@end ifinfo
@ifinfo
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
@c
-@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c
@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
@c General Public License.
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@item c++filt
Demangle encoded C++ symbols
+@item addr2line
+Convert addresses into file names and line numbers
+
@item nlmconv
Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
+
+@item windres
+Manipulate Windows resources
@end table
@end iftex
* strings:: List printable strings from files
* strip:: Discard symbols
* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
+* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
+* windres:: Manipulate Windows resources
* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
-* Index::
+* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
+* Index:: Index
@end menu
@node ar
@item -C
@itemx --demangle
-@cindex demangling C++ symbols
+@cindex demangling in nm
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
[ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ]
[ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ]
[ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
- [ --debugging ]
+ [ -p | --preserve-dates ] [ --debugging ]
[ --gap-fill=@var{val} ] [ --pad-to=@var{address} ]
[ --set-start=@var{val} ] [ --adjust-start=@var{incr} ]
[ --adjust-vma=@var{incr} ]
[ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
[ --set-section-flags=@var{section}=@var{flags} ]
[ --add-section=@var{sectionname}=@var{filename} ]
- [ --remove-leading-char ]
+ [ --change-leading-char ] [ --remove-leading-char ]
+ [ --weaken ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
@var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
@end smallexample
@code{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @samp{-b} or
@samp{--byte}.
+@item -p
+@itemx --preserve-dates
+Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same
+as those of the input file.
+
@item --debugging
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default
because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the
size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only
works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names.
+@item --change-leading-char
+Some object file formats use special characters at the start of
+symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers
+often add before every symbol. This option tells @code{objcopy} to
+change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between
+object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading
+character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a
+character, or remove a character, or change a character, as
+appropriate.
+
@item --remove-leading-char
If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading
character used by the object file format, remove the character. The
most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will
remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful
if you want to link together objects of different file formats with
-different conventions for symbol names.
+different conventions for symbol names. This is different from
+@code{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name
+when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output
+file.
+
+@item --weaken
+Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful
+when building an object which will be linked against other objects using
+the @code{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when
+using an object file format which supports weak symbols.
@item -V
@itemx --version
@smallexample
objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
[ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ --debugging ]
- [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -D | --disassemble-all ]
+ [ -C | --demangle ] [ -d | --disassemble ]
+ [ -D | --disassemble-all ] [ --disassemble-zeroes ]
[ -EB | -EL | --endian=@{big | little @} ]
[ -f | --file-headers ]
[ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
[ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
[ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
[ -w | --wide ] [ --start-address=@var{address} ]
- [ --stop-address=@var{address} ] [ --show-raw-insn ]
+ [ --stop-address=@var{address} ]
+ [ --prefix-addresses] [ --[no-]show-raw-insn ]
+ [ --adjust-vma=@var{offset} ]
[ --version ] [ --help ]
@var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
the object file format of each archive member.
+@item --adjust-vma=@var{offset}
+@cindex section addresses in objdump
+@cindex VMA in objdump
+When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section
+addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to
+the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular
+addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses,
+such as a.out.
+
@item -b @var{bfdname}
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
@cindex object code format
formats available with the @samp{-i} option.
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+@item -C
+@itemx --demangle
+@cindex demangling in objdump
+Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
+Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
+makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
+on demangling.
+
@item --debugging
Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging
information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax.
Like @samp{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
those expected to contain instructions.
+@item --prefix-addresses
+When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is
+the older disassembly format.
+
+@item --disassemble-zeroes
+Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This
+option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like
+any other data.
+
@item -EB
@itemx -EL
@itemx --endian=@{big|little@}
@item --show-raw-insn
When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as
-in symbolic form. Not all targets handle this correctly yet.
+in symbolic form. This is the default except when
+@code{--prefix-addresses} is used.
+
+@item --no-show-raw-insn
+When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes.
+This is the default when @code{--prefix-addresses} is used.
@item --stabs
@cindex stab
[ -N @var{symbolname} | --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
[ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
- [ -o @var{file} ]
+ [ -o @var{file} ] [ -p | --preserve-dates ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
@var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile}
argument may be specified.
