3 * Add support for ELF SHF_GNU_MBIND and PT_GNU_MBIND_XXX.
5 * Add support for ELF GNU program properties.
7 * Add support for the Texas Instruments PRU processor.
9 * When configuring for arc*-*-linux* targets the default linker emulation will
10 change if --with-cpu=nps400 is used at configure time.
12 * Improve assignment of LMAs to orphan sections in some edge cases where a
13 mixture of both AT>LMA_REGION and AT(LMA) are used.
15 * Orphan sections placed after an empty section that has an AT(LMA) will now
16 take an load memory address starting from LMA.
18 * Section groups can now be resolved (the group deleted and the group members
19 placed like normal sections) at partial link time either using the new linker
20 option --force-group-allocation or by placing FORCE_GROUP_ALLOCATION into the
25 * The EXCLUDE_FILE linker script construct can now be applied outside of the
26 section list in order for the exclusions to apply over all input sections in
29 * Add support for the RISC-V architecture.
31 * The command line option --no-eh-frame-hdr can now be used in ELF based
32 linkers to disable the automatic generation of .eh_frame_hdr sections.
34 * Add --in-implib=<infile> to the ARM linker to enable specifying a set of
35 Secure Gateway veneers that must exist in the output import library specified
36 by --out-implib=<outfile> and the address they must have. As such,
37 --in-implib is only supported in combination with --cmse-implib.
39 * Extended the --out-implib=<file> option, previously restricted to x86 PE
40 targets, to any ELF based target. This allows the generation of an import
41 library for an ELF executable, which can then be used by another application
42 to link against the executable.
46 * Add a configure option --enable-relro to decide whether -z relro should
47 be enabled in ELF linker by default. Default to yes for all Linux
48 targets except FRV, HPPA, IA64 and MIPS.
50 * Support for -z noreloc-overflow in the x86-64 ELF linker to disable
51 relocation overflow check.
53 * Add -z common/-z nocommon options for ELF targets to control whether to
54 convert common symbols to the STT_COMMON type during a relocatable link.
56 * Support for -z nodynamic-undefined-weak in the x86 ELF linker, which
57 avoids dynamic relocations against undefined weak symbols in executable.
59 * The NOCROSSREFSTO command was added to the linker script language.
61 * Add --no-apply-dynamic-relocs to the AArch64 linker to do not apply link-time
62 values for dynamic relocations.
66 * Add --fix-stm32l4xx-629360 to the ARM linker to enable a link-time
67 workaround for a bug in the bus matrix / memory controller for some of
68 the STM32 Cortex-M4 based products (STM32L4xx)
70 * Add a configure option --enable-compressed-debug-sections={all,ld} to
71 decide whether DWARF debug sections should be compressed by default.
73 * Add support for the ARC EM/HS, and ARC600/700 architectures.
75 * Experimental support for linker garbage collection (--gc-sections)
76 has been enabled for COFF and PE based targets.
78 * New command line option for ELF targets to compress DWARF debug
79 sections, --compress-debug-sections=[none|zlib|zlib-gnu|zlib-gabi].
81 * New command line option, --orphan-handling=[place|warn|error|discard], to
82 adjust how orphan sections are handled. The default is 'place' which gives
83 the current behaviour, 'warn' and 'error' issue a warning or error
84 respectively when orphan sections are found, and 'discard' will discard all
87 * Add support for LLVM plugin.
89 * Add --print-memory-usage option to report memory blocks usage.
91 * Add --require-defined option, it's like --undefined except the new symbol
92 must be defined by the end of the link.
96 * PE binaries now once again contain real timestamps by default. To disable
97 the inclusion of a timestamp in a PE binary, use the --no-insert-timestamp
100 * Replace support for openrisc and or32 with support for or1k.
102 * Add support for the --build-id command line option to COFF based targets.
104 * x86/x86_64 pe-coff now supports the --build-id option.
106 * Add support for the Andes NDS32.
110 * Add LOG2CEIL() builtin function to the linker script language
112 * Add support for the Texas Instruments MSP430X processor.
