Consolidate target_mourn_inferior between GDB and gdbserver
[deliverable/binutils-gdb.git] / gdb / record.c
1 /* Process record and replay target for GDB, the GNU debugger.
2
3 Copyright (C) 2008-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4
5 This file is part of GDB.
6
7 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
10 (at your option) any later version.
11
12 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
13 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 GNU General Public License for more details.
16
17 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
19
20 #include "defs.h"
21 #include "gdbcmd.h"
22 #include "completer.h"
23 #include "record.h"
24 #include "observer.h"
25 #include "inferior.h"
26 #include "common/common-utils.h"
27 #include "cli/cli-utils.h"
28 #include "disasm.h"
29
30 #include <ctype.h>
31
32 /* This is the debug switch for process record. */
33 unsigned int record_debug = 0;
34
35 /* The number of instructions to print in "record instruction-history". */
36 static unsigned int record_insn_history_size = 10;
37
38 /* The variable registered as control variable in the "record
39 instruction-history" command. Necessary for extra input
40 validation. */
41 static unsigned int record_insn_history_size_setshow_var;
42
43 /* The number of functions to print in "record function-call-history". */
44 static unsigned int record_call_history_size = 10;
45
46 /* The variable registered as control variable in the "record
47 call-history" command. Necessary for extra input validation. */
48 static unsigned int record_call_history_size_setshow_var;
49
50 struct cmd_list_element *record_cmdlist = NULL;
51 struct cmd_list_element *record_goto_cmdlist = NULL;
52 struct cmd_list_element *set_record_cmdlist = NULL;
53 struct cmd_list_element *show_record_cmdlist = NULL;
54 struct cmd_list_element *info_record_cmdlist = NULL;
55
56 #define DEBUG(msg, args...) \
57 if (record_debug) \
58 fprintf_unfiltered (gdb_stdlog, "record: " msg "\n", ##args)
59
60 /* See record.h. */
61
62 struct target_ops *
63 find_record_target (void)
64 {
65 return find_target_at (record_stratum);
66 }
67
68 /* Check that recording is active. Throw an error, if it isn't. */
69
70 static struct target_ops *
71 require_record_target (void)
72 {
73 struct target_ops *t;
74
75 t = find_record_target ();
76 if (t == NULL)
77 error (_("No record target is currently active.\n"
78 "Use one of the \"target record-<tab><tab>\" commands first."));
79
80 return t;
81 }
82
83 /* See record.h. */
84
85 void
86 record_preopen (void)
87 {
88 /* Check if a record target is already running. */
89 if (find_record_target () != NULL)
90 error (_("The process is already being recorded. Use \"record stop\" to "
91 "stop recording first."));
92 }
93
94 /* See record.h. */
95
96 int
97 record_read_memory (struct gdbarch *gdbarch,
98 CORE_ADDR memaddr, gdb_byte *myaddr,
99 ssize_t len)
100 {
101 int ret = target_read_memory (memaddr, myaddr, len);
102
103 if (ret != 0)
104 DEBUG ("error reading memory at addr %s len = %ld.\n",
105 paddress (gdbarch, memaddr), (long) len);
106
107 return ret;
108 }
109
110 /* Stop recording. */
111
112 static void
113 record_stop (struct target_ops *t)
114 {
115 DEBUG ("stop %s", t->to_shortname);
116
117 t->to_stop_recording (t);
118 }
119
120 /* Unpush the record target. */
121
122 static void
123 record_unpush (struct target_ops *t)
124 {
125 DEBUG ("unpush %s", t->to_shortname);
126
127 unpush_target (t);
128 }
129
130 /* See record.h. */
131
132 void
133 record_disconnect (struct target_ops *t, const char *args, int from_tty)
134 {
135 gdb_assert (t->to_stratum == record_stratum);
136
137 DEBUG ("disconnect %s", t->to_shortname);
138
139 record_stop (t);
140 record_unpush (t);
141
142 target_disconnect (args, from_tty);
143 }
144
145 /* See record.h. */
146
147 void
148 record_detach (struct target_ops *t, const char *args, int from_tty)
149 {
150 gdb_assert (t->to_stratum == record_stratum);
151
152 DEBUG ("detach %s", t->to_shortname);
153
154 record_stop (t);
155 record_unpush (t);
156
157 target_detach (args, from_tty);
158 }
159
160 /* See record.h. */
161
162 void
163 record_mourn_inferior (struct target_ops *t)
164 {
165 gdb_assert (t->to_stratum == record_stratum);
166
167 DEBUG ("mourn inferior %s", t->to_shortname);
168
169 /* It is safer to not stop recording. Resources will be freed when
