ext4: Convert callers of ext4_get_blocks() to use ext4_map_blocks()

[deliverable/linux.git] / fs / ext4 / extents.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2006, Cluster File Systems, Inc, info@clusterfs.com
 * Written by Alex Tomas <alex@clusterfs.com>
 *
 * Architecture independence:
 *   Copyright (c) 2005, Bull S.A.
 *   Written by Pierre Peiffer <pierre.peiffer@bull.net>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licens
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-
 */

/*
 * Extents support for EXT4
 *
 * TODO:
 *   - ext4*_error() should be used in some situations
 *   - analyze all BUG()/BUG_ON(), use -EIO where appropriate
 *   - smart tree reduction
 */

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/jbd2.h>
#include <linux/highuid.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/falloc.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/fiemap.h>
#include "ext4_jbd2.h"
#include "ext4_extents.h"


/*
 * ext_pblock:
 * combine low and high parts of physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
 */
ext4_fsblk_t ext_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block;

        block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_start_lo);
        block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t) le16_to_cpu(ex->ee_start_hi) << 31) << 1;
        return block;
}

/*
 * idx_pblock:
 * combine low and high parts of a leaf physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
 */
ext4_fsblk_t idx_pblock(struct ext4_extent_idx *ix)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block;

        block = le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_leaf_lo);
        block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t) le16_to_cpu(ix->ei_leaf_hi) << 31) << 1;
        return block;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_store_pblock:
 * stores a large physical block number into an extent struct,
 * breaking it into parts
 */
void ext4_ext_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
{
        ex->ee_start_lo = cpu_to_le32((unsigned long) (pb & 0xffffffff));
        ex->ee_start_hi = cpu_to_le16((unsigned long) ((pb >> 31) >> 1) & 0xffff);
}

/*
 * ext4_idx_store_pblock:
 * stores a large physical block number into an index struct,
 * breaking it into parts
 */
static void ext4_idx_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent_idx *ix, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
{
        ix->ei_leaf_lo = cpu_to_le32((unsigned long) (pb & 0xffffffff));
        ix->ei_leaf_hi = cpu_to_le16((unsigned long) ((pb >> 31) >> 1) & 0xffff);
}

static int ext4_ext_truncate_extend_restart(handle_t *handle,
                                            struct inode *inode,
                                            int needed)
{
        int err;

        if (!ext4_handle_valid(handle))
                return 0;
        if (handle->h_buffer_credits > needed)
                return 0;
        err = ext4_journal_extend(handle, needed);
        if (err <= 0)
                return err;
        err = ext4_truncate_restart_trans(handle, inode, needed);
        /*
         * We have dropped i_data_sem so someone might have cached again
         * an extent we are going to truncate.
         */
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

        return err;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 */
static int ext4_ext_get_access(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path->p_bh) {
                /* path points to block */
                return ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, path->p_bh);
        }
        /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
        /* we use in-core data, no need to protect them */
        return 0;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 *  - EIO
 */
static int ext4_ext_dirty(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int err;
        if (path->p_bh) {
                /* path points to block */
                err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, path->p_bh);
        } else {
                /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
                err = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        }
        return err;
}

static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        ext4_fsblk_t bg_start;
        ext4_fsblk_t last_block;
        ext4_grpblk_t colour;
        ext4_group_t block_group;
        int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb));
        int depth;

        if (path) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex;
                depth = path->p_depth;

                /* try to predict block placement */
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (ex)
                        return ext_pblock(ex)+(block-le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));

                /* it looks like index is empty;
                 * try to find starting block from index itself */
                if (path[depth].p_bh)
                        return path[depth].p_bh->b_blocknr;
        }

        /* OK. use inode's group */
        block_group = ei->i_block_group;
        if (flex_size >= EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME) {
                /*
                 * If there are at least EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME
                 * block groups per flexgroup, reserve the first block 
                 * group for directories and special files.  Regular 
                 * files will start at the second block group.  This
                 * tends to speed up directory access and improves 
                 * fsck times.
                 */
                block_group &= ~(flex_size-1);
                if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                        block_group++;
        }
        bg_start = ext4_group_first_block_no(inode->i_sb, block_group);
        last_block = ext4_blocks_count(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es) - 1;

        /*
         * If we are doing delayed allocation, we don't need take
         * colour into account.
         */
        if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DELALLOC))
                return bg_start;

        if (bg_start + EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) <= last_block)
                colour = (current->pid % 16) *
                        (EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) / 16);
        else
                colour = (current->pid % 16) * ((last_block - bg_start) / 16);
        return bg_start + colour + block;
}

/*
 * Allocation for a meta data block
 */
static ext4_fsblk_t
ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        struct ext4_extent *ex, int *err)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t goal, newblock;

        goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
        newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(handle, inode, goal, NULL, err);
        return newblock;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 6)
                        size = 6;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 5)
                        size = 5;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 3)
                        size = 3;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 4)
                        size = 4;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

/*
 * Calculate the number of metadata blocks needed
 * to allocate @blocks
 * Worse case is one block per extent
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_metadata_amount(struct inode *inode, sector_t lblock)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        int idxs, num = 0;

        idxs = ((inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx));

        /*
         * If the new delayed allocation block is contiguous with the
         * previous da block, it can share index blocks with the
         * previous block, so we only need to allocate a new index
         * block every idxs leaf blocks.  At ldxs**2 blocks, we need
         * an additional index block, and at ldxs**3 blocks, yet
         * another index blocks.
         */
        if (ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len &&
            ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock+1 == lblock) {
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % idxs) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs)) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs*idxs)) == 0) {
                        num++;
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 0;
                } else
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len++;
                ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock++;
                return num;
        }

        /*
         * In the worst case we need a new set of index blocks at
         * every level of the inode's extent tree.
         */
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 1;
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock = lblock;
        return ext_depth(inode) + 1;
}

static int
ext4_ext_max_entries(struct inode *inode, int depth)
{
        int max;

        if (depth == ext_depth(inode)) {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 1);
        } else {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 1);
        }

        return max;
}

static int ext4_valid_extent(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ext)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = ext_pblock(ext);
        int len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext);

        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, len);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_idx(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = idx_pblock(ext_idx);

        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, 1);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_entries(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                                int depth)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ext;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx;
        unsigned short entries;
        if (eh->eh_entries == 0)
                return 1;

        entries = le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries);

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* leaf entries */
                ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent(inode, ext))
                                return 0;
                        ext++;
                        entries--;
                }
        } else {
                ext_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent_idx(inode, ext_idx))
                                return 0;
                        ext_idx++;
                        entries--;
                }
        }
        return 1;
}

static int __ext4_ext_check(const char *function, struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                                        int depth)
{
        const char *error_msg;
        int max = 0;

        if (unlikely(eh->eh_magic != EXT4_EXT_MAGIC)) {
                error_msg = "invalid magic";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth) != depth)) {
                error_msg = "unexpected eh_depth";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(eh->eh_max == 0)) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        max = ext4_ext_max_entries(inode, depth);
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max) > max)) {
                error_msg = "too large eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) > le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (!ext4_valid_extent_entries(inode, eh, depth)) {
                error_msg = "invalid extent entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        return 0;

corrupted:
        __ext4_error(inode->i_sb, function,
                        "bad header/extent in inode #%lu: %s - magic %x, "
                        "entries %u, max %u(%u), depth %u(%u)",
                        inode->i_ino, error_msg, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_magic),
                        le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max),
                        max, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth), depth);

        return -EIO;
}

#define ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, depth)        \
        __ext4_ext_check(__func__, inode, eh, depth)

int ext4_ext_check_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        return ext4_ext_check(inode, ext_inode_hdr(inode), ext_depth(inode));
}

#ifdef EXT_DEBUG
static void ext4_ext_show_path(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int k, l = path->p_depth;

        ext_debug("path:");
        for (k = 0; k <= l; k++, path++) {
                if (path->p_idx) {
                  ext_debug("  %d->%llu", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                            idx_pblock(path->p_idx));
                } else if (path->p_ext) {
                        ext_debug("  %d:[%d]%d:%llu ",
                                  le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(path->p_ext),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext),
                                  ext_pblock(path->p_ext));
                } else
                        ext_debug("  []");
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}

static void ext4_ext_show_leaf(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int i;

        if (!path)
                return;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);

        ext_debug("Displaying leaf extents for inode %lu\n", inode->i_ino);

        for (i = 0; i < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); i++, ex++) {
                ext_debug("%d:[%d]%d:%llu ", le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                          ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex),
                          ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex), ext_pblock(ex));
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}
#else
#define ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path)
#define ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path)
#endif

void ext4_ext_drop_refs(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth = path->p_depth;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i <= depth; i++, path++)
                if (path->p_bh) {
                        brelse(path->p_bh);
                        path->p_bh = NULL;
                }
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch_idx:
 * binary search for the closest index of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *r, *l, *m;


        ext_debug("binsearch for %u(idx):  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ei_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ei_block));
        }

        path->p_idx = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %d->%lld ", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                  idx_pblock(path->p_idx));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *chix, *ix;
                int k;

                chix = ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ix++) {
                  if (k != 0 &&
                      le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block) <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block)) {
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "k=%d, ix=0x%p, "
                                       "first=0x%p\n", k,
                                       ix, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh));
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "%u <= %u\n",
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block),
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        }
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block)
                                           <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block))
                                break;
                        chix = ix;
                }
                BUG_ON(chix != path->p_idx);
        }
#endif

