Avoid undefined behavior in extract_integer

Avoid undefined behavior in extract_integer

-fsanitize=undefined showed that extract_integer could left-shift a
negative value, which is undefined.  This patch fixes the problem by
doing all the work in an unsigned type.  This relies on
implementation-defined behavior, but I tend to think we are on safe
ground there.  (Also, if need be, violations of this could probably be
detected, either by configure or by a static_assert.)

gdb/ChangeLog
2018-10-03  Tom Tromey  <tom@tromey.com>

	* findvar.c (extract_integer): Do work in an unsigned type.