170 threads are discarded. */
171 record_unpush (t);
172
173 target_mourn_inferior (inferior_ptid);
174 }
175
176 /* See record.h. */
177
178 void
179 record_kill (struct target_ops *t)
180 {
181 gdb_assert (t->to_stratum == record_stratum);
182
183 DEBUG ("kill %s", t->to_shortname);
184
185 /* It is safer to not stop recording. Resources will be freed when
186 threads are discarded. */
187 record_unpush (t);
188
189 target_kill ();
190 }
191
192 /* See record.h. */
193
194 int
195 record_check_stopped_by_breakpoint (struct address_space *aspace, CORE_ADDR pc,
196 enum target_stop_reason *reason)
197 {
198 if (breakpoint_inserted_here_p (aspace, pc))
199 {
200 if (hardware_breakpoint_inserted_here_p (aspace, pc))
201 *reason = TARGET_STOPPED_BY_HW_BREAKPOINT;
202 else
203 *reason = TARGET_STOPPED_BY_SW_BREAKPOINT;
204 return 1;
205 }
206
207 *reason = TARGET_STOPPED_BY_NO_REASON;
208 return 0;
209 }
210
211 /* Implement "show record debug" command. */
212
213 static void
214 show_record_debug (struct ui_file *file, int from_tty,
215 struct cmd_list_element *c, const char *value)
216 {
217 fprintf_filtered (file, _("Debugging of process record target is %s.\n"),
218 value);
219 }
220
221 /* Alias for "target record". */
222
223 static void
224 cmd_record_start (char *args, int from_tty)
225 {
226 execute_command ("target record-full", from_tty);
227 }
228
229 /* Truncate the record log from the present point
230 of replay until the end. */
231
232 static void
233 cmd_record_delete (char *args, int from_tty)
234 {
235 require_record_target ();
236
237 if (!target_record_is_replaying (inferior_ptid))
238 {
239 printf_unfiltered (_("Already at end of record list.\n"));
240 return;
241 }
242
243 if (!target_supports_delete_record ())
244 {
245 printf_unfiltered (_("The current record target does not support "
246 "this operation.\n"));
247 return;
248 }
249
250 if (!from_tty || query (_("Delete the log from this point forward "
251 "and begin to record the running message "
252 "at current PC?")))
253 target_delete_record ();
254 }
255
256 /* Implement the "stoprecord" or "record stop" command. */
257
258 static void
259 cmd_record_stop (char *args, int from_tty)
260 {
261 struct target_ops *t;
262
263 t = require_record_target ();
264
265 record_stop (t);
266 record_unpush (t);
267
268 printf_unfiltered (_("Process record is stopped and all execution "
269 "logs are deleted.\n"));
270
271 observer_notify_record_changed (current_inferior (), 0, NULL, NULL);
272 }
273
274 /* The "set record" command. */
275
276 static void
277 set_record_command (char *args, int from_tty)
278 {
279 printf_unfiltered (_("\"set record\" must be followed "
280 "by an apporpriate subcommand.\n"));
281 help_list (set_record_cmdlist, "set record ", all_commands, gdb_stdout);
282 }
283
284 /* The "show record" command. */
285
286 static void
287 show_record_command (char *args, int from_tty)
288 {
289 cmd_show_list (show_record_cmdlist, from_tty, "");
290 }
291
292 /* The "info record" command. */
293
294 static void
295 info_record_command (char *args, int from_tty)
296 {
297 struct target_ops *t;
298
299 t = find_record_target ();
300 if (t == NULL)
301 {
302 printf_filtered (_("No record target is currently active.\n"));
303 return;
304 }
305
306 printf_filtered (_("Active record target: %s\n"), t->to_shortname);
307 t->to_info_record (t);
308 }
309
310 /* The "record save" command. */
311
312 static void
313 cmd_record_save (char *args, int from_tty)
314 {
315 char *recfilename, recfilename_buffer[40];
316
317 require_record_target ();
318
319 if (args != NULL && *args != 0)
320 recfilename = args;
321 else
322 {
323 /* Default recfile name is "gdb_record.PID". */
324 xsnprintf (recfilename_buffer, sizeof (recfilename_buffer),
325 "gdb_record.%d", ptid_get_pid (inferior_ptid));
326 recfilename = recfilename_buffer;
327 }
328
329 target_save_record (recfilename);
330 }
331
332 /* See record.h. */
333
334 void
335 record_goto (const char *arg)
336 {
337 ULONGEST insn;
338
339 if (arg == NULL || *arg == '\0')
340 error (_("Command requires an argument (insn number to go to)."));
341
342 insn = parse_and_eval_long (arg);
343
344 require_record_target ();
345 target_goto_record (insn);
346 }
347
348 /* "record goto" command. Argument is an instruction number,
349 as given by "info record".