}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch:
 * binary search for closest extent of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch(struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent *r, *l, *m;

        if (eh->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * this leaf is empty:
                 * we get such a leaf in split/add case
                 */
                return;
        }

        ext_debug("binsearch for %u:  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ee_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ee_block));
        }

        path->p_ext = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %d:%llu:[%d]%d ",
                        le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                        ext_pblock(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent *chex, *ex;
                int k;

                chex = ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ex++) {
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                          <= le32_to_cpu(ex[-1].ee_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block))
                                break;
                        chex = ex;
                }
                BUG_ON(chex != path->p_ext);
        }
#endif

}

int ext4_ext_tree_init(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        eh->eh_depth = 0;
        eh->eh_entries = 0;
        eh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        eh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
        return 0;
}

struct ext4_ext_path *
ext4_ext_find_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        short int depth, i, ppos = 0, alloc = 0;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /* account possible depth increase */
        if (!path) {
                path = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path) * (depth + 2),
                                GFP_NOFS);
                if (!path)
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                alloc = 1;
        }
        path[0].p_hdr = eh;
        path[0].p_bh = NULL;

        i = depth;
        /* walk through the tree */
        while (i) {
                int need_to_validate = 0;

                ext_debug("depth %d: num %d, max %d\n",
                          ppos, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));

                ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(inode, path + ppos, block);
                path[ppos].p_block = idx_pblock(path[ppos].p_idx);
                path[ppos].p_depth = i;
                path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;

                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, path[ppos].p_block);
                if (unlikely(!bh))
                        goto err;
                if (!bh_uptodate_or_lock(bh)) {
                        if (bh_submit_read(bh) < 0) {
                                put_bh(bh);
                                goto err;
                        }
                        /* validate the extent entries */
                        need_to_validate = 1;
                }
                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                ppos++;
                if (unlikely(ppos > depth)) {
                        put_bh(bh);
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "ppos %d > depth %d", ppos, depth);
                        goto err;
                }
                path[ppos].p_bh = bh;
                path[ppos].p_hdr = eh;
                i--;

                if (need_to_validate && ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, i))
                        goto err;
        }

        path[ppos].p_depth = i;
        path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;
        path[ppos].p_idx = NULL;

        /* find extent */
        ext4_ext_binsearch(inode, path + ppos, block);
        /* if not an empty leaf */
        if (path[ppos].p_ext)
                path[ppos].p_block = ext_pblock(path[ppos].p_ext);

        ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path);

        return path;

err:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        if (alloc)
                kfree(path);
        return ERR_PTR(-EIO);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_index:
 * insert new index [@logical;@ptr] into the block at @curp;
 * check where to insert: before @curp or after @curp
 */
int ext4_ext_insert_index(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *curp,
                                int logical, ext4_fsblk_t ptr)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        int len, err;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, curp);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (unlikely(logical == le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d == ei_block %d!",
                                 logical, le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block));
                return -EIO;
        }
        len = EXT_MAX_INDEX(curp->p_hdr) - curp->p_idx;
        if (logical > le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block)) {
                /* insert after */
                if (curp->p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr)) {
                        len = (len - 1) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                        len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                        ext_debug("insert new index %d after: %llu. "
                                        "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                        logical, ptr, len,
                                        (curp->p_idx + 1), (curp->p_idx + 2));
                        memmove(curp->p_idx + 2, curp->p_idx + 1, len);
                }
                ix = curp->p_idx + 1;
        } else {
                /* insert before */
                len = len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                ext_debug("insert new index %d before: %llu. "
                                "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                logical, ptr, len,
                                curp->p_idx, (curp->p_idx + 1));
                memmove(curp->p_idx + 1, curp->p_idx, len);
                ix = curp->p_idx;
        }

        ix->ei_block = cpu_to_le32(logical);
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(ix, ptr);
        le16_add_cpu(&curp->p_hdr->eh_entries, 1);

        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_entries)
                             > le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_max))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d == ei_block %d!",
                                 logical, le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block));
                return -EIO;
        }
        if (unlikely(ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX!");
                return -EIO;
        }

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, curp);
        ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, err);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_split:
 * inserts new subtree into the path, using free index entry
 * at depth @at:
 * - allocates all needed blocks (new leaf and all intermediate index blocks)
 * - makes decision where to split
 * - moves remaining extents and index entries (right to the split point)
 *   into the newly allocated blocks
 * - initializes subtree
 */
static int ext4_ext_split(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                struct ext4_extent *newext, int at)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *fidx;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int i = at, k, m, a;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, oldblock;
        __le32 border;
        ext4_fsblk_t *ablocks = NULL; /* array of allocated blocks */
        int err = 0;

        /* make decision: where to split? */
        /* FIXME: now decision is simplest: at current extent */

        /* if current leaf will be split, then we should use
         * border from split point */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT!");
                return -EIO;
        }
        if (path[depth].p_ext != EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                border = path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be split."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                  le32_to_cpu(border));
        } else {
                border = newext->ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be added."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(border));
        }

        /*
         * If error occurs, then we break processing
         * and mark filesystem read-only. index won't
         * be inserted and tree will be in consistent
         * state. Next mount will repair buffers too.
         */

        /*
         * Get array to track all allocated blocks.
         * We need this to handle errors and free blocks
         * upon them.
         */
        ablocks = kzalloc(sizeof(ext4_fsblk_t) * depth, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ablocks)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /* allocate all needed blocks */
        ext_debug("allocate %d blocks for indexes/leaf\n", depth - at);
        for (a = 0; a < depth - at; a++) {
                newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle, inode, path,
                                                   newext, &err);
                if (newblock == 0)
                        goto cleanup;
                ablocks[a] = newblock;
        }

        /* initialize new leaf */
        newblock = ablocks[--a];
        if (unlikely(newblock == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "newblock == 0!");
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
        if (!bh) {
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        neh->eh_entries = 0;
        neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        neh->eh_depth = 0;
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh);

        /* move remainder of path[depth] to the new leaf */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries !=
                     path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh_entries %d != eh_max %d!",
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries,
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max);
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        /* start copy from next extent */
        /* TODO: we could do it by single memmove */
        m = 0;
        path[depth].p_ext++;
        while (path[depth].p_ext <=
                        EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                ext_debug("move %d:%llu:[%d]%d in new leaf %llu\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext->ee_block),
                                ext_pblock(path[depth].p_ext),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(path[depth].p_ext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path[depth].p_ext),
                                newblock);
                /*memmove(ex++, path[depth].p_ext++,
                                sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
                neh->eh_entries++;*/
                path[depth].p_ext++;
                m++;
        }
        if (m) {
                memmove(ex, path[depth].p_ext-m, sizeof(struct ext4_extent)*m);
                le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
        }

        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        brelse(bh);
        bh = NULL;

        /* correct old leaf */
        if (m) {
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                le16_add_cpu(&path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

        }

        /* create intermediate indexes */
        k = depth - at - 1;
        if (unlikely(k < 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "k %d < 0!", k);
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        if (k)
                ext_debug("create %d intermediate indices\n", k);
        /* insert new index into current index block */
        /* current depth stored in i var */
        i = depth - 1;
        while (k--) {
                oldblock = newblock;
                newblock = ablocks[--a];
                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
                if (!bh) {
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                lock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

                neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                neh->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
                neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
                neh->eh_depth = cpu_to_le16(depth - i);
                fidx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
                fidx->ei_block = border;
                ext4_idx_store_pblock(fidx, oldblock);

                ext_debug("int.index at %d (block %llu): %u -> %llu\n",
                                i, newblock, le32_to_cpu(border), oldblock);
                /* copy indexes */
                m = 0;
                path[i].p_idx++;

                ext_debug("cur 0x%p, last 0x%p\n", path[i].p_idx,
                                EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr));
                if (unlikely(EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr) !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr))) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_MAX_INDEX != EXT_LAST_INDEX ee_block %d!",
                                         le32_to_cpu(path[i].p_ext->ee_block));
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                while (path[i].p_idx <= EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr)) {
                        ext_debug("%d: move %d:%llu in new index %llu\n", i,
                                        le32_to_cpu(path[i].p_idx->ei_block),
                                        idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx),
                                        newblock);
                        /*memmove(++fidx, path[i].p_idx++,
                                        sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx));
                        neh->eh_entries++;
                        BUG_ON(neh->eh_entries > neh->eh_max);*/
                        path[i].p_idx++;
                        m++;
                }
                if (m) {
                        memmove(++fidx, path[i].p_idx - m,
                                sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx) * m);
                        le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
                }
                set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
                unlock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                brelse(bh);
                bh = NULL;

                /* correct old index */
                if (m) {
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                        le16_add_cpu(&path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                }

                i--;
        }

        /* insert new index */
        err = ext4_ext_insert_index(handle, inode, path + at,
                                    le32_to_cpu(border), newblock);

cleanup:
        if (bh) {
                if (buffer_locked(bh))
                        unlock_buffer(bh);
                brelse(bh);
        }

        if (err) {
                /* free all allocated blocks in error case */
                for (i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
                        if (!ablocks[i])
                                continue;
                        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, 0, ablocks[i], 1,
                                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA);
                }
        }
        kfree(ablocks);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_grow_indepth:
 * implements tree growing procedure:
 * - allocates new block
 * - moves top-level data (index block or leaf) into the new block
 * - initializes new top-level, creating index that points to the
 *   just created block
 */
static int ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                        struct ext4_extent *newext)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *curp = path;
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *fidx;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        int err = 0;

        newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle, inode, path, newext, &err);
        if (newblock == 0)
                return err;

        bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
        if (!bh) {
                err = -EIO;
                ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, err);
                return err;
        }
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err) {
                unlock_buffer(bh);
                goto out;
        }

        /* move top-level index/leaf into new block */
        memmove(bh->b_data, curp->p_hdr, sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data));

