2 * acpi-cpufreq.c - ACPI Processor P-States Driver ($Revision: 1.4 $)
4 * Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 Andy Grover <andrew.grover@intel.com>
5 * Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 Paul Diefenbaugh <paul.s.diefenbaugh@intel.com>
6 * Copyright (C) 2002 - 2004 Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
7 * Copyright (C) 2006 Denis Sadykov <denis.m.sadykov@intel.com>
9 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
12 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
13 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
14 * your option) any later version.
16 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
17 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
18 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
19 * General Public License for more details.
21 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
22 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
23 * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.
25 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
28 #include <linux/kernel.h>
29 #include <linux/module.h>
30 #include <linux/init.h>
31 #include <linux/smp.h>
32 #include <linux/sched.h>
33 #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
34 #include <linux/compiler.h>
35 #include <linux/sched.h> /* current */
36 #include <linux/dmi.h>
38 #include <linux/acpi.h>
39 #include <acpi/processor.h>
43 #include <asm/processor.h>
44 #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
45 #include <asm/delay.h>
46 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
48 #define dprintk(msg...) cpufreq_debug_printk(CPUFREQ_DEBUG_DRIVER, "acpi-cpufreq", msg)
50 MODULE_AUTHOR("Paul Diefenbaugh, Dominik Brodowski");
51 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ACPI Processor P-States Driver");
52 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
55 UNDEFINED_CAPABLE
= 0,
56 SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
,
60 #define INTEL_MSR_RANGE (0xffff)
61 #define CPUID_6_ECX_APERFMPERF_CAPABILITY (0x1)
63 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
{
64 struct acpi_processor_performance
*acpi_data
;
65 struct cpufreq_frequency_table
*freq_table
;
66 unsigned int max_freq
;
68 unsigned int cpu_feature
;
71 static struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*drv_data
[NR_CPUS
];
72 static struct acpi_processor_performance
*acpi_perf_data
[NR_CPUS
];
74 static struct cpufreq_driver acpi_cpufreq_driver
;
76 static unsigned int acpi_pstate_strict
;
78 static int check_est_cpu(unsigned int cpuid
)
80 struct cpuinfo_x86
*cpu
= &cpu_data
[cpuid
];
82 if (cpu
->x86_vendor
!= X86_VENDOR_INTEL
||
83 !cpu_has(cpu
, X86_FEATURE_EST
))
89 static unsigned extract_io(u32 value
, struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
)
91 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
;
94 perf
= data
->acpi_data
;
96 for (i
= 0; i
< perf
->state_count
; i
++) {
97 if (value
== perf
->states
[i
].status
)
98 return data
->freq_table
[i
].frequency
;
103 static unsigned extract_msr(u32 msr
, struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
)
106 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
;
108 msr
&= INTEL_MSR_RANGE
;
109 perf
= data
->acpi_data
;
111 for (i
= 0; data
->freq_table
[i
].frequency
!= CPUFREQ_TABLE_END
; i
++) {
112 if (msr
== perf
->states
[data
->freq_table
[i
].index
].status
)
113 return data
->freq_table
[i
].frequency
;
115 return data
->freq_table
[0].frequency
;
118 static unsigned extract_freq(u32 val
, struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
)
120 switch (data
->cpu_feature
) {
121 case SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
:
122 return extract_msr(val
, data
);
123 case SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
:
124 return extract_io(val
, data
);
130 static void wrport(u16 port
, u8 bit_width
, u32 value
)
132 if (bit_width
<= 8) {
134 } else if (bit_width
<= 16) {
136 } else if (bit_width
<= 32) {
141 static void rdport(u16 port
, u8 bit_width
, u32
* ret
)
144 if (bit_width
<= 8) {
146 } else if (bit_width
<= 16) {
148 } else if (bit_width
<= 32) {
174 static void do_drv_read(struct drv_cmd
*cmd
)
179 case SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
:
180 rdmsr(cmd
->addr
.msr
.reg
, cmd
->val
, h
);