114 * Add support for Altera Nios II.
116 * Add support for the V850E3V5 architecture.
118 * Add support for the Imagination Technologies Meta processor.
120 * --enable-new-dtags no longer generates old dtags in addition to new dtags.
122 * Remove linker support for MIPS ECOFF targets.
124 * Add ALIGN_WITH_INPUT to the linker script language to force the alignment of
125 an output section to use the maximum alignment of all its input sections.
129 * Enable compressed debug section feature for x86/x86_64 pe-coff.
131 * Add support for the 64-bit ARM architecture: AArch64.
133 * Added SORT_NONE to the linker script language to disable section sorting.
135 * Add a linker-provided symbol when producing ELF output, '__ehdr_start'
136 to point to the ELF file header (and nearby program headers) in the
137 program's memory image.
139 * Add support for S12X processor.
141 * Add support for the VLE extension to the PowerPC architecture.
143 * Add support for the Freescale XGATE architecture.
145 * Add option -f FILE on AIX (for response file).
147 * Add support for the Renesas RL78 architecture.
149 * Add support for the Adapteva EPIPHANY architecture.
153 * --copy-dt-needed-entries is no longer enabled by default. Instead
154 --no-copy-dt-needed-entries is the default.
156 * INPUT_SECTION_FLAGS has been added to the linker script language
157 to allow selection of input sections by section header section flags.
159 * Add support for the Tilera TILEPro and TILE-Gx architectures.
161 * Added SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY to the linker script language to permit
162 sorting sections by numerical value of the GCC init_priority attribute
163 encoded in the section name.
167 * Linker script expression evaluation is somewhat more sane. This may
168 break scripts that depend on quirks of the old expression evaluation.
170 * Turn off underscoring for x86_64 PE+-COFF targets. For old behavior the
171 option --enable-leading-mingw64-underscores can be used on configure of
174 * Add support for the TMS320C6000 (TI C6X) processor family.
176 * --add-needed renamed to --copy-dt-needed-entries in order to avoid confusion
177 with --as-needed option.
179 * Extend .def file syntax by '== <ID>' for imports and exports. This allows
180 to alias the import/export table name written in PE image.
182 * Add --exclude-all-symbols option to PE based linkers. This prevents all
183 symbols from automatically being exported.
185 * Add support for the Renesas RX processor.
187 * Add support for alpha-vms target.
191 * GNU/Linux targets now support the STB_GNU_UNIQUE symbol binding. This is a
192 GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. The binding will
193 be passed on to the dynamic linker which will make sure that in the entire
194 process there is just one symbol with the given name and type in use.
196 * PE targets now support a GNU extension to allow the alignment of common
197 common symbols to be specified. This support uses custom options in
198 the .drectve section, which will be disregarded by the native tools.
200 * PE targets now add primitive support for ELF version scripts; symbols
201 are not versioned, but the local and global symbol visibility directives
202 are respected when filtering symbols in auto-export mode.
204 * New option --no-export-dynamic to undo the effect of the -E and
205 --export-dynamic options.
207 * ELF: --warn-alternate-em option to warn if an object has alternate
210 * New script function REGION_ALIAS to add alias names to memory regions.
212 * PE targets no longer make use of the long section names PE extension to
213 the COFF format when generating executable images, by default. The old
214 (slightly non-conformant) behaviour can still be invoked by using the
215 new '--enable-long-section-names' command-line option. It is also enabled
216 automatically in the presence of un-stripped debug information, as GDB
217 needs to be able to find the debug info sections by their full names.
219 * For GNU/Linux systems the linker will now avoid processing any relocations
220 made against symbols of the STT_GNU_IFUNC type and instead emit them into
221 the resulting binary for processing by the loader.
223 * --as-needed now links in a dynamic library if it satisfies undefined
224 symbols in regular objects, or in other dynamic libraries. In the
225 latter case the library is not linked if it is found in a DT_NEEDED
226 entry of one of the libraries already linked.
228 * Add a new command line option, -Ttext-segment ADDR, for ELF targets
229 to set the address of the first byte of the text segment.