        /* set size of new block */
        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        /* old root could have indexes or leaves
         * so calculate e_max right way */
        if (ext_depth(inode))
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
        else
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        /* create index in new top-level index: num,max,pointer */
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, curp);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        curp->p_hdr->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        curp->p_hdr->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 0));
        curp->p_hdr->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
        curp->p_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr);

        if (path[0].p_hdr->eh_depth)
                curp->p_idx->ei_block =
                        EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[0].p_hdr)->ei_block;
        else
                curp->p_idx->ei_block =
                        EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[0].p_hdr)->ee_block;
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(curp->p_idx, newblock);

        neh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        fidx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
        ext_debug("new root: num %d(%d), lblock %d, ptr %llu\n",
                  le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_max),
                  le32_to_cpu(fidx->ei_block), idx_pblock(fidx));

        neh->eh_depth = cpu_to_le16(path->p_depth + 1);
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, curp);
out:
        brelse(bh);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_create_new_leaf:
 * finds empty index and adds new leaf.
 * if no free index is found, then it requests in-depth growing.
 */
static int ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                        struct ext4_extent *newext)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *curp;
        int depth, i, err = 0;

repeat:
        i = depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /* walk up to the tree and look for free index entry */
        curp = path + depth;
        while (i > 0 && !EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                i--;
                curp--;
        }

        /* we use already allocated block for index block,
         * so subsequent data blocks should be contiguous */
        if (EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                /* if we found index with free entry, then use that
                 * entry: create all needed subtree and add new leaf */
                err = ext4_ext_split(handle, inode, path, newext, i);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode,
                                    (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    path);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
        } else {
                /* tree is full, time to grow in depth */
                err = ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle, inode, path, newext);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode,
                                   (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    path);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        goto out;
                }

                /*
                 * only first (depth 0 -> 1) produces free space;
                 * in all other cases we have to split the grown tree
                 */
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries == path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max) {
                        /* now we need to split */
                        goto repeat;
                }
        }

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the left for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the smallest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
int
ext4_ext_search_left(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int depth, ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_FIRST_EXTENT != ex *logical %d ee_block %d!",
                                         *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
                        return -EIO;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                  "ix (%d) != EXT_FIRST_INDEX (%d) (depth %d)!",
                                  ix != NULL ? ix->ei_block : 0,
                                  EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr) != NULL ?
                                    EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr)->ei_block : 0,
                                  depth);
                                return -EIO;
                        }
                }
                return 0;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EIO;
        }

        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1;
        *phys = ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the right for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the smallest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
int
ext4_ext_search_right(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t block;
        int depth;      /* Note, NOT eh_depth; depth from top of tree */
        int ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "first_extent(path[%d].p_hdr) != ex",
                                         depth);
                        return -EIO;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                                 "ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX *logical %d!",
                                                 *logical);
                                return -EIO;
                        }
                }
                *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                *phys = ext_pblock(ex);
                return 0;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EIO;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                /* next allocated block in this leaf */
                ex++;
                *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                *phys = ext_pblock(ex);
                return 0;
        }

        /* go up and search for index to the right */
        while (--depth >= 0) {
                ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                if (ix != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        goto got_index;
        }

        /* we've gone up to the root and found no index to the right */
        return 0;

got_index:
        /* we've found index to the right, let's
         * follow it and find the closest allocated
         * block to the right */
        ix++;
        block = idx_pblock(ix);
        while (++depth < path->p_depth) {
                bh = sb_bread(inode->i_sb, block);
                if (bh == NULL)
                        return -EIO;
                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                /* subtract from p_depth to get proper eh_depth */
                if (ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, path->p_depth - depth)) {
                        put_bh(bh);
                        return -EIO;
                }
                ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                block = idx_pblock(ix);
                put_bh(bh);
        }

        bh = sb_bread(inode->i_sb, block);
        if (bh == NULL)
                return -EIO;
        eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, path->p_depth - depth)) {
                put_bh(bh);
                return -EIO;
        }
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        *phys = ext_pblock(ex);
        put_bh(bh);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_allocated_block:
 * returns allocated block in subsequent extent or EXT_MAX_BLOCK.
 * NOTE: it considers block number from index entry as
 * allocated block. Thus, index entries have to be consistent
 * with leaves.
 */
static ext4_lblk_t
ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCK;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (depth == path->p_depth) {
                        /* leaf */
                        if (path[depth].p_ext !=
                                        EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block);
                } else {
                        /* index */
                        if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                }
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCK;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_leaf_block:
 * returns first allocated block from next leaf or EXT_MAX_BLOCK
 */
static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        /* zero-tree has no leaf blocks at all */
        if (depth == 0)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCK;

        /* go to index block */
        depth--;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        return (ext4_lblk_t)
                                le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCK;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_correct_indexes:
 * if leaf gets modified and modified extent is first in the leaf,
 * then we have to correct all indexes above.
 * TODO: do we need to correct tree in all cases?
 */
static int ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        __le32 border;
        int k, err = 0;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;

        if (unlikely(ex == NULL || eh == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "ex %p == NULL or eh %p == NULL", ex, eh);
                return -EIO;
        }

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* there is no tree at all */
                return 0;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                /* we correct tree if first leaf got modified only */
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * TODO: we need correction if border is smaller than current one
         */
        k = depth - 1;
        border = path[depth].p_ext->ee_block;
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;
        path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;

        while (k--) {
                /* change all left-side indexes */
                if (path[k+1].p_idx != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[k+1].p_hdr))
                        break;
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
                path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
        }

        return err;
}

int
ext4_can_extents_be_merged(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex1,
                                struct ext4_extent *ex2)
{
        unsigned short ext1_ee_len, ext2_ee_len, max_len;

        /*
         * Make sure that either both extents are uninitialized, or
         * both are _not_.
         */
        if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex1) ^ ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex2))
                return 0;

        if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex1))
                max_len = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
        else
                max_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;

        ext1_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1);
        ext2_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2);

        if (le32_to_cpu(ex1->ee_block) + ext1_ee_len !=
                        le32_to_cpu(ex2->ee_block))
                return 0;

        /*
         * To allow future support for preallocated extents to be added
         * as an RO_COMPAT feature, refuse to merge to extents if
         * this can result in the top bit of ee_len being set.
         */
        if (ext1_ee_len + ext2_ee_len > max_len)
                return 0;
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (ext1_ee_len >= 4)
                return 0;
#endif

        if (ext_pblock(ex1) + ext1_ee_len == ext_pblock(ex2))
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This function tries to merge the "ex" extent to the next extent in the tree.
 * It always tries to merge towards right. If you want to merge towards
 * left, pass "ex - 1" as argument instead of "ex".
 * Returns 0 if the extents (ex and ex+1) were _not_ merged and returns
 * 1 if they got merged.
 */
int ext4_ext_try_to_merge(struct inode *inode,
                          struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                          struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        unsigned int depth, len;
        int merge_done = 0;
        int uninitialized = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        BUG_ON(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        while (ex < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                if (!ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, ex + 1))
                        break;
                /* merge with next extent! */
                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex + 1));
                if (uninitialized)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

                if (ex + 1 < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        len = (EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex - 1)
                                * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                        memmove(ex + 1, ex + 2, len);
                }
                le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                merge_done = 1;
                WARN_ON(eh->eh_entries == 0);
                if (!eh->eh_entries)
                        ext4_error(inode->i_sb,
                                   "inode#%lu, eh->eh_entries = 0!",
                                   inode->i_ino);
        }

        return merge_done;
}

/*
 * check if a portion of the "newext" extent overlaps with an
 * existing extent.
 *
 * If there is an overlap discovered, it updates the length of the newext
 * such that there will be no overlap, and then returns 1.
 * If there is no overlap found, it returns 0.
 */
unsigned int ext4_ext_check_overlap(struct inode *inode,
                                    struct ext4_extent *newext,
                                    struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        ext4_lblk_t b1, b2;
        unsigned int depth, len1;
        unsigned int ret = 0;

        b1 = le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block);
        len1 = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        if (!path[depth].p_ext)
                goto out;
        b2 = le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext->ee_block);

        /*
         * get the next allocated block if the extent in the path
         * is before the requested block(s)
         */
        if (b2 < b1) {
                b2 = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                if (b2 == EXT_MAX_BLOCK)
                        goto out;
        }

        /* check for wrap through zero on extent logical start block*/
        if (b1 + len1 < b1) {
                len1 = EXT_MAX_BLOCK - b1;
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(len1);
                ret = 1;
        }

        /* check for overlap */
        if (b1 + len1 > b2) {
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(b2 - b1);
                ret = 1;
        }
out:
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_extent:
 * tries to merge requsted extent into the existing extent or
 * inserts requested extent as new one into the tree,
 * creating new leaf in the no-space case.
 */
int ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                struct ext4_extent *newext, int flag)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, *fex;
        struct ext4_extent *nearex; /* nearest extent */
        struct ext4_ext_path *npath = NULL;
        int depth, len, err;
        ext4_lblk_t next;
        unsigned uninitialized = 0;

        if (unlikely(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0");
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EIO;
        }

        /* try to insert block into found extent and return */
        if (ex && !(flag & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)
                && ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, newext)) {
                ext_debug("append [%d]%d block to %d:[%d]%d (from %llu)\n",
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex), ext_pblock(ex));
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        return err;

                /*
                 * ext4_can_extents_be_merged should have checked that either
                 * both extents are uninitialized, or both aren't. Thus we
                 * need to check only one of them here.
                 */
                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                if (uninitialized)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
                eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                nearex = ex;
                goto merge;
        }

repeat:
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))
                goto has_space;

