1 \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*-
2 @setfilename binutils.info
7 * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "objcopy",
8 "objdump", "nm", "nlmconv", "size",
9 "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
15 Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
17 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
18 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
19 are preserved on all copies.
22 Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
23 results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission
24 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
25 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
29 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
30 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
31 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
32 permission notice identical to this one.
34 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
35 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
40 @c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
41 @c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
43 @c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
45 @c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
46 @c General Public License.
49 @setchapternewpage odd
50 @settitle GNU Binary Utilities
53 @title The GNU Binary Utilities
57 @author Roland H. Pesch
58 @author Jeffrey M. Osier
59 @author Cygnus Support
63 {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill
64 \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par }
67 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
68 Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
70 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
71 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
72 are preserved on all copies.
74 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
75 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
76 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
77 permission notice identical to this one.
79 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
80 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
87 This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the GNU binary
88 utilities (collectively version 2.2):
93 Create, modify, and extract from archives
96 List symbols from object files
99 Copy and translate object files
102 Display information from object files
105 Generate index to archive contents
108 List file section sizes and total size
111 List printable strings from files
117 Demangle encoded C++ symbols
120 Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
125 * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
126 * nm:: List symbols from object files
127 * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
128 * objdump:: Display information from object files
129 * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
130 * size:: List section sizes and total size
131 * strings:: List printable strings from files
132 * strip:: Discard symbols
133 * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
134 * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
135 * Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
144 @cindex collections of files
146 ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
147 ar -M [ <mri-script ]
150 The GNU @code{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from
151 archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of
152 other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
153 the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive).
155 The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
156 group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
160 GNU @code{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any
161 length; however, depending on how @code{ar} is configured on your
162 system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
163 with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
164 limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
165 characters (typical of formats related to coff).
168 @code{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
169 are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed
173 @code{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
174 object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}.
175 Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @code{ar}
176 makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation).
177 An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
178 allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
179 their placement in the archive.
181 You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index
182 table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @code{ar} called
183 @code{ranlib} can be used to add just the table.
185 @cindex compatibility, @code{ar}
186 @cindex @code{ar} compatibility
187 GNU @code{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different
188 facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
189 like the different varieties of @code{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you
190 specify the single command-line option @samp{-M}, you can control it
191 with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian''
195 * ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
196 * ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
201 @section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
204 ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
207 @cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar}
208 When you use @code{ar} in the Unix style, @code{ar} insists on at least two
209 arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation}
210 (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
211 @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on.
213 Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments,
214 specifying particular files to operate on.
216 GNU @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier
217 flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument.
219 If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
222 @cindex operations on archive
223 The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
224 any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
228 @cindex deleting from archive
229 @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
230 be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
231 specify no files to delete.
233 If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @code{ar} lists each module
237 @cindex moving in archive
238 Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive.
240 The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
241 programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
244 If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the
245 @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
246 you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a
247 specified place instead.
250 @cindex printing from archive
251 @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard
252 output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member
253 name before copying its contents to standard output.
255 If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are
259 @cindex quick append to archive
260 @emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of
261 @var{archive}, without checking for replacement.
263 The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this
264 operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
266 The modifier @samp{v} makes @code{ar} list each file as it is appended.
268 Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table
269 index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or
270 @code{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index.
273 @cindex replacement in archive
274 Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
275 @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any
276 previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
279 If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @code{ar}
280 displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
281 of the archive matching that name.
283 By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
284 use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request
285 placement relative to some existing member.
287 The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of
288 output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or
289 @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
290 deleted) or replaced.
293 @cindex contents of archive
294 Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those
295 of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the
296 archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to
297 see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
298 request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier.
300 If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
303 @cindex repeated names in archive
304 @cindex name duplication in archive
305 If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in
306 an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the
307 first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
308 listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}.
309 @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more
310 @c recent case in fact works the other way.
313 @cindex extract from archive
314 @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can
315 use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that
316 @code{ar} list each name as it extracts it.