231 * Add support for Sunplus score architecture.
233 * Add new option --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables to ld for PE targets to
234 allow fallback to old import table generation with null element prefix.
236 * Windows PE systems now support a new --exclude-modules-for-implib option,
237 allowing users to partition object files and archive members between a DLL
238 and its associated import library as they are generated during linking.
240 * Add support for Lattice Mico32 (lm32) architecture.
242 * Add CR16 ELF --embedded-relocs (used to embedded relocations into binaries
243 for Embedded-PIC code) option.
245 * Add to the PE/PE+ targets the support of two different kinds of
246 pseudo-relocations. They can be selected by the switches
247 --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc-v1 and --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc-v2.
248 For the switch --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc it uses for 32-bit
249 runtime pseudo relocation version one, for 64-bit the version two.
253 * Linker scripts support a new INSERT command that makes it easier to
254 augment the default script.
256 * Linker script input section filespecs may now specify a file within an
257 archive by writing "archive:file".
259 * The --sort-common switch now has an optional argument which specifies the
260 direction of sorting.
262 * The M68K linker now supports multiple GOT generation schemes controlled via
263 the --got=<type> command line option.
265 * The ARM EABI linker will now generate stubs for function calls to symbols
266 that are too far away. The placement of the stubs is controlled by a new
267 linker command line option: --stub-group-size=N.
271 * Linker sources now released under version 3 of the GNU General Public
274 * ELF: New --build-id option to generate a unique per-binary identifier
275 embedded in a note section.
277 * Added support for National Semicondutor CompactRISC (ie CR16) target.
279 * -l:foo now searches the library path for a filename called foo,
280 without converting it to libfoo.a or libfoo.so.
282 * Add a new command line option '--default-script=FILE' or '-dT FILE'
283 which specifies a replacement for the built in, default linker
286 * ELF: Add -Bsymbolic-functions, --dynamic-list-cpp-new, which puts C++
287 operator new and delete on the dynamic list, and --dynamic-list-data,
288 builtin list for --dynamic-list, which puts global data symbols on the
291 * Add support for x86_64 PE+ target.
293 * Add support for Score target.
295 * ELF: Add --dynamic-list option to specify a list of global symbols
296 whose references shouldn't be bound to the definition within the
297 shared library, or a list of symbols which should be added to the
298 symbol table in the executable.
300 * The default output section LMA has changed for allocatable sections from
301 being equal to VMA, to keeping the difference between LMA and VMA the same as
302 the previous output section in the same region. This is a more useful
303 default when using overlays and other cases where you specify an LMA
304 differing from the VMA for some sections.
306 * New switch: --print-gc-sections to list any sections removed by garabge
309 * ARM: Added --vfp11-denorm-fix option to work around an erratum in current
314 * Support for the Infineon XC16X has been added by KPIT Cummins Infosystems.
316 * Modify the Linux linker search order to better match ld.so search order.
317 Look for DT_NEEDED libraries in paths specified by ld.so.conf before
318 searching the default directories, rather than vice versa.
319 Use $prefix/etc/ld.so.conf if it exists, otherwise /etc/ld.so.conf.
321 * PE-COFF: Forward exports from DLL's can now be specified in .def files
322 passed directly to ld.
324 * Support for the Z80 processor family has been added.
326 * Add support for the "@<file>" syntax to the command line, so that extra
327 switches can be read from <file>.
331 * Support for the R_ARM_V4BX relocation as defined in the ARM AAELF
332 specification has been added via the --fix-v4bx command-line option.
334 * New linker script construct AS_NEEDED(), which sets the --as-needed flag
335 for input files listed inside of it.
337 * A new command-line option, --sysroot, can be used to override the
338 default sysroot location. It only applies to toolchains that were
339 configured using --with-sysroot.
341 * New linker script functions: ORIGIN() and LENGTH() which return information
342 about a specified memory region.
344 * Port to MAXQ processor contributed by HCL Tech.
346 * Added SEGMENT_START to the linker script language to permit the user to
347 override the base address for a segment from the command-line.