        /* probably next leaf has space for us? */
        fex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
        next = ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(inode, path);
        if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block) > le32_to_cpu(fex->ee_block)
            && next != EXT_MAX_BLOCK) {
                ext_debug("next leaf block - %d\n", next);
                BUG_ON(npath != NULL);
                npath = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, next, NULL);
                if (IS_ERR(npath))
                        return PTR_ERR(npath);
                BUG_ON(npath->p_depth != path->p_depth);
                eh = npath[depth].p_hdr;
                if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max)) {
                        ext_debug("next leaf isnt full(%d)\n",
                                  le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries));
                        path = npath;
                        goto repeat;
                }
                ext_debug("next leaf has no free space(%d,%d)\n",
                          le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));
        }

        /*
         * There is no free space in the found leaf.
         * We're gonna add a new leaf in the tree.
         */
        err = ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle, inode, path, newext);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

has_space:
        nearex = path[depth].p_ext;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        if (!nearex) {
                /* there is no extent in this leaf, create first one */
                ext_debug("first extent in the leaf: %d:%llu:[%d]%d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                ext_pblock(newext),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                path[depth].p_ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
        } else if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block)
                           > le32_to_cpu(nearex->ee_block)) {
/*              BUG_ON(newext->ee_block == nearex->ee_block); */
                if (nearex != EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        len = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh) - nearex;
                        len = (len - 1) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                        len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                        ext_debug("insert %d:%llu:[%d]%d after: nearest 0x%p, "
                                        "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                        le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                        ext_pblock(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                        nearex, len, nearex + 1, nearex + 2);
                        memmove(nearex + 2, nearex + 1, len);
                }
                path[depth].p_ext = nearex + 1;
        } else {
                BUG_ON(newext->ee_block == nearex->ee_block);
                len = (EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh) - nearex) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                ext_debug("insert %d:%llu:[%d]%d before: nearest 0x%p, "
                                "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                ext_pblock(newext),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                nearex, len, nearex + 1, nearex + 2);
                memmove(nearex + 1, nearex, len);
                path[depth].p_ext = nearex;
        }

        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, 1);
        nearex = path[depth].p_ext;
        nearex->ee_block = newext->ee_block;
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(nearex, ext_pblock(newext));
        nearex->ee_len = newext->ee_len;

merge:
        /* try to merge extents to the right */
        if (!(flag & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO))
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, nearex);

        /* try to merge extents to the left */

        /* time to correct all indexes above */
        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);

cleanup:
        if (npath) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(npath);
                kfree(npath);
        }
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
        return err;
}

int ext4_ext_walk_space(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                        ext4_lblk_t num, ext_prepare_callback func,
                        void *cbdata)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_ext_cache cbex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t next, start = 0, end = 0;
        ext4_lblk_t last = block + num;
        int depth, exists, err = 0;

        BUG_ON(func == NULL);
        BUG_ON(inode == NULL);

        while (block < last && block != EXT_MAX_BLOCK) {
                num = last - block;
                /* find extent for this block */
                down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, block, path);
                up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        path = NULL;
                        break;
                }

                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                        err = -EIO;
                        break;
                }
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);

                exists = 0;
                if (!ex) {
                        /* there is no extent yet, so try to allocate
                         * all requested space */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                } else if (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) > block) {
                        /* need to allocate space before found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                        /* need to allocate space after found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                        if (end >= next)
                                end = next;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                        /*
                         * some part of requested space is covered
                         * by found extent
                         */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                        exists = 1;
                } else {
                        BUG();
                }
                BUG_ON(end <= start);

                if (!exists) {
                        cbex.ec_block = start;
                        cbex.ec_len = end - start;
                        cbex.ec_start = 0;
                        cbex.ec_type = EXT4_EXT_CACHE_GAP;
                } else {
                        cbex.ec_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        cbex.ec_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        cbex.ec_start = ext_pblock(ex);
                        cbex.ec_type = EXT4_EXT_CACHE_EXTENT;
                }

                if (unlikely(cbex.ec_len == 0)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "cbex.ec_len == 0");
                        err = -EIO;
                        break;
                }
                err = func(inode, path, &cbex, ex, cbdata);
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);

                if (err < 0)
                        break;

                if (err == EXT_REPEAT)
                        continue;
                else if (err == EXT_BREAK) {
                        err = 0;
                        break;
                }

                if (ext_depth(inode) != depth) {
                        /* depth was changed. we have to realloc path */
                        kfree(path);
                        path = NULL;
                }

                block = cbex.ec_block + cbex.ec_len;
        }

        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }

        return err;
}

static void
ext4_ext_put_in_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                        __u32 len, ext4_fsblk_t start, int type)
{
        struct ext4_ext_cache *cex;
        BUG_ON(len == 0);
        spin_lock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        cex = &EXT4_I(inode)->i_cached_extent;
        cex->ec_type = type;
        cex->ec_block = block;
        cex->ec_len = len;
        cex->ec_start = start;
        spin_unlock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache:
 * calculate boundaries of the gap that the requested block fits into
 * and cache this gap
 */
static void
ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        unsigned long len;
        ext4_lblk_t lblock;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex == NULL) {
                /* there is no extent yet, so gap is [0;-] */
                lblock = 0;
                len = EXT_MAX_BLOCK;
                ext_debug("cache gap(whole file):");
        } else if (block < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                lblock = block;
                len = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) - block;
                ext_debug("cache gap(before): %u [%u:%u]",
                                block,
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                 ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex));
        } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                ext4_lblk_t next;
                lblock = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                ext_debug("cache gap(after): [%u:%u] %u",
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                block);
                BUG_ON(next == lblock);
                len = next - lblock;
        } else {
                lblock = len = 0;
                BUG();
        }

        ext_debug(" -> %u:%lu\n", lblock, len);
        ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, lblock, len, 0, EXT4_EXT_CACHE_GAP);
}

static int
ext4_ext_in_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                        struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        struct ext4_ext_cache *cex;
        int ret = EXT4_EXT_CACHE_NO;

        /* 
         * We borrow i_block_reservation_lock to protect i_cached_extent
         */
        spin_lock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        cex = &EXT4_I(inode)->i_cached_extent;

        /* has cache valid data? */
        if (cex->ec_type == EXT4_EXT_CACHE_NO)
                goto errout;

        BUG_ON(cex->ec_type != EXT4_EXT_CACHE_GAP &&
                        cex->ec_type != EXT4_EXT_CACHE_EXTENT);
        if (in_range(block, cex->ec_block, cex->ec_len)) {
                ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(cex->ec_block);
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, cex->ec_start);
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(cex->ec_len);
                ext_debug("%u cached by %u:%u:%llu\n",
                                block,
                                cex->ec_block, cex->ec_len, cex->ec_start);
                ret = cex->ec_type;
        }
errout:
        spin_unlock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_rm_idx:
 * removes index from the index block.
 * It's used in truncate case only, thus all requests are for
 * last index in the block only.
 */
static int ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int err;
        ext4_fsblk_t leaf;

        /* free index block */
        path--;
        leaf = idx_pblock(path->p_idx);
        if (unlikely(path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0");
                return -EIO;
        }
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;
        le16_add_cpu(&path->p_hdr->eh_entries, -1);
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;
        ext_debug("index is empty, remove it, free block %llu\n", leaf);
        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, 0, leaf, 1,
                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA | EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET);
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent:
 * This routine returns max. credits that needed to insert an extent
 * to the extent tree.
 * When pass the actual path, the caller should calculate credits
 * under i_data_sem.
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent(struct inode *inode, int nrblocks,
                                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path) {
                int depth = ext_depth(inode);
                int ret = 0;

                /* probably there is space in leaf? */
                if (le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries)
                                < le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {

                        /*
                         *  There are some space in the leaf tree, no
                         *  need to account for leaf block credit
                         *
                         *  bitmaps and block group descriptor blocks
                         *  and other metadat blocks still need to be
                         *  accounted.
                         */
                        /* 1 bitmap, 1 block group descriptor */
                        ret = 2 + EXT4_META_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, nrblocks);
}

/*
 * How many index/leaf blocks need to change/allocate to modify nrblocks?
 *
 * if nrblocks are fit in a single extent (chunk flag is 1), then
 * in the worse case, each tree level index/leaf need to be changed
 * if the tree split due to insert a new extent, then the old tree
 * index/leaf need to be updated too
 *
 * If the nrblocks are discontiguous, they could cause
 * the whole tree split more than once, but this is really rare.
 */
int ext4_ext_index_trans_blocks(struct inode *inode, int nrblocks, int chunk)
{
        int index;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);

        if (chunk)
                index = depth * 2;
        else
                index = depth * 3;

        return index;
}

static int ext4_remove_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent *ex,
                                ext4_lblk_t from, ext4_lblk_t to)
{
        unsigned short ee_len =  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        int flags = EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET;

        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode))
                flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA;
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        {
                struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
                spin_lock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
                sbi->s_ext_blocks += ee_len;
                sbi->s_ext_extents++;
                if (ee_len < sbi->s_ext_min)
                        sbi->s_ext_min = ee_len;
                if (ee_len > sbi->s_ext_max)
                        sbi->s_ext_max = ee_len;
                if (ext_depth(inode) > sbi->s_depth_max)
                        sbi->s_depth_max = ext_depth(inode);
                spin_unlock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
        }
#endif
        if (from >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
            && to == le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1) {
                /* tail removal */
                ext4_lblk_t num;
                ext4_fsblk_t start;

                num = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - from;
                start = ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - num;
                ext_debug("free last %u blocks starting %llu\n", num, start);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, 0, start, num, flags);
        } else if (from == le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                   && to <= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1) {
                printk(KERN_INFO "strange request: removal %u-%u from %u:%u\n",
                        from, to, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
        } else {
                printk(KERN_INFO "strange request: removal(2) "
                                "%u-%u from %u:%u\n",
                                from, to, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
        }
        return 0;
}

static int
ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t start)
{
        int err = 0, correct_index = 0;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode), credits;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        ext4_lblk_t a, b, block;
        unsigned num;
        ext4_lblk_t ex_ee_block;
        unsigned short ex_ee_len;
        unsigned uninitialized = 0;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;

