cpp-common: replace bstd::string_view with nonstd::string_view

[babeltrace.git] / CONTRIBUTING.adoc

// Render with Asciidoctor

= Babeltrace{nbsp}2 contributor's guide
Jérémie Galarneau, Philippe Proulx
22 February 2024
:toc: left
:toclevels: 3
:icons: font
:nofooter:
:bt2: Babeltrace{nbsp}2
:c-cpp: C/{cpp}
:cpp11: {cpp}11
:fmt: pass:[{fmt}]

This is a partial contributor's guide for the
https://babeltrace.org[{bt2}] project. If you have any
questions that are not answered by this guide, please post them on
https://lists.lttng.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lttng-dev[Babeltrace's
mailing list].

== {bt2} library

=== Object reference counting and lifetime

This section covers the rationale behind the design of {bt2}'s
object lifetime management. This applies to the {bt2} library, as
well as to the CTF writer library (although the public reference
counting functions are not named the same way).

Starting from Babeltrace{nbsp}2.0, all publicly exposed objects inherit
a common base: `bt_object`. This base provides a number of facilities to
all objects, chief amongst which are lifetime management functions.

The lifetime of some public objects is managed by reference counting. In
this case, the API offers the `+bt_*_get_ref()+` and `+bt_*_put_ref()+`
functions which respectively increment and decrement an object's
reference count.

As far as lifetime management in concerned, {bt2} makes a clear
distinction between regular objects, which have a single parent, and
root objects, which don't.

==== The problem

Let us consider a problematic case to illustrate the need for this
distinction.

A user of the {bt2} library creates a trace class, which _has_ a
stream class (the class of a stream) and that stream class, in turn,
_has_ an event class (the class of an event).

Nothing prevents this user from releasing his reference on any one of
these objects in any order. However, all objects in the
__trace--stream class--event class__ hierarchy can be retrieved
from any other.

For instance, the user could discard his reference on both the event
class and the stream class, only keeping a reference on the trace class.
From this trace class reference, stream classes can be enumerated,
providing the user with a new reference to the stream class he discarded
earlier. Event classes can also be enumerated from stream classes,
providing the user with references to the individual event classes.

Conversely, the user could also hold a reference to an event class and
retrieve its parent stream class. The trace class, in turn, can then be
retrieved from the stream class.

This example illustrates what could be interpreted as a circular
reference dependency existing between these objects. Of course, if the
objects in such a scenario were to hold references to each other (in
both directions), we would be in presence of a circular ownership
resulting in a leak of both objects as their reference counts would
never reach zero.

Nonetheless, the API must offer the guarantee that holding a node to any
node of the graph keeps all other reachable nodes alive.

==== The solution

The scheme employed in {bt2} to break this cycle consists in the
"children" holding _reverse component references_ to their parents. That
is, in the context of the trace IR, that event classes hold a reference
to their parent stream class and stream classes hold a reference to
their parent trace class.

On the other hand, parents hold _claiming aggregation references_ to
their children. A claiming aggregation reference means that the object
being referenced should not be deleted as long as the reference still
exists. In this respect, it can be said that parents truly hold the
ownership of their children, since they control their lifetime.
Conversely, the reference counting mechanism is leveraged by children to
notify parents that no other child indirectly exposes the parent.

When a parented object's reference count reaches zero, it invokes
`+bt_*_put_ref()+` on its parent and does _not_ free itself. However,
from that point, the object depends on its parent to signal the moment
when it can be safely reclaimed.

The invocation of `+bt_*_put_ref()+` by the last children holding a
reference to its parent might trigger a cascade of `+bt_*_put_ref()+`
from child to parent. Eventually, a **root** object is reached. At that
point, if this orphaned object's reference count reaches zero, the
object invokes the destructor method defined by everyone of its children
as part of their base `struct bt_object`. The key point here is that the
cascade of destructor will necessarily originate from the root and
propagate in preorder to the children. These children will propagate the
destruction to their own children before reclaiming their own memory.
This ensures that a node's pointer to its parent is _always_ valid since
the parent has the responsibility of tearing-down their children before
cleaning themselves up.

Assuming a reference to an object is _acquired_ by calling
`+bt_*_get_ref()+` while its reference count is zero, the object
acquires, in turn, a reference on its parent using `+bt_*_get_ref()+`.
At that point, the child can be thought of as having converted its weak
reference to its parent into a regular reference. That is why this
reference is referred to as a _claiming_ aggregation reference.

==== Caveats

This scheme imposes a number of strict rules defining the relation
between objects:

* Objects may only have one parent.
* Objects, beside the root, are only retrievable from their direct
  parent or children.