318 If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
323 A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p}
324 keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
328 @cindex relative placement in archive
329 Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the
330 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive
331 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
332 @var{archive} specification.
335 Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
336 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive
337 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
338 @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}).
341 @cindex creating archives
342 @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always
343 created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
344 issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
348 Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
349 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive
350 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
351 @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}).
354 This modifier is accepted but not used.
355 @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with
356 @c what???---pesch@@cygnus.com, 25jan91
359 @cindex dates in archive
360 Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If
361 you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
362 are stamped with the time of extraction.
365 @cindex writing archive index
366 Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
367 even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
368 flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an
369 archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it.
372 @cindex updating an archive
373 Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files
374 listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those
375 of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
376 names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the
377 operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is
378 not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
379 advantage from the operation @samp{q}.
382 This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many
383 operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
384 when the modifier @samp{v} is appended.
387 This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}.
391 @section Controlling @code{ar} with a script
394 ar -M [ <@var{script} ]
397 @cindex MRI compatibility, @code{ar}
398 @cindex scripts, @code{ar}
399 If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @code{ar}, you
400 can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This
401 form of @code{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming
402 directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @code{ar} prompts for
403 input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after
404 errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are
405 issued, and @code{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code)
408 The @code{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent
409 to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control
410 over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the
411 transition to GNU @code{ar} for developers who already have scripts
412 written for the MRI ``librarian'' program.
414 The syntax for the @code{ar} command language is straightforward:
417 commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST}
418 is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are
419 shown in upper case for clarity.
422 a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the
426 empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
429 comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*}
430 or @samp{;} is ignored.
433 Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @code{ar}
434 command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or
435 blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
438 @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears
439 at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part
440 of the current command.
443 Here are the commands you can use in @code{ar} scripts, or when using
444 @code{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance:
446 @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is
447 a temporary file required for most of the other commands.
449 @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior
450 to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current
454 @item ADDLIB @var{archive}
455 @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
456 Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named
457 @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive.
459 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
461 @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member}
462 @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}"
463 @c else like "ar q..."
464 Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive.
466 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
469 Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect of
470 any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no
471 effect) even if no current archive is specified.
473 @item CREATE @var{archive}
474 Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many
475 other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it
476 is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}.
477 You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any
478 existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}.
480 @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
481 Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to
482 @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}.
484 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
486 @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
487 @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile}
488 List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate
489 command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose
490 output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive}
491 @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like
492 @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
494 Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
495 specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @code{ar} directs the
499 Exit from @code{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful
500 completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have
501 changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those
504 @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
505 Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them
506 into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x
507 @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
509 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
512 @c FIXME Tokens but no commands???
519 Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style
520 regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar
521 tv @var{archive}}). (This single command is a GNU @code{ld}
522 enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)
524 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
526 @item OPEN @var{archive}
527 Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for
528 many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands
529 will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}.
531 @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
532 In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in
533 the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory.
534 To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in
535 the current archive, must exist.
537 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
540 Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}.
541 When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from
542 @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}.
545 Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a
546 file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN}
549 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
558 The GNU linker @code{ld} is now described in a separate manual.
559 @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the GNU linker}.
568 nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
569 [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
570 [ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
571 [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
572 [ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
573 [ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ]
574 [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
575 [ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
578 GNU @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
579 If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes
582 For each symbol, @code{nm} shows:
586 The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
587 hexadecimal by default.
590 The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
591 well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
592 local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
594 @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for
601 BSS (uninitialized data).
623 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
629 @itemx --print-file-name
630 @cindex input file name
632 @cindex source file name
633 Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element)
634 in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
635 before all of its symbols.
639 @cindex debugging symbols
640 Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
644 @cindex @code{nm} format
645 @cindex @code{nm} compatibility
646 The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}).
650 @cindex demangling C++ symbols
651 Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
652 Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
653 makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
657 Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
661 @cindex dynamic symbols
662 Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
663 only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
666 @item -f @var{format}
667 @itemx --format=@var{format}
668 @cindex @code{nm} format
669 @cindex @code{nm} compatibility
670 Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd},
671 @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}.