        /* the header must be checked already in ext4_ext_remove_space() */
        ext_debug("truncate since %u in leaf\n", start);
        if (!path[depth].p_hdr)
                path[depth].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[depth].p_bh);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EIO;
        }
        /* find where to start removing */
        ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        while (ex >= EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) &&
                        ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len > start) {

                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                else
                        uninitialized = 0;

                ext_debug("remove ext %u:[%d]%d\n", ex_ee_block,
                         uninitialized, ex_ee_len);
                path[depth].p_ext = ex;

                a = ex_ee_block > start ? ex_ee_block : start;
                b = ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1 < EXT_MAX_BLOCK ?
                        ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1 : EXT_MAX_BLOCK;

                ext_debug("  border %u:%u\n", a, b);

                if (a != ex_ee_block && b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                        block = 0;
                        num = 0;
                        BUG();
                } else if (a != ex_ee_block) {
                        /* remove tail of the extent */
                        block = ex_ee_block;
                        num = a - block;
                } else if (b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                        /* remove head of the extent */
                        block = a;
                        num = b - a;
                        /* there is no "make a hole" API yet */
                        BUG();
                } else {
                        /* remove whole extent: excellent! */
                        block = ex_ee_block;
                        num = 0;
                        BUG_ON(a != ex_ee_block);
                        BUG_ON(b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1);
                }

                /*
                 * 3 for leaf, sb, and inode plus 2 (bmap and group
                 * descriptor) for each block group; assume two block
                 * groups plus ex_ee_len/blocks_per_block_group for
                 * the worst case
                 */
                credits = 7 + 2*(ex_ee_len/EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb));
                if (ex == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        correct_index = 1;
                        credits += (ext_depth(inode)) + 1;
                }
                credits += EXT4_MAXQUOTAS_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);

                err = ext4_ext_truncate_extend_restart(handle, inode, credits);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_remove_blocks(handle, inode, ex, a, b);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                if (num == 0) {
                        /* this extent is removed; mark slot entirely unused */
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, 0);
                        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                }

                ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(block);
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(num);
                /*
                 * Do not mark uninitialized if all the blocks in the
                 * extent have been removed.
                 */
                if (uninitialized && num)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                ext_debug("new extent: %u:%u:%llu\n", block, num,
                                ext_pblock(ex));
                ex--;
                ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        }

        if (correct_index && eh->eh_entries)
                err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);

        /* if this leaf is free, then we should
         * remove it from index block above */
        if (err == 0 && eh->eh_entries == 0 && path[depth].p_bh != NULL)
                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path + depth);

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_more_to_rm:
 * returns 1 if current index has to be freed (even partial)
 */
static int
ext4_ext_more_to_rm(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        BUG_ON(path->p_idx == NULL);

        if (path->p_idx < EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->p_hdr))
                return 0;

        /*
         * if truncate on deeper level happened, it wasn't partial,
         * so we have to consider current index for truncation
         */
        if (le16_to_cpu(path->p_hdr->eh_entries) == path->p_block)
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

static int ext4_ext_remove_space(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t start)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_ext_path *path;
        handle_t *handle;
        int i = 0, err = 0;

        ext_debug("truncate since %u\n", start);

        /* probably first extent we're gonna free will be last in block */
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, depth + 1);
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return PTR_ERR(handle);

        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

        /*
         * We start scanning from right side, freeing all the blocks
         * after i_size and walking into the tree depth-wise.
         */
        path = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path) * (depth + 1), GFP_NOFS);
        if (path == NULL) {
                ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }
        path[0].p_hdr = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, path[0].p_hdr, depth)) {
                err = -EIO;
                goto out;
        }
        path[0].p_depth = depth;

        while (i >= 0 && err == 0) {
                if (i == depth) {
                        /* this is leaf block */
                        err = ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle, inode, path, start);
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        continue;
                }

                /* this is index block */
                if (!path[i].p_hdr) {
                        ext_debug("initialize header\n");
                        path[i].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[i].p_bh);
                }

                if (!path[i].p_idx) {
                        /* this level hasn't been touched yet */
                        path[i].p_idx = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr);
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries)+1;
                        ext_debug("init index ptr: hdr 0x%p, num %d\n",
                                  path[i].p_hdr,
                                  le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries));
                } else {
                        /* we were already here, see at next index */
                        path[i].p_idx--;
                }

                ext_debug("level %d - index, first 0x%p, cur 0x%p\n",
                                i, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr),
                                path[i].p_idx);
                if (ext4_ext_more_to_rm(path + i)) {
                        struct buffer_head *bh;
                        /* go to the next level */
                        ext_debug("move to level %d (block %llu)\n",
                                  i + 1, idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx));
                        memset(path + i + 1, 0, sizeof(*path));
                        bh = sb_bread(sb, idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx));
                        if (!bh) {
                                /* should we reset i_size? */
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        if (WARN_ON(i + 1 > depth)) {
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, ext_block_hdr(bh),
                                                        depth - i - 1)) {
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        path[i + 1].p_bh = bh;

                        /* save actual number of indexes since this
                         * number is changed at the next iteration */
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries);
                        i++;
                } else {
                        /* we finished processing this index, go up */
                        if (path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries == 0 && i > 0) {
                                /* index is empty, remove it;
                                 * handle must be already prepared by the
                                 * truncatei_leaf() */
                                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path + i);
                        }
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        ext_debug("return to level %d\n", i);
                }
        }

        /* TODO: flexible tree reduction should be here */
        if (path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * truncate to zero freed all the tree,
                 * so we need to correct eh_depth
                 */
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
                if (err == 0) {
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_depth = 0;
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_max =
                                cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
                }
        }
out:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);

        return err;
}

/*
 * called at mount time
 */
void ext4_ext_init(struct super_block *sb)
{
        /*
         * possible initialization would be here
         */

        if (EXT4_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS)) {
#if defined(AGGRESSIVE_TEST) || defined(CHECK_BINSEARCH) || defined(EXTENTS_STATS)
                printk(KERN_INFO "EXT4-fs: file extents enabled");
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                printk(", aggressive tests");
#endif
#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
                printk(", check binsearch");
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                printk(", stats");
#endif
                printk("\n");
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                spin_lock_init(&EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_stats_lock);
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_min = 1 << 30;
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_max = 0;
#endif
        }
}

/*
 * called at umount time
 */
void ext4_ext_release(struct super_block *sb)
{
        if (!EXT4_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS))
                return;

#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        if (EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_blocks && EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_extents) {
                struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: %lu blocks in %lu extents (%lu ave)\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks, sbi->s_ext_extents,
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks / sbi->s_ext_extents);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: extents: %lu min, %lu max, max depth %lu\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_min, sbi->s_ext_max, sbi->s_depth_max);
        }
#endif
}

static void bi_complete(struct bio *bio, int error)
{
        complete((struct completion *)bio->bi_private);
}

/* FIXME!! we need to try to merge to left or right after zero-out  */
static int ext4_ext_zeroout(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        int ret;
        struct bio *bio;
        int blkbits, blocksize;
        sector_t ee_pblock;
        struct completion event;
        unsigned int ee_len, len, done, offset;


        blkbits   = inode->i_blkbits;
        blocksize = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        ee_len    = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        ee_pblock = ext_pblock(ex);

        /* convert ee_pblock to 512 byte sectors */
        ee_pblock = ee_pblock << (blkbits - 9);

        while (ee_len > 0) {

                if (ee_len > BIO_MAX_PAGES)
                        len = BIO_MAX_PAGES;
                else
                        len = ee_len;

                bio = bio_alloc(GFP_NOIO, len);
                if (!bio)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                bio->bi_sector = ee_pblock;
                bio->bi_bdev   = inode->i_sb->s_bdev;

                done = 0;
                offset = 0;
                while (done < len) {
                        ret = bio_add_page(bio, ZERO_PAGE(0),
                                                        blocksize, offset);
                        if (ret != blocksize) {
                                /*
                                 * We can't add any more pages because of
                                 * hardware limitations.  Start a new bio.
                                 */
                                break;
                        }
                        done++;
                        offset += blocksize;
                        if (offset >= PAGE_CACHE_SIZE)
                                offset = 0;
                }

                init_completion(&event);
                bio->bi_private = &event;
                bio->bi_end_io = bi_complete;
                submit_bio(WRITE, bio);
                wait_for_completion(&event);

                if (!test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags)) {
                        bio_put(bio);
                        return -EIO;
                }
                bio_put(bio);
                ee_len    -= done;
                ee_pblock += done  << (blkbits - 9);
        }
        return 0;
}

#define EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN 7
/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() if someone tries to write
 * to an uninitialized extent. It may result in splitting the uninitialized
 * extent into multiple extents (upto three - one initialized and two
 * uninitialized).
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be initialized
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 */
static int ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle_t *handle,
                                           struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ex, newex, orig_ex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex1 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent *ex2 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent *ex3 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block, eof_block;
        unsigned int allocated, ee_len, depth;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        int err = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        int may_zeroout;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);