350
351 Rewinds the recording (forward or backward) to the given instruction. */
352
353 static void
354 cmd_record_goto (char *arg, int from_tty)
355 {
356 record_goto (arg);
357 }
358
359 /* The "record goto begin" command. */
360
361 static void
362 cmd_record_goto_begin (char *arg, int from_tty)
363 {
364 if (arg != NULL && *arg != '\0')
365 error (_("Junk after argument: %s."), arg);
366
367 require_record_target ();
368 target_goto_record_begin ();
369 }
370
371 /* The "record goto end" command. */
372
373 static void
374 cmd_record_goto_end (char *arg, int from_tty)
375 {
376 if (arg != NULL && *arg != '\0')
377 error (_("Junk after argument: %s."), arg);
378
379 require_record_target ();
380 target_goto_record_end ();
381 }
382
383 /* Read an instruction number from an argument string. */
384
385 static ULONGEST
386 get_insn_number (char **arg)
387 {
388 ULONGEST number;
389 const char *begin, *end, *pos;
390
391 begin = *arg;
392 pos = skip_spaces_const (begin);
393
394 if (!isdigit (*pos))
395 error (_("Expected positive number, got: %s."), pos);
396
397 number = strtoulst (pos, &end, 10);
398
399 *arg += (end - begin);
400
401 return number;
402 }
403
404 /* Read a context size from an argument string. */
405
406 static int
407 get_context_size (char **arg)
408 {
409 char *pos;
410 int number;
411
412 pos = skip_spaces (*arg);
413
414 if (!isdigit (*pos))
415 error (_("Expected positive number, got: %s."), pos);
416
417 return strtol (pos, arg, 10);
418 }
419
420 /* Complain about junk at the end of an argument string. */
421
422 static void
423 no_chunk (char *arg)
424 {
425 if (*arg != 0)
426 error (_("Junk after argument: %s."), arg);
427 }
428
429 /* Read instruction-history modifiers from an argument string. */
430
431 static int
432 get_insn_history_modifiers (char **arg)
433 {
434 int modifiers;
435 char *args;
436
437 modifiers = 0;
438 args = *arg;
439
440 if (args == NULL)
441 return modifiers;
442
443 while (*args == '/')
444 {
445 ++args;
446
447 if (*args == '\0')
448 error (_("Missing modifier."));
449
450 for (; *args; ++args)
451 {
452 if (isspace (*args))
453 break;
454
455 if (*args == '/')
456 continue;
457
458 switch (*args)
459 {
460 case 'm':
461 case 's':
462 modifiers |= DISASSEMBLY_SOURCE;
463 modifiers |= DISASSEMBLY_FILENAME;
464 break;
465 case 'r':
466 modifiers |= DISASSEMBLY_RAW_INSN;
467 break;
468 case 'f':
469 modifiers |= DISASSEMBLY_OMIT_FNAME;
470 break;
471 case 'p':
472 modifiers |= DISASSEMBLY_OMIT_PC;
473 break;
474 default:
475 error (_("Invalid modifier: %c."), *args);
476 }
477 }
478
479 args = skip_spaces (args);
480 }
481
482 /* Update the argument string. */
483 *arg = args;
484
485 return modifiers;
486 }
487
488 /* The "set record instruction-history-size / set record
489 function-call-history-size" commands are unsigned, with UINT_MAX
490 meaning unlimited. The target interfaces works with signed int
491 though, to indicate direction, so map "unlimited" to INT_MAX, which
492 is about the same as unlimited in practice. If the user does have
493 a log that huge, she can fetch it in chunks across several requests,
494 but she'll likely have other problems first... */
495
496 static int
497 command_size_to_target_size (unsigned int size)
498 {
499 gdb_assert (size <= INT_MAX || size == UINT_MAX);
500
501 if (size == UINT_MAX)
502 return INT_MAX;
503 else
504 return size;
505 }
506
507 /* The "record instruction-history" command. */
508
509 static void
510 cmd_record_insn_history (char *arg, int from_tty)
511 {
512 int flags, size;
513
514 require_record_target ();
515
516 flags = get_insn_history_modifiers (&arg);
