, and that is
  38 not generally necessarily true on other PCI/ISA setups.
  39
  40 Now, just as an example, on the PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform), the
  41 CPU sees a memory map something like this (this is from memory):
  42
  43         0-2 GB          "real memory"
  44         2 GB-3 GB       "system IO" (inb/out and similar accesses on x86)
  45         3 GB-4 GB       "IO memory" (shared memory over the IO bus)
  46
  47 Now, that looks simple enough. However, when you look at the same thing from
  48 the viewpoint of the devices, you have the reverse, and the physical memory
  49 address 0 actually shows up as address 2 GB for any IO master.
  50
  51 So when the CPU wants any bus master to write to physical memory 0, it
  52 has to give the master address 0x80000000 as the memory address.
  53
  54 So, for example, depending on how the kernel is actually mapped on the
  55 PPC, you can end up with a setup like this:
  56
  57  physical address:      0
  58  virtual address:       0xC0000000
  59  bus address:           0x80000000
  60
  61 where all the addresses actually point to the same thing.  It's just seen
  62 through different translations..
  63
  64 Similarly, on the Alpha, the normal translation is
  65
  66  physical address:      0
  67  virtual address:       0xfffffc0000000000
  68  bus address:           0x40000000
  69
  70 (but there are also Alphas where the physical address and the bus address
  71 are the same).
  72
  73 Anyway, the way to look up all these translations, you do
  74
  75         #include <asm/io.h>
  76
  77         phys_addr = virt_to_phys(virt_addr);
  78         virt_addr = phys_to_virt(phys_addr);
  79          bus_addr = virt_to_bus(virt_addr);
  80         virt_addr = bus_to_virt(bus_addr);
  81
  82 Now, when do you need these?
  83
  84 You want the _virtual_ address when you are actually going to access that
  85 pointer from the kernel. So you can have something like this:
  86
  87         /*
  88          * this is the hardware "mailbox" we use to communicate with
  89          * the controller. The controller sees this directly.
  90          */
  91         struct mailbox {
  92                 __u32 status;
  93                 __u32 bufstart;
  94                 __u32 buflen;
  95                 ..
  96         } mbox;
  97
  98                 unsigned char * retbuffer;
  99
 100                 /* get the address from the controller */
 101                 retbuffer = bus_to_virt(mbox.bufstart);
 102                 switch (retbuffer[0]) {
 103                         case STATUS_OK:
 104                                 ...
 105
 106 on the other hand, you want the bus address when you have a buffer that
 107 you want to give to the controller:
 108
 109         /* ask the controller to read the sense status into "sense_buffer" */
 110         mbox.bufstart = virt_to_bus(&sense_buffer);
 111         mbox.buflen = sizeof(sense_buffer);
 112         mbox.status = 0;
 113         notify_controller(&mbox);
 114
 115 And you generally _never_ want to use the physical address, because you can't
 116 use that from the CPU (the CPU only uses translated virtual addresses), and
 117 you can't use it from the bus master.
 118
 119 So why do we care about the physical address at all? We do need the physical
 120 address in some cases, it's just not very often in normal code.  The physical
 121 address is needed if you use memory mappings, for example, because the
 122 "remap_pfn_range()" mm function wants the physical address of the memory to
 123 be remapped as measured in units of pages, a.k.a. the pfn (the memory
 124 management layer doesn't know about devices outside the CPU, so it
 125 shouldn't need to know about "bus addresses" etc).
 126
 127 NOTE NOTE NOTE! The above is only one part of the whole equation. The above
 128 only talks about "real memory", that is, CPU memory (RAM).
 129
 130 There is a completely different type of memory too, and that's the "shared
 131 memory" on the PCI or ISA bus. That's generally not RAM (although in the case
 132 of a video graphics card it can be normal DRAM that is just used for a frame
 133 buffer), but can be things like a packet buffer in a network card etc.
 134
 135 This memory is called "PCI memory" or "shared memory" or "IO memory" or
 136 whatever, and there is only one way to access it: the readb/writeb and
 137 related functions. You should never take the address of such memory, because
 138 there is really nothing you can do with such an address: it's not
 139 conceptually in the same memory space as "real memory" at all, so you cannot
 140 just dereference a pointer. (Sadly, on x86 it _is_ in the same memory space,
 141 so on x86 it actually works to just deference a pointer, but it's not
 142 portable).
 143
 144 For such memory, you can do things like
 145
 146  - reading:
 147         /*
 148          * read first 32 bits from ISA memory at 0xC0000, aka
 149          * C000:0000 in DOS terms
 150          */
 151         unsigned int signature = isa_readl(0xC0000);
 152
 153  - remapping and writing:
 154         /*
 155          * remap framebuffer PCI memory area at 0xFC000000,
 156          * size 1MB, so that we can access it: We can directly
 157          * access only the 640k-1MB area, so anything else
 158          * has to be remapped.
 159          */
 160         void __iomem *baseptr = ioremap(0xFC000000, 1024*1024);
 161
 162         /* write a 'A' to the offset 10 of the area */
 163         writeb('A',baseptr+10);
 164
 165         /* unmap when we unload the driver */
 166         iounmap(baseptr);
 167
 168  - copying and clearing:
 169         /* get the 6-byte Ethernet address at ISA address E000:0040 */
 170         memcpy_fromio(kernel_buffer, 0xE0040, 6);
 171         /* write a packet to the driver */
 172         memcpy_toio(0xE1000, skb->data, skb->len);
 173         /* clear the frame buffer */
 174         memset_io(0xA0000, 0, 0x10000);
 175
 176 OK, that just about covers the basics of accessing IO portably.  Questions?
 177 Comments? You may think that all the above is overly complex, but one day you
 178 might find yourself with a 500 MHz Alpha in front of you, and then you'll be
 179 happy that your driver works ;)
 180
 181 Note that kernel versions 2.0.x (and earlier) mistakenly called the
 182 ioremap() function "vremap()".  ioremap() is the proper name, but I
 183 didn't think straight when I wrote it originally.  People who have to
 184 support both can do something like:
 185
 186         /* support old naming silliness */
 187         #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < 0x020100
 188         #define ioremap vremap
 189         #define iounmap vfree
 190         #endif
 191
 192 at the top of their source files, and then they can use the right names
 193 even on 2.0.x systems.
 194
 195 And the above sounds worse than it really is.  Most real drivers really
 196 don't do all that complex things (or rather: the complexity is not so
 197 much in the actual IO accesses as in error handling and timeouts etc).
 198 It's generally not hard to fix drivers, and in many cases the code
 199 actually looks better afterwards:
 200
 201         unsigned long signature = *(unsigned int *) 0xC0000;
 202                 vs
 203         unsigned long signature = readl(0xC0000);
 204
 205 I think the second version actually is more readable, no?
 206
 207                 Linus
 208