        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map->m_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map->m_len;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
        newblock = map->m_lblk - ee_block + ext_pblock(ex);

        ex2 = ex;
        orig_ex.ee_block = ex->ee_block;
        orig_ex.ee_len   = cpu_to_le16(ee_len);
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&orig_ex, ext_pblock(ex));

        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully insde i_size or new_size.
         */
        may_zeroout = ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        /* If extent has less than 2*EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN zerout directly */
        if (ee_len <= 2*EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN && may_zeroout) {
                err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                /* zeroed the full extent */
                return allocated;
        }

        /* ex1: ee_block to map->m_lblk - 1 : uninitialized */
        if (map->m_lblk > ee_block) {
                ex1 = ex;
                ex1->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex1);
                ex2 = &newex;
        }
        /*
         * for sanity, update the length of the ex2 extent before
         * we insert ex3, if ex1 is NULL. This is to avoid temporary
         * overlap of blocks.
         */
        if (!ex1 && allocated > map->m_len)
                ex2->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_len);
        /* ex3: to ee_block + ee_len : uninitialised */
        if (allocated > map->m_len) {
                unsigned int newdepth;
                /* If extent has less than EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN zerout directly */
                if (allocated <= EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN && may_zeroout) {
                        /*
                         * map->m_lblk == ee_block is handled by the zerouout
                         * at the beginning.
                         * Mark first half uninitialized.
                         * Mark second half initialized and zero out the
                         * initialized extent
                         */
                        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                        ex->ee_len   = cpu_to_le16(ee_len - allocated);
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);

                        ex3 = &newex;
                        ex3->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex3, newblock);
                        ex3->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated);
                        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path,
                                                        ex3, 0);
                        if (err == -ENOSPC) {
                                err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                                if (err)
                                        goto fix_extent_len;
                                ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                                ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                                /* blocks available from map->m_lblk */
                                return allocated;

                        } else if (err)
                                goto fix_extent_len;

                        /*
                         * We need to zero out the second half because
                         * an fallocate request can update file size and
                         * converting the second half to initialized extent
                         * implies that we can leak some junk data to user
                         * space.
                         */
                        err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, ex3);
                        if (err) {
                                /*
                                 * We should actually mark the
                                 * second half as uninit and return error
                                 * Insert would have changed the extent
                                 */
                                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk,
                                                            path);
                                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                                        return err;
                                }
                                /* get the second half extent details */
                                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode,
                                                                path + depth);
                                if (err)
                                        return err;
                                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
                                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                                return err;
                        }

                        /* zeroed the second half */
                        return allocated;
                }
                ex3 = &newex;
                ex3->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk + map->m_len);
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex3, newblock + map->m_len);
                ex3->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated - map->m_len);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex3);
                err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, ex3, 0);
                if (err == -ENOSPC && may_zeroout) {
                        err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                        if (err)
                                goto fix_extent_len;
                        /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                        ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        /* zeroed the full extent */
                        /* blocks available from map->m_lblk */
                        return allocated;

                } else if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /*
                 * The depth, and hence eh & ex might change
                 * as part of the insert above.
                 */
                newdepth = ext_depth(inode);
                /*
                 * update the extent length after successful insert of the
                 * split extent
                 */
                ee_len -= ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex3);
                orig_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ee_len);
                may_zeroout = ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block;

                depth = newdepth;
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, path);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        goto out;
                }
                eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (ex2 != &newex)
                        ex2 = ex;

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                allocated = map->m_len;

                /* If extent has less than EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN and we are trying
                 * to insert a extent in the middle zerout directly
                 * otherwise give the extent a chance to merge to left
                 */
                if (le16_to_cpu(orig_ex.ee_len) <= EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN &&
                        map->m_lblk != ee_block && may_zeroout) {
                        err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                        if (err)
                                goto fix_extent_len;
                        /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                        ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        /* zero out the first half */
                        /* blocks available from map->m_lblk */
                        return allocated;
                }
        }
        /*
         * If there was a change of depth as part of the
         * insertion of ex3 above, we need to update the length
         * of the ex1 extent again here
         */
        if (ex1 && ex1 != ex) {
                ex1 = ex;
                ex1->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex1);
                ex2 = &newex;
        }
        /* ex2: map->m_lblk to map->m_lblk + maxblocks-1 : initialised */
        ex2->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex2, newblock);
        ex2->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated);
        if (ex2 != ex)
                goto insert;
        /*
         * New (initialized) extent starts from the first block
         * in the current extent. i.e., ex2 == ex
         * We have to see if it can be merged with the extent
         * on the left.
         */
        if (ex2 > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                /*
                 * To merge left, pass "ex2 - 1" to try_to_merge(),
                 * since it merges towards right _only_.
                 */
                ret = ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex2 - 1);
                if (ret) {
                        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                        depth = ext_depth(inode);
                        ex2--;
                }
        }
        /*
         * Try to Merge towards right. This might be required
         * only when the whole extent is being written to.
         * i.e. ex2 == ex and ex3 == NULL.
         */
        if (!ex3) {
                ret = ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex2);
                if (ret) {
                        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                }
        }
        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        goto out;
insert:
        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, &newex, 0);
        if (err == -ENOSPC && may_zeroout) {
                err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                /* zero out the first half */
                return allocated;
        } else if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;
out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err ? err : allocated;

fix_extent_len:
        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
        ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        return err;
}

/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() from
 * ext4_get_blocks_dio_write() when DIO to write
 * to an uninitialized extent.
 *
 * Writing to an uninitized extent may result in splitting the uninitialized
 * extent into multiple /intialized unintialized extents (up to three)
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be uninitialized
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 *
 * One of more index blocks maybe needed if the extent tree grow after
 * the unintialized extent split. To prevent ENOSPC occur at the IO
 * complete, we need to split the uninitialized extent before DIO submit
 * the IO. The uninitilized extent called at this time will be split
 * into three uninitialized extent(at most). After IO complete, the part
 * being filled will be convert to initialized by the end_io callback function
 * via ext4_convert_unwritten_extents().
 *
 * Returns the size of uninitialized extent to be written on success.
 */
static int ext4_split_unwritten_extents(handle_t *handle,
                                        struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                        int flags)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ex, newex, orig_ex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex1 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent *ex2 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent *ex3 = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block, eof_block;
        unsigned int allocated, ee_len, depth;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        int err = 0;
        int may_zeroout;

        ext_debug("ext4_split_unwritten_extents: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);

        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map->m_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map->m_len;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
        newblock = map->m_lblk - ee_block + ext_pblock(ex);

        ex2 = ex;
        orig_ex.ee_block = ex->ee_block;
        orig_ex.ee_len   = cpu_to_le16(ee_len);
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&orig_ex, ext_pblock(ex));

        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully insde i_size or new_size.
         */
        may_zeroout = ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block;

        /*
         * If the uninitialized extent begins at the same logical
         * block where the write begins, and the write completely
         * covers the extent, then we don't need to split it.
         */
        if ((map->m_lblk == ee_block) && (allocated <= map->m_len))
                return allocated;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        /* ex1: ee_block to map->m_lblk - 1 : uninitialized */
        if (map->m_lblk > ee_block) {
                ex1 = ex;
                ex1->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex1);
                ex2 = &newex;
        }
        /*
         * for sanity, update the length of the ex2 extent before
         * we insert ex3, if ex1 is NULL. This is to avoid temporary
         * overlap of blocks.
         */
        if (!ex1 && allocated > map->m_len)
                ex2->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_len);
        /* ex3: to ee_block + ee_len : uninitialised */
        if (allocated > map->m_len) {
                unsigned int newdepth;
                ex3 = &newex;
                ex3->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk + map->m_len);
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex3, newblock + map->m_len);
                ex3->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated - map->m_len);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex3);
                err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, ex3, flags);
                if (err == -ENOSPC && may_zeroout) {
                        err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                        if (err)
                                goto fix_extent_len;
                        /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                        ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        /* zeroed the full extent */
                        /* blocks available from map->m_lblk */
                        return allocated;

                } else if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /*
                 * The depth, and hence eh & ex might change
                 * as part of the insert above.
                 */
                newdepth = ext_depth(inode);
                /*
                 * update the extent length after successful insert of the
                 * split extent
                 */
                ee_len -= ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex3);
                orig_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ee_len);
                may_zeroout = ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block;

                depth = newdepth;
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, path);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        goto out;
                }
                eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (ex2 != &newex)
                        ex2 = ex;

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                allocated = map->m_len;
        }
        /*
         * If there was a change of depth as part of the
         * insertion of ex3 above, we need to update the length
         * of the ex1 extent again here
         */
        if (ex1 && ex1 != ex) {
                ex1 = ex;
                ex1->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex1);
                ex2 = &newex;
        }
        /*
         * ex2: map->m_lblk to map->m_lblk + map->m_len-1 : to be written
         * using direct I/O, uninitialised still.
         */
        ex2->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex2, newblock);
        ex2->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated);
        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex2);
        if (ex2 != ex)
                goto insert;
        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        ext_debug("out here\n");
        goto out;
insert:
        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, &newex, flags);
        if (err == -ENOSPC && may_zeroout) {
                err =  ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                /* zero out the first half */
                return allocated;
        } else if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;
out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err ? err : allocated;

fix_extent_len:
        ex->ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
        ex->ee_len   = orig_ex.ee_len;
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        return err;
}
static int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle_t *handle,
                                              struct inode *inode,
                                              struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        int depth;
        int err = 0;
        int ret = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        /* first mark the extent as initialized */
        ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);