349 * ELF: --warn-shared-textrel option to warn if adding a DT_TEXTREL to a shared
352 * Added SORT_BY_NAME and SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT to the linker script
353 language to permit sorting sections by section name or section
356 * Added a new linker command line switch, --sort-section name|alignment,
357 to sort sections by section name or maximum alignment.
359 * ELF: --add-needed/--no-add-needed options to control if a DT_NEEDED tag
360 should be added when a shared library comes from DT_NEEDED tags.
362 * Support for the crx-elf target added.
364 * Support for the sh-symbianelf target added.
366 * A new linker command line switch has been added which allows the hash table
367 size to be set to a suitable prime value near to its argument. This switch
368 is --hash-size=<NUMBER>. Also if the switch --reduce-memory-overheads is
369 used, and --hash-size has not been used, then the default value will be set
372 * Linker map files are now generated with an O(N) algorithm for finding symbols
373 that are defined in each section. This uses about 40% more memory for
374 symbols than the old O(N^2) algorithm. You can use the new
375 --reduce-memory-overheads option to select the old algorithm; this option
376 might also be used in the future to select similar tradeoffs.
380 * ELF: --as-needed/--no-as-needed options to control if a DT_NEEDED tag should
381 be added only when a shared library is referenced.
383 * PE: --large-address-aware option to indicate executables support virtual
384 addresses greater than 2 gigabytes.
386 * DWARF 2 support for i386pe added.
388 * The linker script operator DEFINED() will now yield 1 only for a symbol that
389 is defined before the statement where DEFINED is used.
391 * The MIPS --embedded-relocs (used to embed relocations into binaries for
392 Embedded-PIC code) is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
394 * cr16c support added by NSC.
396 * m32r Linux (ELF) support added by Renesas.
398 * Improved linker's handling of unresolved symbols. The switch
399 --unresolved-symbols=<method> has been added to tell the linker when it
400 should report them and the switch --warn-unresolved-symbols has been added to
401 make reports be issued as warning messages rather than errors.
405 * Added support for Xtensa architecture.
407 * Added --with-sysroot configure switch to specify a target system root, for
408 linking against a target filesystem image.
410 * Added --accept-unknown-linker-format to restore old linker behaviour (pre
411 2.14) of silently accepting and linking in any files in an unknown binary
414 * Added --no-omagic to undo the effects of the -N option.
416 * Support for Texas Instruments TMS320C4x and TMS320C3x series of
417 DSP's contributed by Michael Hayes and Svein E. Seldal.
419 * Added --with-lib-path configure switch to specify default value for
422 * ARM port to QNX operating system added by Graeme Peterson.
424 * IP2K support added by Denis Chertykov.
428 * Support for the Fujitsu FRV architecture added by Red Hat. Models for FR400
431 Changes in version 2.13:
433 * DEC VAX ELF support, by Matt Thomas.
435 Changes in version 2.12:
437 * Support for Don Knuth's MMIX, by Hans-Peter Nilsson.
439 * Support for the OpenRISC 32-bit embedded processor by OpenCores.
441 * Support for -z nocopyreloc in the x86 ELF linker, which disables
442 production of copy relocs. Warning: using this option may result in
443 non-sharable applications.
445 * Support for -z combreloc in the ELF linker, which puts dynamic
446 relocations against the same symbol together, so that dynamic linker
447 can use an one-entry symbol lookup cache.
449 * Support for ELF SHF_MERGE section merging, by Jakub Jelinek.
451 Changes in version 2.11:
453 * Support for AMD x86-64 architecture, by Jan Hubicka, SuSE Labs.
455 * Support added for eliminating duplicate DWARF2 debug information by
456 having the compiler generate the information in sections called
457 .gnu.linkonce.wi.XXXX where XXXX is a checksum for the contents. The
458 linker then merges these sections together into the normal .debug_info
461 * The native ELF linker now searches the directories in DT_RUNPATH or
462 DT_RPATH of a shared library for shared libraries needed by it.
464 * TI C54x support, by Timothy Wall.