182 case SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
:
183 rdport(cmd
->addr
.io
.port
, cmd
->addr
.io
.bit_width
, &cmd
->val
);
190 static void do_drv_write(struct drv_cmd
*cmd
)
195 case SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
:
196 wrmsr(cmd
->addr
.msr
.reg
, cmd
->val
, h
);
198 case SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
:
199 wrport(cmd
->addr
.io
.port
, cmd
->addr
.io
.bit_width
, cmd
->val
);
206 static inline void drv_read(struct drv_cmd
*cmd
)
208 cpumask_t saved_mask
= current
->cpus_allowed
;
211 set_cpus_allowed(current
, cmd
->mask
);
213 set_cpus_allowed(current
, saved_mask
);
217 static void drv_write(struct drv_cmd
*cmd
)
219 cpumask_t saved_mask
= current
->cpus_allowed
;
222 for_each_cpu_mask(i
, cmd
->mask
) {
223 set_cpus_allowed(current
, cpumask_of_cpu(i
));
227 set_cpus_allowed(current
, saved_mask
);
231 static u32
get_cur_val(cpumask_t mask
)
233 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
;
236 if (unlikely(cpus_empty(mask
)))
239 switch (drv_data
[first_cpu(mask
)]->cpu_feature
) {
240 case SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
:
241 cmd
.type
= SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
;
242 cmd
.addr
.msr
.reg
= MSR_IA32_PERF_STATUS
;
244 case SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
:
245 cmd
.type
= SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
;
246 perf
= drv_data
[first_cpu(mask
)]->acpi_data
;
247 cmd
.addr
.io
.port
= perf
->control_register
.address
;
248 cmd
.addr
.io
.bit_width
= perf
->control_register
.bit_width
;
258 dprintk("get_cur_val = %u\n", cmd
.val
);
264 * Return the measured active (C0) frequency on this CPU since last call
267 * Return: Average CPU frequency in terms of max frequency (zero on error)
269 * We use IA32_MPERF and IA32_APERF MSRs to get the measured performance
270 * over a period of time, while CPU is in C0 state.
271 * IA32_MPERF counts at the rate of max advertised frequency
272 * IA32_APERF counts at the rate of actual CPU frequency
273 * Only IA32_APERF/IA32_MPERF ratio is architecturally defined and
274 * no meaning should be associated with absolute values of these MSRs.
276 static unsigned int get_measured_perf(unsigned int cpu
)
284 } aperf_cur
, mperf_cur
;
286 cpumask_t saved_mask
;
287 unsigned int perf_percent
;
290 saved_mask
= current
->cpus_allowed
;
291 set_cpus_allowed(current
, cpumask_of_cpu(cpu
));
292 if (get_cpu() != cpu
) {
293 /* We were not able to run on requested processor */
298 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_APERF
, aperf_cur
.split
.lo
, aperf_cur
.split
.hi
);
299 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_MPERF
, mperf_cur
.split
.lo
, mperf_cur
.split
.hi
);
301 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_APERF
, 0,0);
302 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_MPERF
, 0,0);
306 * We dont want to do 64 bit divide with 32 bit kernel
307 * Get an approximate value. Return failure in case we cannot get
308 * an approximate value.
310 if (unlikely(aperf_cur
.split
.hi
|| mperf_cur
.split
.hi
)) {
314 h
= max_t(u32
, aperf_cur
.split
.hi
, mperf_cur
.split
.hi
);
315 shift_count
= fls(h
);
317 aperf_cur
.whole
>>= shift_count
;
318 mperf_cur
.whole
>>= shift_count
;
321 if (((unsigned long)(-1) / 100) < aperf_cur
.split
.lo
) {
323 aperf_cur
.split
.lo
>>= shift_count
;
324 mperf_cur
.split
.lo
>>= shift_count
;
327 if (aperf_cur
.split
.lo
&& mperf_cur
.split
.lo
) {
328 perf_percent
= (aperf_cur
.split
.lo
* 100) / mperf_cur
.split
.lo
;
334 if (unlikely(((unsigned long)(-1) / 100) < aperf_cur
.whole
)) {
336 aperf_cur
.whole
>>= shift_count
;
337 mperf_cur
.whole
>>= shift_count
;
340 if (aperf_cur
.whole
&& mperf_cur
.whole
) {
341 perf_percent
= (aperf_cur
.whole
* 100) / mperf_cur
.whole
;
348 retval
= drv_data
[cpu
]->max_freq
* perf_percent
/ 100;
351 set_cpus_allowed(current
, saved_mask
);
353 dprintk("cpu %d: performance percent %d\n", cpu
, perf_percent
);
357 static unsigned int get_cur_freq_on_cpu(unsigned int cpu
)
359 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
= drv_data
[cpu
];
362 dprintk("get_cur_freq_on_cpu (%d)\n", cpu
);
364 if (unlikely(data
== NULL
||
365 data
->acpi_data
== NULL
|| data
->freq_table
== NULL
)) {
369 freq
= extract_freq(get_cur_val(cpumask_of_cpu(cpu