        /*
         * We have to see if it can be merged with the extent
         * on the left.
         */
        if (ex > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                /*
                 * To merge left, pass "ex - 1" to try_to_merge(),
                 * since it merges towards right _only_.
                 */
                ret = ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex - 1);
                if (ret) {
                        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                        depth = ext_depth(inode);
                        ex--;
                }
        }
        /*
         * Try to Merge towards right.
         */
        ret = ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex);
        if (ret) {
                err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
        }
        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err;
}

static void unmap_underlying_metadata_blocks(struct block_device *bdev,
                        sector_t block, int count)
{
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
                unmap_underlying_metadata(bdev, block + i);
}

static int
ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, int flags,
                        unsigned int allocated, ext4_fsblk_t newblock)
{
        int ret = 0;
        int err = 0;
        ext4_io_end_t *io = EXT4_I(inode)->cur_aio_dio;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents: inode %lu, logical"
                  "block %llu, max_blocks %u, flags %d, allocated %u",
                  inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len,
                  flags, allocated);
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        /* get_block() before submit the IO, split the extent */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)) {
                ret = ext4_split_unwritten_extents(handle, inode, map,
                                                   path, flags);
                /*
                 * Flag the inode(non aio case) or end_io struct (aio case)
                 * that this IO needs to convertion to written when IO is
                 * completed
                 */
                if (io)
                        io->flag = EXT4_IO_UNWRITTEN;
                else
                        ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_DIO_UNWRITTEN);
                if (ext4_should_dioread_nolock(inode))
                        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNINIT;
                goto out;
        }
        /* IO end_io complete, convert the filled extent to written */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT)) {
                ret = ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle, inode,
                                                        path);
                if (ret >= 0)
                        ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
                goto out2;
        }
        /* buffered IO case */
        /*
         * repeat fallocate creation request
         * we already have an unwritten extent
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT)
                goto map_out;

        /* buffered READ or buffered write_begin() lookup */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * We have blocks reserved already.  We
                 * return allocated blocks so that delalloc
                 * won't do block reservation for us.  But
                 * the buffer head will be unmapped so that
                 * a read from the block returns 0s.
                 */
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
                goto out1;
        }

        /* buffered write, writepage time, convert*/
        ret = ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle, inode, map, path);
        if (ret >= 0)
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
out:
        if (ret <= 0) {
                err = ret;
                goto out2;
        } else
                allocated = ret;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;
        /*
         * if we allocated more blocks than requested
         * we need to make sure we unmap the extra block
         * allocated. The actual needed block will get
         * unmapped later when we find the buffer_head marked
         * new.
         */
        if (allocated > map->m_len) {
                unmap_underlying_metadata_blocks(inode->i_sb->s_bdev,
                                        newblock + map->m_len,
                                        allocated - map->m_len);
                allocated = map->m_len;
        }

        /*
         * If we have done fallocate with the offset that is already
         * delayed allocated, we would have block reservation
         * and quota reservation done in the delayed write path.
         * But fallocate would have already updated quota and block
         * count for this offset. So cancel these reservation
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, allocated, 0);

map_out:
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
out1:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }
        return err ? err : allocated;
}
/*
 * Block allocation/map/preallocation routine for extents based files
 *
 *
 * Need to be called with
 * down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem) if not allocating file system block
 * (ie, create is zero). Otherwise down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem)
 *
 * return > 0, number of of blocks already mapped/allocated
 *          if create == 0 and these are pre-allocated blocks
 *              buffer head is unmapped
 *          otherwise blocks are mapped
 *
 * return = 0, if plain look up failed (blocks have not been allocated)
 *          buffer head is unmapped
 *
 * return < 0, error case.
 */
int ext4_ext_map_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map, int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent newex, *ex, *last_ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        int err = 0, depth, ret, cache_type;
        unsigned int allocated = 0;
        struct ext4_allocation_request ar;
        ext4_io_end_t *io = EXT4_I(inode)->cur_aio_dio;

        ext_debug("blocks %u/%u requested for inode %lu\n",
                  map->m_lblk, map->m_len, inode->i_ino);

        /* check in cache */
        cache_type = ext4_ext_in_cache(inode, map->m_lblk, &newex);
        if (cache_type) {
                if (cache_type == EXT4_EXT_CACHE_GAP) {
                        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * block isn't allocated yet and
                                 * user doesn't want to allocate it
                                 */
                                goto out2;
                        }
                        /* we should allocate requested block */
                } else if (cache_type == EXT4_EXT_CACHE_EXTENT) {
                        /* block is already allocated */
                        newblock = map->m_lblk
                                   - le32_to_cpu(newex.ee_block)
                                   + ext_pblock(&newex);
                        /* number of remaining blocks in the extent */
                        allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex) -
                                (map->m_lblk - le32_to_cpu(newex.ee_block));
                        goto out;
                } else {
                        BUG();
                }
        }

        /* find extent for this block */
        path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, NULL);
        if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(path);
                path = NULL;
                goto out2;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /*
         * consistent leaf must not be empty;
         * this situation is possible, though, _during_ tree modification;
         * this is why assert can't be put in ext4_ext_find_extent()
         */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext == NULL && depth != 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "bad extent address "
                                 "iblock: %d, depth: %d pblock %lld",
                                 map->m_lblk, depth, path[depth].p_block);
                err = -EIO;
                goto out2;
        }
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex) {
                ext4_lblk_t ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext_pblock(ex);
                unsigned short ee_len;

                /*
                 * Uninitialized extents are treated as holes, except that
                 * we split out initialized portions during a write.
                 */
                ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                /* if found extent covers block, simply return it */
                if (in_range(map->m_lblk, ee_block, ee_len)) {
                        newblock = map->m_lblk - ee_block + ee_start;
                        /* number of remaining blocks in the extent */
                        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                        ext_debug("%u fit into %u:%d -> %llu\n", map->m_lblk,
                                  ee_block, ee_len, newblock);

                        /* Do not put uninitialized extent in the cache */
                        if (!ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex)) {
                                ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, ee_block,
                                                        ee_len, ee_start,
                                                        EXT4_EXT_CACHE_EXTENT);
                                goto out;
                        }
                        ret = ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents(handle,
                                        inode, map, path, flags, allocated,
                                        newblock);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        /*
         * requested block isn't allocated yet;
         * we couldn't try to create block if create flag is zero
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * put just found gap into cache to speed up
                 * subsequent requests
                 */
                ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(inode, path, map->m_lblk);
                goto out2;
        }
        /*
         * Okay, we need to do block allocation.
         */

        /* find neighbour allocated blocks */
        ar.lleft = map->m_lblk;
        err = ext4_ext_search_left(inode, path, &ar.lleft, &ar.pleft);
        if (err)
                goto out2;
        ar.lright = map->m_lblk;
        err = ext4_ext_search_right(inode, path, &ar.lright, &ar.pright);
        if (err)
                goto out2;

        /*
         * See if request is beyond maximum number of blocks we can have in
         * a single extent. For an initialized extent this limit is
         * EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN and for an uninitialized extent this limit is
         * EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN.
         */
        if (map->m_len > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN &&
            !(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
        else if (map->m_len > EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN &&
                 (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;

        /* Check if we can really insert (m_lblk)::(m_lblk + m_len) extent */
        newex.ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_len);
        err = ext4_ext_check_overlap(inode, &newex, path);
        if (err)
                allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        else
                allocated = map->m_len;

        /* allocate new block */
        ar.inode = inode;
        ar.goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, map->m_lblk);
        ar.logical = map->m_lblk;
        ar.len = allocated;
        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                ar.flags = EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA;
        else
                /* disable in-core preallocation for non-regular files */
                ar.flags = 0;
        newblock = ext4_mb_new_blocks(handle, &ar, &err);
        if (!newblock)
                goto out2;
        ext_debug("allocate new block: goal %llu, found %llu/%u\n",
                  ar.goal, newblock, allocated);

        /* try to insert new extent into found leaf and return */
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ar.len);
        /* Mark uninitialized */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT){
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(&newex);
                /*
                 * io_end structure was created for every IO write to an
                 * uninitialized extent. To avoid unecessary conversion,
                 * here we flag the IO that really needs the conversion.
                 * For non asycn direct IO case, flag the inode state
                 * that we need to perform convertion when IO is done.
                 */
                if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)) {
                        if (io)
                                io->flag = EXT4_IO_UNWRITTEN;
                        else
                                ext4_set_inode_state(inode,
                                                     EXT4_STATE_DIO_UNWRITTEN);
                }
                if (ext4_should_dioread_nolock(inode))
                        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNINIT;
        }

        if (unlikely(EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags & EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL)) {
                if (unlikely(!eh->eh_entries)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "eh->eh_entries == 0 ee_block %d",
                                         ex->ee_block);
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto out2;
                }
                last_ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
                if (map->m_lblk + ar.len > le32_to_cpu(last_ex->ee_block)
                    + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(last_ex))
                        EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags &= ~EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL;
        }
        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, &newex, flags);
        if (err) {
                /* free data blocks we just allocated */
                /* not a good idea to call discard here directly,
                 * but otherwise we'd need to call it every free() */
                ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, 0, ext_pblock(&newex),
                                 ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex), 0);
                goto out2;
        }

        /* previous routine could use block we allocated */
        newblock = ext_pblock(&newex);
        allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;

        /*
         * Update reserved blocks/metadata blocks after successful
         * block allocation which had been deferred till now.
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, allocated, 1);

        /*
         * Cache the extent and update transaction to commit on fdatasync only
         * when it is _not_ an uninitialized extent.
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT) == 0) {
                ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, map->m_lblk, allocated, newblock,
                                                EXT4_EXT_CACHE_EXTENT);
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
        } else
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 0);
out:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

void ext4_ext_truncate(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        ext4_lblk_t last_block;
        handle_t *handle;
        int err = 0;