+@item -p
+@itemx --preserve-dates
+Preserve the access and modification dates of the file.
+
@item -x
@itemx --discard-all
Remove non-global symbols.
@end example
@end quotation
+@node addr2line
+@chapter addr2line
+
+@kindex addr2line
+@cindex address to file name and line number
+
+@smallexample
+addr2line [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -C | --demangle ]
+ [ -e @var{filename} | --exe=@var{filename} ]
+ [ -f | --functions ] [ -s | --basename ]
+ [ -H | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
+ [ addr addr ... ]
+@end smallexample
+
+@code{addr2line} translates program addresses into file names and line
+numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging
+information in the executable to figure out which file name and line
+number are associated with a given address.
+
+The executable to use is specified with the @code{-e} option. The
+default is @file{a.out}.
+
+@code{addr2line} has two modes of operation.
+
+In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line,
+and @code{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each
+address.
+
+In the second, @code{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from
+standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each
+address on standard output. In this mode, @code{addr2line} may be used
+in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses.
+
+The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and
+line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the
+@code{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line is
+preceded by a @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} line which is the name of the function
+containing the address.
+
+If the file name or function name can not be determined,
+@code{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the
+line number can not be determined, @code{addr2line} will print 0.
+
+The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
+equivalent.
+
+@table @code
+@item -b @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
+@cindex object code format
+Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
+@var{bfdname}.
+
+@item -C
+@itemx --demangle
+@cindex demangling in objdump
+Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
+Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
+makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
+on demangling.
+
+@item -e @var{filename}
+@itemx --exe=@var{filename}
+Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be
+translated. The default file is @file{a.out}.
+
+@item -f
+@itemx --functions
+Display function names as well as file and line number information.
+
+@item -s
+@itemx --basenames
+Display only the base of each file name.
+@end table
+
@node nlmconv
@chapter nlmconv
Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}.
@end table
+@node windres
+@chapter windres
+
+@code{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} @code{windres} is not always built as part of the binary
+utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets.
+@end quotation
+
+@smallexample
+windres [options] [input-file] [output-file]
+@end smallexample
+
+@code{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into
+an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats:
+
+@table @code
+@item rc
+A text format read by the Resource Compiler.
+
+@item res
+A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler.
+
+@item coff
+A COFF object or executable.
+@end table
+
+The exact description of these different formats is available in
+documentation from Microsoft.
+
+When @code{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res}
+format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When
+@code{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff}
+format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program.
+
+When @code{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar
+but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input
+@code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file
+will instead include the file contents.
+
+If the input or output format is not specified, @code{windres} will
+guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents.
+A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc}
+file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a
+@code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or
+@file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file.
+
+If no output file is specified, @code{windres} will print the resources
+in @code{rc} format to standard output.
+
+The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @code{windres}
+to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into
+your application. This will make the resources described in the
+@code{rc} file available to Windows.
+
+@table @code
+@item -i @var{filename}
+@itemx --input @var{filename}
+The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then
+@code{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file
+name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @code{windres} will
+read from standard input. @code{windres} can not read a COFF file from
+standard input.
+
+@item -o @var{filename}
+@itemx --output @var{filename}
+The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then
+@code{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used
+for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no
+non-option argument, then @code{windres} will write to standard output.
+@code{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output.
+
+@item -I @var{format}
+@itemx --input-format @var{format}
+The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or
+@samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @code{windres} will
+guess, as described above.
+
+@item -O @var{format}
+@itemx --output-format @var{format}
+The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res},
+@samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified,
+@code{windres} will guess, as described above.
+
+@item -F @var{target}
+@itemx --target @var{target}
+Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This
+is a BFD target name; you can use the @code{--help} option to see a list
+of supported targets. Normally @code{windres} will use the default
+format, which is the first one listed by the @code{--help} option.
+@ref{Target Selection}.
+
+@item --preprocessor @var{program}
+When @code{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C
+preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor
+to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor
+argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}.