672 Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be
673 either upper or lower case.
677 @cindex external symbols
678 Display only external symbols.
682 @itemx --numeric-sort
683 Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
688 @cindex sorting symbols
689 Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
694 Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
695 Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}.
699 @cindex symbol index, listing
700 When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
701 (stored in the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib}) of which modules
702 contain definitions for which names.
705 @itemx --reverse-sort
706 Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
710 Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
711 the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
712 value. The size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value.
715 @itemx --radix=@var{radix}
716 Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
717 @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal.
719 @item --target=@var{bfdname}
720 @cindex object code format
721 Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
722 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
725 @itemx --undefined-only
726 @cindex external symbols
727 @cindex undefined symbols
728 Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
732 Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit.
735 Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit.
742 objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
743 [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
744 [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
745 [ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
746 [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
747 [ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ]
748 [ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ]
749 [ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
750 [ --gap-fill=@var{val} ] [ --set-start=@var{val} ]
751 [ --adjust-start=@var{incr} ] [ --adjust-vma=@var{incr} ]
752 [ --adjust-section-vma=@var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
753 [ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
754 [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
755 @var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
758 The @sc{gnu} @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object
759 file to another. @code{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to
760 read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
761 file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
762 exact behavior of @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
764 @code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
765 deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
766 translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd}
767 and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
768 explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
770 @code{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output
771 target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}).
773 @code{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an
774 output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @samp{-O binary}). When
775 @code{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce
776 a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and
777 relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at
778 the virtual address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
780 When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
781 use @samp{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In
782 some cases @samp{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain
783 information which is not needed by the binary file.
788 The source and output files, respectively.
789 If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a
790 temporary file and destructively renames the result with
791 the name of @var{infile}.
793 @item -I @var{bfdname}
794 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
795 Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
796 attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
798 @item -O @var{bfdname}
799 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
800 Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
801 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
803 @item -F @var{bfdname}
804 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
805 Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
806 file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
807 translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
809 @item -R @var{sectionname}
810 @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
811 Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
812 option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
813 inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
817 Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
821 Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
825 Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
826 @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
829 @itemx --discard-locals
830 Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
831 (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
834 @itemx --byte=@var{byte}
835 Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not
836 affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1,
837 where @var{interleave} is given by the @samp{-i} or @samp{--interleave}
838 option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files
839 to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output
842 @item -i @var{interleave}
843 @itemx --interleave=@var{interleave}
844 Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to
845 copy with the @var{-b} or @samp{--byte} option. The default is 4.
846 @code{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @samp{-b} or
849 @item --gap-fill @var{val}
850 Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This is done by increasing
851 the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra
852 space created with @var{val}.
854 @item --set-start @var{val}
855 Set the address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
856 formats support setting the start address.
858 @item --adjust-start @var{incr}
859 Adjust the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file
860 formats support setting the start address.
862 @item --adjust-vma @var{incr}
863 Adjust the address of all sections, as well as the start address, by
864 adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit section
865 addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not relocate
866 the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a certain
867 address, and this option is used to change the sections such that they
868 are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.
870 @item --adjust-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
871 Set or adjust the address of the named @var{section}. If @samp{=} is
872 used, the section address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is
873 added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
874 @samp{--adjust-vma}, above. If @var{section} does not exist in the
875 input file, a warning will be issued, unless @samp{--no-adjust-warnings}
878 @item --adjust-warnings
879 If @samp{--adjust-section-vma} is used, and the named section does not
880 exist, issue a warning. This is the default.
882 @item --no-adjust-warnings
883 Do not issue a warning if @samp{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even if
884 the named section does not exist.
888 Show the version number of @code{objcopy}.
892 Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
893 archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive.
896 Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}.
902 @cindex object file information
906 objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
907 [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
908 [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -D | --disassemble-all ]
909 [ -f | --file-headers ]
910 [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
911 [ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ]
912 [ -l | --line-numbers ]
913 [ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ]
914 [ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
915 [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
916 [ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
917 [ --version ] [ --help ] @var{objfile}@dots{}
920 @code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files.