466 * Added command line switch --section-start to set the start address of any
469 * Added ability to emit full relocation information in linked executables,
470 enabled by --emit-relocs. Some post-linkage optimization tools need
471 this information in order to be able to correctly identify and perform
472 symbol relative addressing in the event of changes in section contents
473 (instructions being added or deleted, extending data sections, etc.)
475 * Support for i860, by Jason Eckhardt (preliminary, alpha quality).
477 * Support for CRIS (Axis Communications ETRAX series).
479 * Support for PDP-11 and 2.11BSD a.out format, by Lars Brinkhoff.
481 Changes in version 2.10:
483 * Added AT> to the linker script language to allow load-time allocation of
484 sections into regions.
486 * Added garbage collection of unused sections, enabled by --gc-sections.
487 It does require a bit of backend support; currently implemented are
488 arm-elf, avr-elf, d10v-elf, fr30-elf, i386-elf, m32r-elf, m68k-elf,
489 mcore-elf, mips-elf, mn10300-elf, ppc-elf, sh-elf, sparc-elf, and v850-elf.
490 Others will ignore the option.
492 * Added SORT to the linker script language to permit sorting sections by file
493 name or section name.
495 * Added EXTERN to the linker script language as an equivalent to the -u
498 * Added ASSERT to the linker script language.
500 * Added EXCLUDE_FILE to the linker script language for further control over
503 * Added -O option to optimize linker output (as of this writing, this only
504 affects ELF shared library generation).
506 * The -e option now accepts a number as well as a symbol name.
508 * Added --no-undefined option to disallow undefined symbols when creating a
511 * The linker now issues a warning, not an error, for an undefined symbol when
512 using -Bsymbolic; use the new --no-undefined option to get the old
515 * Added --demangle and --no-demangle options.
517 Changes in version 2.9:
519 * Added SQUAD to the linker script language.
521 * New option --no-warn-mismatch.
523 * The MEMORY command now parses the attributes to determine where sections that
524 are not placed in a specific memory region are placed.
526 Changes in version 2.8:
528 * Linker scripts may now contain shell wildcard characters for file and section
531 * The linker now supports symbol versions in ELF.
533 * The NOCROSSREFS command was added to the linker script language.
535 * The LOADADDR expression was added to the linker script language.
537 * MAX and MIN functions were added to the linker script language.
539 * The OVERLAY construct was added to the linker script language.
541 * New option --warn-section-align to warn when the address of an output section
542 changes due to alignment of an input section.
544 * New options --filter/-F and --auxiliary/-f.
546 Changes in version 2.7:
548 * New option --cref to print out a cross reference table.
550 * New option --wrap SYMBOL.
552 * New option --no-whole-archive, to turn off the effect of --whole-archive.
554 * Input sections assigned to the output section /DISCARD/ in the linker script
555 are not included in the output file.
557 * The SunOS and ELF linkers now merge stabs debugging information which uses
558 the N_BINCL and N_EINCL stab types. This reduces the amount of debugging
559 information generated.
561 Changes in version 2.6:
563 * When an ELF section name is representable as a C identifier (this is not true
564 of most ELF section names), the linker will automatically define symbols
565 __start_SECNAME and __stop_SECNAME, where SECNAME is the section name, at the
566 beginning and the end of the section. This is used by glibc.
568 Addendum: Current versions of the linker (at least for version 2.18 onwards
569 and possibly much earlier as well) place two restrictions on this feature: The
570 symbols are only implemented for orphaned sections, not for explicitly placed
571 sections and they are PROVIDEd rather than being defined.
573 * When an ELF section named .gnu.warning is encountered in an input file, the
574 contents of the section are displayed as an error message, and the section is
575 not copied into the output file. This is used by glibc.
577 * When an ELF section named .gnu.warning.SYMBOL is encountered in an input
578 file, and the symbol SYMBOL is referenced by some object file, the contents of
579 the section are displayed as an error message. The section is not copied into
580 the output file, unless doing a relocatable or shared link. This is used by
583 * New options -split-by-reloc and -split-by-file.