517
518 size = command_size_to_target_size (record_insn_history_size);
519
520 if (arg == NULL || *arg == 0 || strcmp (arg, "+") == 0)
521 target_insn_history (size, flags);
522 else if (strcmp (arg, "-") == 0)
523 target_insn_history (-size, flags);
524 else
525 {
526 ULONGEST begin, end;
527
528 begin = get_insn_number (&arg);
529
530 if (*arg == ',')
531 {
532 arg = skip_spaces (++arg);
533
534 if (*arg == '+')
535 {
536 arg += 1;
537 size = get_context_size (&arg);
538
539 no_chunk (arg);
540
541 target_insn_history_from (begin, size, flags);
542 }
543 else if (*arg == '-')
544 {
545 arg += 1;
546 size = get_context_size (&arg);
547
548 no_chunk (arg);
549
550 target_insn_history_from (begin, -size, flags);
551 }
552 else
553 {
554 end = get_insn_number (&arg);
555
556 no_chunk (arg);
557
558 target_insn_history_range (begin, end, flags);
559 }
560 }
561 else
562 {
563 no_chunk (arg);
564
565 target_insn_history_from (begin, size, flags);
566 }
567
568 dont_repeat ();
569 }
570 }
571
572 /* Read function-call-history modifiers from an argument string. */
573
574 static int
575 get_call_history_modifiers (char **arg)
576 {
577 int modifiers;
578 char *args;
579
580 modifiers = 0;
581 args = *arg;
582
583 if (args == NULL)
584 return modifiers;
585
586 while (*args == '/')
587 {
588 ++args;
589
590 if (*args == '\0')
591 error (_("Missing modifier."));
592
593 for (; *args; ++args)
594 {
595 if (isspace (*args))
596 break;
597
598 if (*args == '/')
599 continue;
600
601 switch (*args)
602 {
603 case 'l':
604 modifiers |= RECORD_PRINT_SRC_LINE;
605 break;
606 case 'i':
607 modifiers |= RECORD_PRINT_INSN_RANGE;
608 break;
609 case 'c':
610 modifiers |= RECORD_PRINT_INDENT_CALLS;
611 break;
612 default:
613 error (_("Invalid modifier: %c."), *args);
614 }
615 }
616
617 args = skip_spaces (args);
618 }
619
620 /* Update the argument string. */
621 *arg = args;
622
623 return modifiers;
624 }
625
626 /* The "record function-call-history" command. */
627
628 static void
629 cmd_record_call_history (char *arg, int from_tty)
630 {
631 int flags, size;
632
633 require_record_target ();
634
635 flags = get_call_history_modifiers (&arg);
636
637 size = command_size_to_target_size (record_call_history_size);
638
639 if (arg == NULL || *arg == 0 || strcmp (arg, "+") == 0)
640 target_call_history (size, flags);
641 else if (strcmp (arg, "-") == 0)
642 target_call_history (-size, flags);
643 else
644 {
645 ULONGEST begin, end;
646
647 begin = get_insn_number (&arg);
648
649 if (*arg == ',')
650 {
651 arg = skip_spaces (++arg);
652
653 if (*arg == '+')
654 {
655 arg += 1;
656 size = get_context_size (&arg);
657
658 no_chunk (arg);
659
660 target_call_history_from (begin, size, flags);
661 }
662 else if (*arg == '-')
663 {
664 arg += 1;
665 size = get_context_size (&arg);
666
667 no_chunk (arg);
668
669 target_call_history_from (begin, -size, flags);
670 }
671 else
672 {
673 end = get_insn_number (&arg);
674
675 no_chunk (arg);
676
677 target_call_history_range (begin, end, flags);
678 }
679 }
680 else
681 {
682 no_chunk (arg);
683
684 target_call_history_from (begin, size, flags);
685 }
686
687 dont_repeat ();
688 }
689 }
690
691 /* Helper for "set record instruction-history-size" and "set record
692 function-call-history-size" input validation. COMMAND_VAR is the
693 variable registered in the command as control variable. *SETTING
694 is the real setting the command allows changing. */
695
696 static void
697 validate_history_size (unsigned int *command_var, unsigned int *setting)
698 {
699 if (*command_var != UINT_MAX && *command_var > INT_MAX)
700 {
701 unsigned int new_value = *command_var;