)), data
);
370 dprintk("cur freq = %u\n", freq
);
375 static unsigned int check_freqs(cpumask_t mask
, unsigned int freq
,
376 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
)
378 unsigned int cur_freq
;
381 for (i
= 0; i
< 100; i
++) {
382 cur_freq
= extract_freq(get_cur_val(mask
), data
);
383 if (cur_freq
== freq
)
390 static int acpi_cpufreq_target(struct cpufreq_policy
*policy
,
391 unsigned int target_freq
, unsigned int relation
)
393 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
= drv_data
[policy
->cpu
];
394 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
;
395 struct cpufreq_freqs freqs
;
396 cpumask_t online_policy_cpus
;
399 unsigned int next_state
= 0;
400 unsigned int next_perf_state
= 0;
404 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_target %d (%d)\n", target_freq
, policy
->cpu
);
406 if (unlikely(data
== NULL
||
407 data
->acpi_data
== NULL
|| data
->freq_table
== NULL
)) {
411 perf
= data
->acpi_data
;
412 result
= cpufreq_frequency_table_target(policy
,
415 relation
, &next_state
);
416 if (unlikely(result
))
419 #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
420 /* cpufreq holds the hotplug lock, so we are safe from here on */
421 cpus_and(online_policy_cpus
, cpu_online_map
, policy
->cpus
);
423 online_policy_cpus
= policy
->cpus
;
426 next_perf_state
= data
->freq_table
[next_state
].index
;
427 if (perf
->state
== next_perf_state
) {
428 if (unlikely(data
->resume
)) {
429 dprintk("Called after resume, resetting to P%d\n",
433 dprintk("Already at target state (P%d)\n",
439 switch (data
->cpu_feature
) {
440 case SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
:
441 cmd
.type
= SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
;
442 cmd
.addr
.msr
.reg
= MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL
;
444 (u32
) perf
->states
[next_perf_state
].
445 control
& INTEL_MSR_RANGE
;
446 cmd
.val
= (cmd
.val
& ~INTEL_MSR_RANGE
) | msr
;
448 case SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
:
449 cmd
.type
= SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
;
450 cmd
.addr
.io
.port
= perf
->control_register
.address
;
451 cmd
.addr
.io
.bit_width
= perf
->control_register
.bit_width
;
452 cmd
.val
= (u32
) perf
->states
[next_perf_state
].control
;
458 cpus_clear(cmd
.mask
);
460 if (policy
->shared_type
!= CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY
)
461 cmd
.mask
= online_policy_cpus
;
463 cpu_set(policy
->cpu
, cmd
.mask
);
465 freqs
.old
= data
->freq_table
[perf
->state
].frequency
;
466 freqs
.new = data
->freq_table
[next_perf_state
].frequency
;
467 for_each_cpu_mask(i
, cmd
.mask
) {
469 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs
, CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE
);
474 if (acpi_pstate_strict
) {
475 if (!check_freqs(cmd
.mask
, freqs
.new, data
)) {
476 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_target failed (%d)\n",
482 for_each_cpu_mask(i
, cmd
.mask
) {
484 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs
, CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE
);
486 perf
->state
= next_perf_state
;
491 static int acpi_cpufreq_verify(struct cpufreq_policy
*policy
)
493 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
= drv_data
[policy
->cpu
];
495 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_verify\n");
497 return cpufreq_frequency_table_verify(policy
, data
->freq_table
);
501 acpi_cpufreq_guess_freq(struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
, unsigned int cpu
)
503 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
= data
->acpi_data
;
506 /* search the closest match to cpu_khz */
509 unsigned long freqn
= perf
->states
[0].core_frequency
* 1000;
511 for (i
= 0; i
< (perf
->state_count
- 1); i
++) {
513 freqn
= perf
->states
[i
+ 1].core_frequency
* 1000;
514 if ((2 * cpu_khz
) > (freqn
+ freq
)) {
519 perf
->state
= perf
->state_count
- 1;
522 /* assume CPU is at P0... */
524 return perf
->states
[0].core_frequency
* 1000;
529 * acpi_cpufreq_early_init - initialize ACPI P-States library
531 * Initialize the ACPI P-States library (drivers/acpi/processor_perflib.c)
532 * in order to determine correct frequency and voltage pairings. We can
533 * do _PDC and _PSD and find out the processor dependency for the
534 * actual init that will happen later...