921 The options control what particular information to display. This
922 information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the
923 compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their
924 program to compile and work.
926 @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you
927 specify archives, @code{objdump} shows information on each of the member
930 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
931 equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given.
935 @itemx --archive-header
936 @cindex archive headers
937 If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
938 header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
939 information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
940 the object file format of each archive member.
942 @item -b @var{bfdname}
943 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
944 @cindex object code format
945 Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
946 @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
947 automatically recognize many formats.
951 objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
954 displays summary information from the section headers (@samp{-h}) of
955 @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object
956 file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
957 formats available with the @samp{-i} option.
958 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
962 @cindex disassembling object code
963 @cindex machine instructions
964 Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
965 @var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are
966 expected to contain instructions.
969 @itemx --disassemble-all
970 Like @samp{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
971 those expected to contain instructions.
975 @cindex object file header
976 Display summary information from the overall header of
977 each of the @var{objfile} files.
980 @itemx --section-header
982 @cindex section headers
983 Display summary information from the section headers of the
986 File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by
987 using the @samp{-Ttext}, @samp{-Tdata}, or @samp{-Tbss} options to
988 @code{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not
989 store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations,
990 although @code{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump
991 -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses.
992 Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the
996 Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit.
1000 @cindex architectures available
1001 @cindex object formats available
1002 Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
1003 for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}.
1006 @itemx --section=@var{name}
1007 @cindex section information
1008 Display information only for section @var{name}.
1011 @itemx --line-numbers
1012 @cindex source filenames for object files
1013 Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename
1014 and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown.
1015 Only useful with @samp{-d} or @samp{-D}.
1017 @item -m @var{machine}
1018 @itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
1019 @cindex architecture
1020 Specify that the object files @var{objfile} are for architecture
1021 @var{machine}. You can list available architectures using the @samp{-i}
1026 @cindex relocation entries, in object file
1027 Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @samp{-d} or
1028 @samp{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the
1032 @itemx --dynamic-reloc
1033 @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file
1034 Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
1035 meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
1039 @itemx --full-contents
1040 @cindex sections, full contents
1041 @cindex object file sections
1042 Display the full contents of any sections requested.
1047 @cindex debug symbols
1048 @cindex ELF object file format
1049 Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the
1050 contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an
1051 ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which
1052 @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF
1053 section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are
1054 interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @samp{--syms}
1059 @cindex symbol table entries, printing
1060 Print the symbol table entries of the file.
1061 This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program.
1064 @itemx --dynamic-syms
1065 @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing
1066 Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
1067 meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
1068 libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm}
1069 program when given the @samp{-D} (@samp{--dynamic}) option.
1072 Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit.
1076 @cindex all header information, object file
1077 @cindex header information, all
1078 Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
1079 relocation entries. Using @samp{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of
1080 @samp{-a -f -h -r -t}.
1087 @cindex archive contents
1088 @cindex symbol index
1091 ranlib [-vV] @var{archive}
1094 @code{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and
1095 stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a
1096 member of an archive that is a relocatable object file.
1098 You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index.
1100 An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and
1101 allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
1102 their placement in the archive.
1104 The GNU @code{ranlib} program is another form of GNU @code{ar}; running
1105 @code{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}.
1111 Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
1118 @cindex section sizes
1121 size [ -A | -B | --format=@var{compatibility} ]
1122 [ --help ] [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=@var{number} ]
1123 [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -V | --version ]
1124 @var{objfile}@dots{}
1127 The GNU @code{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total
1128 size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its
1129 argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
1130 object file or each module in an archive.
1132 @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined.
1134 The command line options have the following meanings:
1139 @itemx --format=@var{compatibility}
1140 @cindex @code{size} display format
1141 Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from GNU
1142 @code{size} resembles output from System V @code{size} (using @samp{-A},
1143 or @samp{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @code{size} (using @samp{-B}, or
1144 @samp{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to
1146 @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or
1147 @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or
1148 @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley.