        /*
         * probably first extent we're gonna free will be last in block
         */
        err = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, err);
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return;

        if (inode->i_size & (sb->s_blocksize - 1))
                ext4_block_truncate_page(handle, mapping, inode->i_size);

        if (ext4_orphan_add(handle, inode))
                goto out_stop;

        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        /*
         * TODO: optimization is possible here.
         * Probably we need not scan at all,
         * because page truncation is enough.
         */

        /* we have to know where to truncate from in crash case */
        EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize = inode->i_size;
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);

        last_block = (inode->i_size + sb->s_blocksize - 1)
                        >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        err = ext4_ext_remove_space(inode, last_block);

        /* In a multi-transaction truncate, we only make the final
         * transaction synchronous.
         */
        if (IS_SYNC(inode))
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);

out_stop:
        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        /*
         * If this was a simple ftruncate() and the file will remain alive,
         * then we need to clear up the orphan record which we created above.
         * However, if this was a real unlink then we were called by
         * ext4_delete_inode(), and we allow that function to clean up the
         * orphan info for us.
         */
        if (inode->i_nlink)
                ext4_orphan_del(handle, inode);

        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = ext4_current_time(inode);
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
}

static void ext4_falloc_update_inode(struct inode *inode,
                                int mode, loff_t new_size, int update_ctime)
{
        struct timespec now;

        if (update_ctime) {
                now = current_fs_time(inode->i_sb);
                if (!timespec_equal(&inode->i_ctime, &now))
                        inode->i_ctime = now;
        }
        /*
         * Update only when preallocation was requested beyond
         * the file size.
         */
        if (!(mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)) {
                if (new_size > i_size_read(inode))
                        i_size_write(inode, new_size);
                if (new_size > EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize)
                        ext4_update_i_disksize(inode, new_size);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Mark that we allocate beyond EOF so the subsequent truncate
                 * can proceed even if the new size is the same as i_size.
                 */
                if (new_size > i_size_read(inode))
                        EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags |= EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL;
        }

}

/*
 * preallocate space for a file. This implements ext4's fallocate inode
 * operation, which gets called from sys_fallocate system call.
 * For block-mapped files, posix_fallocate should fall back to the method
 * of writing zeroes to the required new blocks (the same behavior which is
 * expected for file systems which do not support fallocate() system call).
 */
long ext4_fallocate(struct inode *inode, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        handle_t *handle;
        loff_t new_size;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        int retries = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int credits, blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        /*
         * currently supporting (pre)allocate mode for extent-based
         * files _only_
         */
        if (!(EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags & EXT4_EXTENTS_FL))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* preallocation to directories is currently not supported */
        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
                return -ENODEV;

        map.m_lblk = offset >> blkbits;
        /*
         * We can't just convert len to max_blocks because
         * If blocksize = 4096 offset = 3072 and len = 2048
         */
        max_blocks = (EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(len + offset, blkbits) >> blkbits)
                - map.m_lblk;
        /*
         * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
         */
        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, max_blocks);
        mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
        ret = inode_newsize_ok(inode, (len + offset));
        if (ret) {
                mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
                return ret;
        }
retry:
        while (ret >= 0 && ret < max_blocks) {
                map.m_lblk = map.m_lblk + ret;
                map.m_len = max_blocks = max_blocks - ret;
                handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, credits);
                if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                        break;
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE_UNINIT_EXT);
                if (ret <= 0) {
#ifdef EXT4FS_DEBUG
                        WARN_ON(ret <= 0);
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: ext4_ext_map_blocks "
                                    "returned error inode#%lu, block=%u, "
                                    "max_blocks=%u", __func__,
                                    inode->i_ino, block, max_blocks);
#endif
                        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                        ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                        break;
                }
                if ((map.m_lblk + ret) >= (EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(offset + len,
                                                blkbits) >> blkbits))
                        new_size = offset + len;
                else
                        new_size = (map.m_lblk + ret) << blkbits;

                ext4_falloc_update_inode(inode, mode, new_size,
                                         (map.m_flags & EXT4_MAP_NEW));
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret2)
                        break;
        }
        if (ret == -ENOSPC &&
                        ext4_should_retry_alloc(inode->i_sb, &retries)) {
                ret = 0;
                goto retry;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}

/*
 * This function convert a range of blocks to written extents
 * The caller of this function will pass the start offset and the size.
 * all unwritten extents within this range will be converted to
 * written extents.
 *
 * This function is called from the direct IO end io call back
 * function, to convert the fallocated extents after IO is completed.
 * Returns 0 on success.
 */
int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset,
                                    ssize_t len)
{
        handle_t *handle;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int credits, blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        map.m_lblk = offset >> blkbits;
        /*
         * We can't just convert len to max_blocks because
         * If blocksize = 4096 offset = 3072 and len = 2048
         */
        max_blocks = ((EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(len + offset, blkbits) >> blkbits) -
                      map.m_lblk);
        /*
         * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
         */
        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, max_blocks);
        while (ret >= 0 && ret < max_blocks) {
                map.m_lblk += ret;
                map.m_len = (max_blocks -= ret);
                handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, credits);
                if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                        break;
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_IO_CONVERT_EXT);
                if (ret <= 0) {
                        WARN_ON(ret <= 0);
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: ext4_ext_map_blocks "
                                    "returned error inode#%lu, block=%u, "
                                    "max_blocks=%u", __func__,
                                    inode->i_ino, map.m_lblk, map.m_len);
                }
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret <= 0 || ret2 )
                        break;
        }
        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}
/*
 * Callback function called for each extent to gather FIEMAP information.
 */
static int ext4_ext_fiemap_cb(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                       struct ext4_ext_cache *newex, struct ext4_extent *ex,
                       void *data)
{
        struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo = data;
        unsigned char blksize_bits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        __u64   logical;
        __u64   physical;
        __u64   length;
        __u32   flags = 0;
        int     error;

        logical =  (__u64)newex->ec_block << blksize_bits;

        if (newex->ec_type == EXT4_EXT_CACHE_GAP) {
                pgoff_t offset;
                struct page *page;
                struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;

                offset = logical >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                page = find_get_page(inode->i_mapping, offset);
                if (!page || !page_has_buffers(page))
                        return EXT_CONTINUE;

                bh = page_buffers(page);

                if (!bh)
                        return EXT_CONTINUE;

                if (buffer_delay(bh)) {
                        flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC;
                        page_cache_release(page);
                } else {
                        page_cache_release(page);
                        return EXT_CONTINUE;
                }
        }

        physical = (__u64)newex->ec_start << blksize_bits;
        length =   (__u64)newex->ec_len << blksize_bits;

        if (ex && ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN;

        /*
         * If this extent reaches EXT_MAX_BLOCK, it must be last.
         *
         * Or if ext4_ext_next_allocated_block is EXT_MAX_BLOCK,
         * this also indicates no more allocated blocks.
         *
         * XXX this might miss a single-block extent at EXT_MAX_BLOCK
         */
        if (ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path) == EXT_MAX_BLOCK ||
            newex->ec_block + newex->ec_len - 1 == EXT_MAX_BLOCK) {
                loff_t size = i_size_read(inode);
                loff_t bs = EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE(inode->i_sb);

                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
                if ((flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC) &&
                    logical+length > size)
                        length = (size - logical + bs - 1) & ~(bs-1);
        }

        error = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical, physical,
                                        length, flags);
        if (error < 0)
                return error;
        if (error == 1)
                return EXT_BREAK;

        return EXT_CONTINUE;
}

/* fiemap flags we can handle specified here */
#define EXT4_FIEMAP_FLAGS       (FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC|FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR)

static int ext4_xattr_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
                                struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo)
{
        __u64 physical = 0;
        __u64 length;
        __u32 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
        int blockbits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        int error = 0;

        /* in-inode? */
        if (ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_XATTR)) {
                struct ext4_iloc iloc;
                int offset;     /* offset of xattr in inode */

                error = ext4_get_inode_loc(inode, &iloc);
                if (error)
                        return error;
                physical = iloc.bh->b_blocknr << blockbits;
                offset = EXT4_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE +
                                EXT4_I(inode)->i_extra_isize;
                physical += offset;
                length = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_inode_size - offset;
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE;
                brelse(iloc.bh);
        } else { /* external block */
                physical = EXT4_I(inode)->i_file_acl << blockbits;
                length = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        }

        if (physical)
                error = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, 0, physical,
                                                length, flags);
        return (error < 0 ? error : 0);
}

int ext4_fiemap(struct inode *inode, struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                __u64 start, __u64 len)
{
        ext4_lblk_t start_blk;
        int error = 0;

        /* fallback to generic here if not in extents fmt */
        if (!(EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags & EXT4_EXTENTS_FL))
                return generic_block_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len,
                        ext4_get_block);

        if (fiemap_check_flags(fieinfo, EXT4_FIEMAP_FLAGS))
                return -EBADR;

        if (fieinfo->fi_flags & FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR) {
                error = ext4_xattr_fiemap(inode, fieinfo);
        } else {
                ext4_lblk_t len_blks;
                __u64 last_blk;

                start_blk = start >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                last_blk = (start + len - 1) >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                if (last_blk >= EXT_MAX_BLOCK)
                        last_blk = EXT_MAX_BLOCK-1;
                len_blks = ((ext4_lblk_t) last_blk) - start_blk + 1;

                /*
                 * Walk the extent tree gathering extent information.
                 * ext4_ext_fiemap_cb will push extents back to user.
                 */
                error = ext4_ext_walk_space(inode, start_blk, len_blks,
                                          ext4_ext_fiemap_cb, fieinfo);
        }

        return error;
}