702
703 /* Restore previous value. */
704 *command_var = *setting;
705 error (_("integer %u out of range"), new_value);
706 }
707
708 /* Commit new value. */
709 *setting = *command_var;
710 }
711
712 /* Called by do_setshow_command. We only want values in the
713 [0..INT_MAX] range, while the command's machinery accepts
714 [0..UINT_MAX]. See command_size_to_target_size. */
715
716 static void
717 set_record_insn_history_size (char *args, int from_tty,
718 struct cmd_list_element *c)
719 {
720 validate_history_size (&record_insn_history_size_setshow_var,
721 &record_insn_history_size);
722 }
723
724 /* Called by do_setshow_command. We only want values in the
725 [0..INT_MAX] range, while the command's machinery accepts
726 [0..UINT_MAX]. See command_size_to_target_size. */
727
728 static void
729 set_record_call_history_size (char *args, int from_tty,
730 struct cmd_list_element *c)
731 {
732 validate_history_size (&record_call_history_size_setshow_var,
733 &record_call_history_size);
734 }
735
736 /* Provide a prototype to silence -Wmissing-prototypes. */
737 extern initialize_file_ftype _initialize_record;
738
739 void
740 _initialize_record (void)
741 {
742 struct cmd_list_element *c;
743
744 add_setshow_zuinteger_cmd ("record", no_class, &record_debug,
745 _("Set debugging of record/replay feature."),
746 _("Show debugging of record/replay feature."),
747 _("When enabled, debugging output for "
748 "record/replay feature is displayed."),
749 NULL, show_record_debug, &setdebuglist,
750 &showdebuglist);
751
752 add_setshow_uinteger_cmd ("instruction-history-size", no_class,
753 &record_insn_history_size_setshow_var, _("\
754 Set number of instructions to print in \"record instruction-history\"."), _("\
755 Show number of instructions to print in \"record instruction-history\"."), _("\
756 A size of \"unlimited\" means unlimited instructions. The default is 10."),
757 set_record_insn_history_size, NULL,
758 &set_record_cmdlist, &show_record_cmdlist);
759
760 add_setshow_uinteger_cmd ("function-call-history-size", no_class,
761 &record_call_history_size_setshow_var, _("\
762 Set number of function to print in \"record function-call-history\"."), _("\
763 Show number of functions to print in \"record function-call-history\"."), _("\
764 A size of \"unlimited\" means unlimited lines. The default is 10."),
765 set_record_call_history_size, NULL,
766 &set_record_cmdlist, &show_record_cmdlist);
767
768 c = add_prefix_cmd ("record", class_obscure, cmd_record_start,
769 _("Start recording."),
770 &record_cmdlist, "record ", 0, &cmdlist);
771 set_cmd_completer (c, filename_completer);
772
773 add_com_alias ("rec", "record", class_obscure, 1);
774 add_prefix_cmd ("record", class_support, set_record_command,
775 _("Set record options"), &set_record_cmdlist,
776 "set record ", 0, &setlist);
777 add_alias_cmd ("rec", "record", class_obscure, 1, &setlist);
778 add_prefix_cmd ("record", class_support, show_record_command,
779 _("Show record options"), &show_record_cmdlist,
780 "show record ", 0, &showlist);
781 add_alias_cmd ("rec", "record", class_obscure, 1, &showlist);
782 add_prefix_cmd ("record", class_support, info_record_command,
783 _("Info record options"), &info_record_cmdlist,
784 "info record ", 0, &infolist);
785 add_alias_cmd ("rec", "record", class_obscure, 1, &infolist);
786
787 c = add_cmd ("save", class_obscure, cmd_record_save,
788 _("Save the execution log to a file.\n\
789 Argument is optional filename.\n\
790 Default filename is 'gdb_record.<process_id>'."),
791 &record_cmdlist);
792 set_cmd_completer (c, filename_completer);
793