1150 Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
1153 size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
1154 text data bss dec hex filename
1155 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
1156 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
1160 This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
1163 size --format=SysV ranlib size
1181 Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
1186 @itemx --radix=@var{number}
1187 @cindex @code{size} number format
1188 @cindex radix for section sizes
1189 Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
1190 section is given in decimal (@samp{-d}, or @samp{--radix=10}); octal
1191 (@samp{-o}, or @samp{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@samp{-x}, or
1192 @samp{--radix=16}). In @samp{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three
1193 values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two
1194 radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @samp{-d} or @samp{-x} output, or
1195 octal and hexadecimal if you're using @samp{-o}.
1197 @item --target=@var{bfdname}
1198 @cindex object code format
1199 Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
1200 @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can
1201 automatically recognize many formats.
1202 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1206 Display the version number of @code{size}.
1212 @cindex listings strings
1213 @cindex printing strings
1214 @cindex strings, printing
1217 strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-]
1218 [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}]
1219 [--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}]
1220 [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
1223 For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable
1224 character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
1225 given with the options below) and are followed by a NUL or newline
1226 character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
1227 data sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the
1228 strings from the whole file.
1230 @code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
1237 Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files; scan
1241 @itemx --print-file-name
1242 Print the name of the file before each string.
1245 Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
1247 @itemx -@var{min-len}
1248 @item -n @var{min-len}
1249 @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
1250 Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
1251 long, instead of the default 4.
1254 Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o}
1255 act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
1256 ways, we simply chose one.
1258 @item -t @var{radix}
1259 @itemx --radix=@var{radix}
1260 Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
1261 character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
1262 octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
1264 @item --target=@var{bfdname}
1265 @cindex object code format
1266 Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
1267 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1271 Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
1278 @cindex removing symbols
1279 @cindex discarding symbols
1280 @cindex symbols, discarding
1283 strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
1284 [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
1285 [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
1286 [ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
1287 [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
1288 [ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
1289 [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
1290 @var{objfile}@dots{}
1293 GNU @code{strip} discards all symbols from object files
1294 @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives.
1295 At least one object file must be given.
1297 @code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument,
1298 rather than writing modified copies under different names.
1301 @item -F @var{bfdname}
1302 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
1303 Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
1304 code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
1305 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1308 Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit.
1310 @item -I @var{bfdname}
1311 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
1312 Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
1313 code format @var{bfdname}.
1314 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1316 @item -O @var{bfdname}
1317 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
1318 Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
1319 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1321 @item -R @var{sectionname}
1322 @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
1323 Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
1324 option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
1325 inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
1333 @itemx --strip-debug
1334 Remove debugging symbols only.
1337 @itemx --discard-all
1338 Remove non-global symbols.
1341 @itemx --discard-locals
1342 Remove compiler-generated local symbols.
1343 (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
1347 Show the version number for @code{strip}.
1351 Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
1352 archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
1359 @cindex demangling C++ symbols
1362 c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ]
1363 [ -n | --no-strip-underscores ]
1364 [ -s @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
1365 [ --help ] [ --version ] [ @var{symbol}@dots{} ]
1368 The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can
1369 write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters
1370 of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a
1371 low-level assembly label (this process is known as
1372 @dfn{mangling}). The @code{c++filt} program does the inverse mapping: it
1373 decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level names into user-level names so that
1374 the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing.
1376 Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores,
1377 dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the
1378 label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level
1381 You can use @code{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols:
1384 c++filt @var{symbol}
1387 If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @code{c++filt} reads symbol
1388 names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the
1389 standard output. All results are printed on the standard output.
1393 @itemx --strip-underscores
1394 On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
1395 of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
1396 name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
1397 @code{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
1400 @itemx --no-strip-underscores
1401 Do not remove the initial underscore.
1403 @item -s @var{format}
1404 @itemx --format=@var{format}
1405 GNU @code{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by
1406 different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which
1411 the one used by the GNU compiler (the default method)
1413 the one used by the Lucid compiler
1415 the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
1419 Print a summary of the options to @code{c++filt} and exit.
1422 Print the version number of @code{c++filt} and exit.
1426 @emph{Warning:} @code{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its
1427 user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular,
1428 a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name
1429 passed as an argument on the command line; in other words,
1432 c++filt @var{symbol}
1436 may in a future release become
1439 c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol}
1446 @code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
1450 @code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
1451 files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
1452 object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
1453 @code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
1454 format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
1455 with the above formats.}.