536 static int acpi_cpufreq_early_init(void)
538 struct acpi_processor_performance
*data
;
542 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_early_init\n");
544 for_each_possible_cpu(i
) {
545 data
= kzalloc(sizeof(struct acpi_processor_performance
),
548 for_each_cpu_mask(j
, covered
) {
549 kfree(acpi_perf_data
[j
]);
550 acpi_perf_data
[j
] = NULL
;
554 acpi_perf_data
[i
] = data
;
558 /* Do initialization in ACPI core */
559 acpi_processor_preregister_performance(acpi_perf_data
);
564 * Some BIOSes do SW_ANY coordination internally, either set it up in hw
565 * or do it in BIOS firmware and won't inform about it to OS. If not
566 * detected, this has a side effect of making CPU run at a different speed
567 * than OS intended it to run at. Detect it and handle it cleanly.
569 static int bios_with_sw_any_bug
;
571 static int sw_any_bug_found(struct dmi_system_id
*d
)
573 bios_with_sw_any_bug
= 1;
577 static struct dmi_system_id sw_any_bug_dmi_table
[] = {
579 .callback
= sw_any_bug_found
,
580 .ident
= "Supermicro Server X6DLP",
582 DMI_MATCH(DMI_SYS_VENDOR
, "Supermicro"),
583 DMI_MATCH(DMI_BIOS_VERSION
, "080010"),
584 DMI_MATCH(DMI_PRODUCT_NAME
, "X6DLP"),
590 static int acpi_cpufreq_cpu_init(struct cpufreq_policy
*policy
)
593 unsigned int valid_states
= 0;
594 unsigned int cpu
= policy
->cpu
;
595 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
;
596 unsigned int result
= 0;
597 struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
= &cpu_data
[policy
->cpu
];
598 struct acpi_processor_performance
*perf
;
600 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_cpu_init\n");
602 if (!acpi_perf_data
[cpu
])
605 data
= kzalloc(sizeof(struct acpi_cpufreq_data
), GFP_KERNEL
);
609 data
->acpi_data
= acpi_perf_data
[cpu
];
610 drv_data
[cpu
] = data
;
612 if (cpu_has(c
, X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC
)) {
613 acpi_cpufreq_driver
.flags
|= CPUFREQ_CONST_LOOPS
;
616 result
= acpi_processor_register_performance(data
->acpi_data
, cpu
);
620 perf
= data
->acpi_data
;
621 policy
->shared_type
= perf
->shared_type
;
623 * Will let policy->cpus know about dependency only when software
624 * coordination is required.
626 if (policy
->shared_type
== CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ALL
||
627 policy
->shared_type
== CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY
) {
628 policy
->cpus
= perf
->shared_cpu_map
;
632 dmi_check_system(sw_any_bug_dmi_table
);
633 if (bios_with_sw_any_bug
&& cpus_weight(policy
->cpus
) == 1) {
634 policy
->shared_type
= CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ALL
;
635 policy
->cpus
= cpu_core_map
[cpu
];
639 /* capability check */
640 if (perf
->state_count
<= 1) {
641 dprintk("No P-States\n");
646 if (perf
->control_register
.space_id
!= perf
->status_register
.space_id
) {
651 switch (perf
->control_register
.space_id
) {
652 case ACPI_ADR_SPACE_SYSTEM_IO
:
653 dprintk("SYSTEM IO addr space\n");
654 data
->cpu_feature
= SYSTEM_IO_CAPABLE
;
656 case ACPI_ADR_SPACE_FIXED_HARDWARE
:
657 dprintk("HARDWARE addr space\n");
658 if (!check_est_cpu(cpu
)) {
662 data
->cpu_feature
= SYSTEM_INTEL_MSR_CAPABLE
;
665 dprintk("Unknown addr space %d\n",
666 (u32
) (perf
->control_register
.space_id
));
672 kmalloc(sizeof(struct cpufreq_frequency_table
) *
673 (perf
->state_count
+ 1), GFP_KERNEL
);
674 if (!data
->freq_table
) {
679 /* detect transition latency */
680 policy
->cpuinfo
.transition_latency
= 0;
681 for (i
= 0; i
< perf
->state_count
; i
++) {
682 if ((perf
->states
[i
].transition_latency
* 1000) >
683 policy
->cpuinfo
.transition_latency
)
684 policy
->cpuinfo
.transition_latency