==== Example

The initial situation is rather simple: **User{nbsp}A** is holding a
reference to a trace class, **TC1**. As per the rules previously
enounced, stream classes **SC1** and **SC2** don't hold a reference to
**TC1** since their own reference counts are zero. The same holds true
for **EC1**, **EC2** and **EC3** with respect to **SC1** and **SC2**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref01.png[]

In this second step, we can see that **User{nbsp}A** has acquired a
reference on **SC2** through the trace class, **TC1**.

The stream class's reference count transitions from zero to one,
triggering the acquisition of a strong reference on **TC1** from
**SC2**.

Hence, at this point, the trace class's ownership is shared by
**User{nbsp}A** and **SC2**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref02.png[]

Next, **User{nbsp}A** acquires a reference on the **EC3** event class
through its parent stream class, **SC2**. Again, the transition of an
object's reference count from 0 to 1 triggers the acquisition of a
reference on its parent.

Note that SC2's reference count was incremented to 2. The trace class's
reference count remains unchanged.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref03.png[]

**User{nbsp}A** decides to drop its reference on **SC2**. **SC2**'s
reference count returns back to 1, everything else remaining unchanged.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref04.png[]

**User{nbsp}A** can then decide to drop its reference on the trace
class. This results in a reversal of the initial situation:
**User{nbsp}A** now owns an event, **EC3**, which is keeping everything
else alive and reachable.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref05.png[]

If another object, **User{nbsp}B**, enters the picture and acquires a
reference on the **SC1** stream class, we see that **SC1**'s reference
count transitioned from 0 to 1, triggering the acquisition of a
reference on **TC1**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref06.png[]

**User{nbsp}B** hands off a reference to **EC1**, acquired through
**SC1**, to another object, **User{nbsp}C**. The acquisition of a
reference on **EC1**, which transitions from 0 to 1, triggers the
acquisition of a reference on its parent, **SC1**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref07.png[]

At some point, **User{nbsp}A** releases its reference on **EC3**. Since
**EC3**'s reference count transitions to zero, it releases its reference
on **SC2**. **SC2**'s reference count, in turn, reaches zero and it
releases its reference to **TC1**.

**TC1**'s reference count is now 1 and no further action is taken.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref08.png[]

**User{nbsp}B** releases its reference on **SC1**. **User{nbsp}C**
becomes the sole owner of the whole hierarchy through his ownership of
**EC1**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref09.png[]

Finally, **User{nbsp}C** releases his ownership of **EC1**, triggering
the release of the whole hierarchy. Let's walk through the reclamation
of the whole graph.

Mirroring what happened when **User{nbsp}A** released its last reference
on **EC3**, the release of **EC1** by **User{nbsp}C** causes its
reference count to fall to zero.

This transition to zero causes **EC1** to release its reference on
**SC1**. **SC1**'s reference count reaching zero causes it to release
its reference on **TC1**.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref10.png[]

Since the reference count of **TC1**, a root object, has reached zero,
it invokes the destructor method on its children. This method is
recursive and causes the stream classes to call the destructor method on
their event classes.

The event classes are reached and, having no children of their own, are
reclaimed.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref11.png[]

The stream classes having destroyed their children, are then reclaimed
by the trace class.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref12.png[]

Finally, the stream classes having been reclaimed, **TC1** is reclaimed.

image::doc/contributing-images/bt-ref13.png[]


== Logging

Logging is a great instrument for a developer to be able to collect
information about a running software.

{bt2} is a complex software with many layers. When a {bt2}
graph fails to run, what caused the failure? It could be caused by any
component, any message iterator, and any deeply nested validation of a
CTF IR object (within the `ctf` plugin), for example. With the
appropriate logging statements manually placed in the source code, we
can find the cause of a bug faster.

While <<choose-a-log-level,care must be taken>> when placing _DEBUG_ to
_FATAL_ logging statements, you should liberally instrument your
{bt2} module with _TRACE_ logging statements to help future you
and other developers understand what's happening at run time.

=== Logging API

The {bt2} logging API is internal: it is not exposed to the users
of the library; only to their developers. The only thing that a library
user can control is the current log level of the library itself with
`bt_logging_set_global_level()` and the initial library's log level with
the `LIBBABELTRACE2_INIT_LOG_LEVEL` environment variable.

This API is based on https://github.com/wonder-mice/zf_log[zf_log], a
lightweight, yet featureful, MIT-licensed core logging library for C and
{cpp}. The zf_log source files were modified to have the `BT_` and
`bt_` prefixes, and other small changes, like color support and using
the project's `BT_DEBUG_MODE` definition instead of the standard
`NDEBUG`.

The logging functions are implemented in the logging convenience
library (`src/logging` directory).