1459 @emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
1460 utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
1464 nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
1465 [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
1466 [ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ]
1467 [ -d | --debug] [ -l @var{linker} | --linker=@var{linker} ]
1468 [ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
1469 @var{infile} @var{outfile}
1472 @code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
1473 @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
1474 reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
1475 on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
1476 @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
1477 Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
1478 Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
1479 @code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
1480 @var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for
1483 @code{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list
1484 more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions
1485 file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line).
1486 In this case, @code{nlmconv} calls the linker for you.
1489 @item -I @var{bfdname}
1490 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
1491 Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine
1492 the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
1493 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1495 @item -O @var{bfdname}
1496 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
1497 Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output
1498 format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
1499 output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
1500 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1502 @item -T @var{headerfile}
1503 @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
1504 Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
1505 writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
1506 @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
1507 Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
1512 Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @code{nlmconv}.
1514 @item -l @var{linker}
1515 @itemx --linker=@var{linker}
1516 Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an abosolute or a
1521 Prints a usage summary.
1525 Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}.
1528 @node Selecting The Target System
1529 @chapter Selecting the target system
1531 You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu}
1532 binary file utilities, each in several ways:
1542 the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only)
1545 In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
1546 order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
1549 The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
1550 programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
1551 @samp{--with-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
1552 values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
1553 once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts
1554 with the same type as the target system).
1557 * Target Selection::
1558 * Architecture Selection::
1559 * Linker Emulation Selection::
1562 @node Target Selection
1563 @section Target Selection
1565 A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
1566 supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
1567 A target selection may also have variations for different operating
1568 systems or architectures.
1570 The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i}
1571 (the first column of output contains the relevant information).
1573 Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
1574 @samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
1576 @subheading @code{objdump} Target
1582 command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--target}
1585 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
1588 deduced from the input file
1591 @subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target
1597 command line options: @samp{-I} or @samp{--input-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
1600 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
1603 deduced from the input file
1606 @subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Output Target
1612 command line options: @samp{-O} or @samp{--output-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
1615 the input target (see ``@code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target'' above)
1618 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
1621 deduced from the input file
1624 @subheading @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} Target
1630 command line option: @samp{--target}
1633 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
1636 deduced from the input file
1639 @subheading Linker Input Target
1645 command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--format}
1646 (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
1649 script command @code{TARGET}
1650 (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
1653 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
1654 (@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD})
1657 the default target of the selected linker emulation
1658 (@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection})
1661 @subheading Linker Output Target
1667 command line option: @samp{-oformat}
1668 (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
1671 script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT}
1672 (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
1675 the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above)
1678 @node Architecture Selection
1679 @section Architecture selection
1681 An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is
1682 to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
1683 processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}.
1685 The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the
1686 second column contains the relevant information).
1688 Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
1690 @subheading @code{objdump} Architecture
1696 command line option: @samp{-m} or @samp{--architecture}
1699 deduced from the input file
1702 @subheading @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} Architecture
1708 deduced from the input file
1711 @subheading Linker Input Architecture
1717 deduced from the input file
1720 @subheading Linker Output Architecture
1726 script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH}
1727 (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
1730 the default architecture from the linker output target
1731 (@pxref{Target Selection})
1734 @node Linker Emulation Selection
1735 @section Linker emulation selection
1737 A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives
1738 the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system.
1739 In particular, it consists of
1749 several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
1750 process to do special things that some targets require
1753 The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}.
1755 Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}.
1761 command line option: @samp{-m}
1762 (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
1765 environment variable @code{LDEMULATION}
1768 compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile},
1769 which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}