+
+@item --include-dir @var{directory}
+Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
+@code{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @code{-I}
+option. @code{windres} will also search this directory when looking for
+files named in the @code{rc} file.
+
+@item --define @var{sym[=val]}
+Specify a @code{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
+@code{rc} file.
+
+@item --language @var{val}
+Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
+@var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are
+the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage.
+
+@item --help
+Prints a usage summary.
+
+@item --version
+Prints the version number for @code{windres}.
+
+@item --yydebug
+If @code{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1},
+this will turn on parser debugging.
+@end table
+
@node Selecting The Target System
@chapter Selecting the target system
Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
@samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
+You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
+the same sort of name that is passed to configure to specify a target.
+When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be fully
+canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
+running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the
+sources.
+
+Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd},
+@samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}.
+
@subheading @code{objdump} Target
Ways to specify:
which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}
@end enumerate
+@node Reporting Bugs
+@chapter Reporting Bugs
+@cindex bugs
+@cindex reporting bugs
+
+Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities
+reliable.
+
+Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or
+it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is
+to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary
+utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their
+maintenance.
+
+In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
+information that enables us to fix the bug.
+
+@menu
+* Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
+* Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs
+@end menu
+
+@node Bug Criteria
+@section Have you found a bug?
+@cindex bug criteria
+
+If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@cindex fatal signal
+@cindex crash
+@item
+If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is
+a bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
+
+@cindex error on valid input
+@item
+If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a
+bug.
+
+@item
+If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for
+improvement are welcome in any case.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Bug Reporting
+@section How to report bugs
+@cindex bug reports
+@cindex bugs, reporting
+
+A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu}
+products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support
+organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
+
+You can find contact information for many support companies and
+individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
+distribution.
+
+In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary
+utilities to @samp{bug-gnu-utils@@prep.ai.mit.edu}.
+
+The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
+@strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
+fact or leave it out, state it!
+
+Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
+problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
+assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter.
+Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is
+a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where
+that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were
+different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into
+doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
+specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
+and the most helpful.
+
+Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if
+it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
+that the bug has not been reported previously.
+
+Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
+bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
+@emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
+bugs properly.
+
+To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it
+with the @samp{--version} argument.
+
+Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
+the bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
+
+@item
+Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches
+made to the @code{BFD} library.
+
+@item
+The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
+version number.
+
+@item
+What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g.
+``@code{gcc-2.7}''.
+
+@item
+The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To
+guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy
+of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
+
+If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
+and then we might not encounter the bug.
+
+@item
+A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
+bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is
+generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if
+necessary to get them through the mail system. Making them available
+for anonymous FTP is not as good, but may be the only reasonable choice
+for large object files.
+
+If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs
+(e.g., @code{gcc}, @code{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @code{ld}), then it
+may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In
+this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @code{gcc}, or
+whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how
+@code{gcc}, or whatever, was configured.
+
+@item
+A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
+incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
+
+Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we
+will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
+not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
+a chance to make a mistake.
+
+Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
+say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your
+copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in
+the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
+crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
+ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for
+us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able
+to draw any conclusion from our observations.
+
+@item
+If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as
+generated by @code{diff} with the @samp{-u}, @samp{-c}, or @samp{-p}
+option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you
+even discuss something in the @code{ld} source, refer to it by context,
+not by line number.
+
+The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
+sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
+@end itemize
+
+Here are some things that are not necessary:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A description of the envelope of the bug.
+
+Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
+which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
+changes will not affect it.
+
+This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
+will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
+with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
+We recommend that you save your time for something else.
+
+Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
+of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
+output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
+less time, and so on.
+
+However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
+report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
+
+@item
+A patch for the bug.
+
+A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
+the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
+a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
+to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
+
+Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is
+very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a
+certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we
+will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that
+the bug is fixed.
+
+And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
+patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
+help us to understand.
+
+@item
+A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
+
+Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
+things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
+@end itemize
+
@node Index
@unnumbered Index
projects / deliverable / binutils-gdb.git / blobdiff