=
685 perf
->states
[i
].transition_latency
* 1000;
687 policy
->governor
= CPUFREQ_DEFAULT_GOVERNOR
;
689 data
->max_freq
= perf
->states
[0].core_frequency
* 1000;
691 for (i
= 0; i
< perf
->state_count
; i
++) {
692 if (i
> 0 && perf
->states
[i
].core_frequency
==
693 perf
->states
[i
- 1].core_frequency
)
696 data
->freq_table
[valid_states
].index
= i
;
697 data
->freq_table
[valid_states
].frequency
=
698 perf
->states
[i
].core_frequency
* 1000;
701 data
->freq_table
[perf
->state_count
].frequency
= CPUFREQ_TABLE_END
;
703 result
= cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo(policy
, data
->freq_table
);
708 switch (data
->cpu_feature
) {
709 case ACPI_ADR_SPACE_SYSTEM_IO
:
710 /* Current speed is unknown and not detectable by IO port */
711 policy
->cur
= acpi_cpufreq_guess_freq(data
, policy
->cpu
);
713 case ACPI_ADR_SPACE_FIXED_HARDWARE
:
714 acpi_cpufreq_driver
.get
= get_cur_freq_on_cpu
;
715 get_cur_freq_on_cpu(cpu
);
721 /* notify BIOS that we exist */
722 acpi_processor_notify_smm(THIS_MODULE
);
724 /* Check for APERF/MPERF support in hardware */
725 if (c
->x86_vendor
== X86_VENDOR_INTEL
&& c
->cpuid_level
>= 6) {
728 if (ecx
& CPUID_6_ECX_APERFMPERF_CAPABILITY
) {
729 acpi_cpufreq_driver
.getavg
= get_measured_perf
;
733 dprintk("CPU%u - ACPI performance management activated.\n", cpu
);
734 for (i
= 0; i
< perf
->state_count
; i
++)
735 dprintk(" %cP%d: %d MHz, %d mW, %d uS\n",
736 (i
== perf
->state
? '*' : ' '), i
,
737 (u32
) perf
->states
[i
].core_frequency
,
738 (u32
) perf
->states
[i
].power
,
739 (u32
) perf
->states
[i
].transition_latency
);
741 cpufreq_frequency_table_get_attr(data
->freq_table
, policy
->cpu
);
744 * the first call to ->target() should result in us actually
745 * writing something to the appropriate registers.
752 kfree(data
->freq_table
);
754 acpi_processor_unregister_performance(perf
, cpu
);
757 drv_data
[cpu
] = NULL
;
762 static int acpi_cpufreq_cpu_exit(struct cpufreq_policy
*policy
)
764 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
= drv_data
[policy
->cpu
];
766 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_cpu_exit\n");
769 cpufreq_frequency_table_put_attr(policy
->cpu
);
770 drv_data
[policy
->cpu
] = NULL
;
771 acpi_processor_unregister_performance(data
->acpi_data
,
779 static int acpi_cpufreq_resume(struct cpufreq_policy
*policy
)
781 struct acpi_cpufreq_data
*data
= drv_data
[policy
->cpu
];
783 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_resume\n");
790 static struct freq_attr
*acpi_cpufreq_attr
[] = {
791 &cpufreq_freq_attr_scaling_available_freqs
,
795 static struct cpufreq_driver acpi_cpufreq_driver
= {
796 .verify
= acpi_cpufreq_verify
,
797 .target
= acpi_cpufreq_target
,
798 .init
= acpi_cpufreq_cpu_init
,
799 .exit
= acpi_cpufreq_cpu_exit
,
800 .resume
= acpi_cpufreq_resume
,
801 .name
= "acpi-cpufreq",
802 .owner
= THIS_MODULE
,
803 .attr
= acpi_cpufreq_attr
,
806 static int __init
acpi_cpufreq_init(void)
808 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_init\n");
810 acpi_cpufreq_early_init();
812 return cpufreq_register_driver(&acpi_cpufreq_driver
);
815 static void __exit
acpi_cpufreq_exit(void)
818 dprintk("acpi_cpufreq_exit\n");
820 cpufreq_unregister_driver(&acpi_cpufreq_driver
);
822 for_each_possible_cpu(i
) {
823 kfree(acpi_perf_data
[i
]);
824 acpi_perf_data
[i
] = NULL
;
829 module_param(acpi_pstate_strict
, uint
, 0644);
830 MODULE_PARM_DESC(acpi_pstate_strict
,
831 "value 0 or non-zero. non-zero -> strict ACPI checks are performed during frequency changes.");
833 late_initcall(acpi_cpufreq_init
);
834 module_exit(acpi_cpufreq_exit
);
836 MODULE_ALIAS("acpi");