585 * The linker now supports linking PIC compiled code on SPARC SunOS. It can
586 also create SPARC SunOS shared libraries, and, like the native SunOS linker,
587 will do so whenever there is an undefined symbol in the link and neither the -e
588 nor the -r option was used.
590 * The -rpath option may be used on SunOS to set the list of directories to be
591 searched at run time. This overrides the default of building the list from the
594 * The COFF linker now combines debugging information for structs, unions, and
595 enums, so that even if the same type is defined in multiple input files it will
596 only be defined once in the output file. The --traditional-format switch will
597 prevent this optimization.
599 Changes in version 2.5:
601 * The linker now supports linking against SunOS shared libraries. It still can
602 not link SunOS PIC (Position Independent Code) files, so it can not be used to
603 generate shared libraries.
605 * The linker now supports linking against ELF shared libraries for the i386
606 (UnixWare) and SPARC (Solaris). It can also link ELF PIC files, and can be
607 used to generate shared libraries. Shared library generation is not well
608 tested; please report any problems encountered. The linker is now enabled for
611 * Eric Youngdale has contributed Linux support code, including linking against
612 Linux a.out shared libraries. The linker produces Linux QMAGIC binaries.
614 * The ELF backend has been converted to the new linker code. To use the new
615 ELF linker, each particular target requires a relocation function. So far,
616 this function has been written for i386 (UnixWare), SPARC (Solaris) MIPS (Irix
617 5), and HPPA ELF targets.
619 * The -( (--start-group) and -) (--end-group) options have been added to
620 support searching a group of archives as though they were a single archive.
621 This can also be used in a linker script, as GROUP ( files ).
623 * When a file is named on the command line, and the linker does not recognize
624 it as an object file, the linker will now treat the file as a linker script
625 file. A linker script named in this way augments, but does not replace, the
626 default linker script.
628 * The -warn-once option was added. It causes the linker to only warn once per
629 undefined symbol, rather than once per reference.
631 * The COFF backend has been converted to the new linker code. As with ELF, to
632 use the new linker, each particular target requires a relocation function. So
633 far, this function has been written for the i386, m68k, a29k and SH targets.
635 * The -V flag was made a synonym for -v, for SVR4 compatibility. The old -V
636 behaviour is available via --verbose.
638 Changes in version 2.4:
640 * New linker code, by Steve Chamberlain and Ian Taylor. For a.out and ecoff
641 formats (so far), this should result in considerable savings in time
642 and memory used while linking; slightly poorer performance than
643 before for formats not converted yet.
645 * Command-line parsing is no longer done with flex. This means
646 oddball characters in filenames won't get treated as argument
649 * HP-PA ELF support, by Jeff Law. (No SOM support yet.)
651 * Mach i386 support, by David Mackenzie.
653 * Irix 4 shared libraries are now supported (Irix 5 uses ELF, and ELF shared
654 libraries are not yet supported).
656 * COFF shared libraries (as on SCO) should work as well.
658 * The linker is disabled for Solaris. (Actually, it was in 2.3 also, I just
659 forgot to note it.) Some of their C library routines don't work when
660 statically linked, and the GNU linker doesn't support dynamic linking yet.
662 Changes in version 2.3:
664 * Weak symbols are now supported.
666 * ELF support has been added. The linker has been bootstrapped on
667 UnixWare and Solaris.
669 * Alpha OSF/1 support has been added (non dynamic linking only).
671 Changes in version 2.2:
673 * The `bfd' library has been updated to reduce a.out-format string
674 table size. The effect of this is that files linked from many input
675 files with duplicate symbols (`-g' debugging records, or identical
676 static symbols) should be much smaller.
678 Changes in version 2.1:
680 * The ld -ySYMBOL flag (to trace references to SYMBOL) is now implemented.
682 * There is now support for writing ECOFF files, so ld and the
683 other utilities should work on Risc/Ultrix and Irix.
686 Copyright (C) 2012-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
688 Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
689 are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
690 notice and this notice are preserved.