794 add_cmd ("delete", class_obscure, cmd_record_delete,
795 _("Delete the rest of execution log and start recording it anew."),
796 &record_cmdlist);
797 add_alias_cmd ("d", "delete", class_obscure, 1, &record_cmdlist);
798 add_alias_cmd ("del", "delete", class_obscure, 1, &record_cmdlist);
799
800 add_cmd ("stop", class_obscure, cmd_record_stop,
801 _("Stop the record/replay target."),
802 &record_cmdlist);
803 add_alias_cmd ("s", "stop", class_obscure, 1, &record_cmdlist);
804
805 add_prefix_cmd ("goto", class_obscure, cmd_record_goto, _("\
806 Restore the program to its state at instruction number N.\n\
807 Argument is instruction number, as shown by 'info record'."),
808 &record_goto_cmdlist, "record goto ", 1, &record_cmdlist);
809
810 add_cmd ("begin", class_obscure, cmd_record_goto_begin,
811 _("Go to the beginning of the execution log."),
812 &record_goto_cmdlist);
813 add_alias_cmd ("start", "begin", class_obscure, 1, &record_goto_cmdlist);
814
815 add_cmd ("end", class_obscure, cmd_record_goto_end,
816 _("Go to the end of the execution log."),
817 &record_goto_cmdlist);
818
819 add_cmd ("instruction-history", class_obscure, cmd_record_insn_history, _("\
820 Print disassembled instructions stored in the execution log.\n\
821 With a /m or /s modifier, source lines are included (if available).\n\
822 With a /r modifier, raw instructions in hex are included.\n\
823 With a /f modifier, function names are omitted.\n\
824 With a /p modifier, current position markers are omitted.\n\
825 With no argument, disassembles ten more instructions after the previous \
826 disassembly.\n\
827 \"record instruction-history -\" disassembles ten instructions before a \
828 previous disassembly.\n\
829 One argument specifies an instruction number as shown by 'info record', and \
830 ten instructions are disassembled after that instruction.\n\
831 Two arguments with comma between them specify starting and ending instruction \
832 numbers to disassemble.\n\
833 If the second argument is preceded by '+' or '-', it specifies the distance \
834 from the first argument.\n\
835 The number of instructions to disassemble can be defined with \"set record \
836 instruction-history-size\"."),
837 &record_cmdlist);
838
839 add_cmd ("function-call-history", class_obscure, cmd_record_call_history, _("\
840 Prints the execution history at function granularity.\n\
841 It prints one line for each sequence of instructions that belong to the same \
842 function.\n\
843 Without modifiers, it prints the function name.\n\
844 With a /l modifier, the source file and line number range is included.\n\
845 With a /i modifier, the instruction number range is included.\n\
846 With a /c modifier, the output is indented based on the call stack depth.\n\
847 With no argument, prints ten more lines after the previous ten-line print.\n\
848 \"record function-call-history -\" prints ten lines before a previous ten-line \
849 print.\n\
850 One argument specifies a function number as shown by 'info record', and \
851 ten lines are printed after that function.\n\
852 Two arguments with comma between them specify a range of functions to print.\n\
853 If the second argument is preceded by '+' or '-', it specifies the distance \
854 from the first argument.\n\
855 The number of functions to print can be defined with \"set record \
856 function-call-history-size\"."),
857 &record_cmdlist);
858
859 /* Sync command control variables. */
860 record_insn_history_size_setshow_var = record_insn_history_size;
861 record_call_history_size_setshow_var = record_call_history_size;
862 }
This page took 0.058988 seconds and 5 git commands to generate.