[[logging-headers]]
==== Headers

The logging API headers are:

`<babeltrace2/logging.h>`::
    Public header which a library user can use to set and get
    libbabeltrace2's current log level.

`"logging/log.h"`::
    Internal, generic logging API which you can use in any {bt2}
    module. This is the translation of `zf_log.h`.
+
This header offers the <<gen-logging-statements,generic logging
statement macros>>.

`"lib/logging.h"`::
    Specific internal header to use within the library.
+
This header defines `BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL` to a custom, library-wide
hidden symbol which is the library's current log level before including
`"logging/log.h"`.
+
This header offers the <<lib-logging-statements,library-specific logging
statement macros>>.

`"logging/comp-logging.h"`::
    Specific internal header to use within a component class.
+
This header offers the <<comp-logging-statements,component-specific
logging statement macros>>.

[[log-levels]]
==== Log levels

The internal logging API offers the following log levels, in ascending
order of severity:

[options="header,autowidth",cols="4"]
|===
|Log level name
|Log level short name
|Internal API enumerator
|Public API enumerator

|_TRACE_
|`T`
|`BT_LOG_TRACE`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_TRACE`

|_DEBUG_
|`D`
|`BT_LOG_DEBUG`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_DEBUG`

|_INFO_
|`I`
|`BT_LOG_INFO`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_INFO`

|_WARNING_
|`W`
|`BT_LOG_WARNING`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_WARNING`

|_ERROR_
|`E`
|`BT_LOG_ERROR`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR`

|_FATAL_
|`F`
|`BT_LOG_FATAL`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_FATAL`

|_NONE_
|`N`
|`BT_LOG_NONE`
|`BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_NONE`
|===

The short name is accepted by the log level environment variables and by
the CLI's `--log-level` options.

See <<choose-a-log-level,how to decide which one to use>> below.

There are two important log level expressions:

[[build-time-log-level]]Build-time, minimal log level::
    The minimal log level, or build-time log level, is set at build time
    and determines the minimal log level of the logging statements which
    can be executed. This applies to all the modules (CLI, library,
    plugins, bindings, etc.).
+
All the logging statements with a level below this level are **not built
at all**. All the logging statements with a level equal to or greater
than this level _can_ be executed, depending on the
<<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>>.
+
You can set this level at configuration time with the
`BABELTRACE_MINIMAL_LOG_LEVEL` environment variable, for example:
+
--
----
$ BABELTRACE_MINIMAL_LOG_LEVEL=INFO ./configure
----
--
+
The default build-time log level is `DEBUG`. For optimal performance,
set it to `INFO`, which effectively disables all fast path logging in
all the {bt2} modules. You can't set it to `WARNING`, `ERROR`,
`FATAL`, or `NONE` because the impact on performance is minuscule
starting from the _INFO_ log level anyway and we want any {bt2}
build to always be able to print _INFO_-level logs.
+
The library's public API provides `bt_logging_get_minimal_level()` to
get the configured minimal log level.

[[run-time-log-level]]Run-time, dynamic log level::
    The dynamic log level is set at run time and determines the current,
    _active_ log level. All the logging statements with a level below
    this level are not executed, **but they still evaluate the
    condition**. All the logging statements with a level equal to or
    greater than this level are executed, provided that their level is
    also <<build-time-log-level,enabled at build time>>.
+
`zf_log` has a concept of a global run-time log level which uses the
`_bt_log_global_output_lvl` symbol. In practice, we never use this
symbol, and always make sure that `BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL` is defined to a
module-wise expression before including `"logging/log.h"`.
+
In the library, `"lib/logging.h"` defines its own
`BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL` to the library's log level symbol before it
includes `"logging/log.h"` itself.
+
In libbabeltrace2, the user can set the current run-time log level with
the `bt_logging_set_global_level()` function, for example:
+
--
[source,c]
----
bt_logging_set_global_level(BT_LOGGING_LEVEL_INFO);
----
--
+
The library's initial run-time log level is defined by the
`LIBBABELTRACE2_INIT_LOG_LEVEL` environment variable, or set to _NONE_
if this environment variable is undefined.
+
Other modules have their own way of setting their run-time log level.
+
For example, the CLI uses the `BABELTRACE_CLI_LOG_LEVEL` environment
variable, as well as its global `--log-level` option:
+
----
$ babeltrace2 --log-level=I ...
----
+
The components use their own log level (as returned by
`bt_component_get_logging_level()`). With the CLI, you can set a
specific component's log level with its own, position-dependent
`--log-level` option:
+
----
$ babeltrace2 /path/to/trace -c sink.ctf.fs --log-level=D
----
+
Code which is common to the whole project, for example `src/common`
and `src/compat`, use function parameters to get its run-time log
level, for example:
+
[source,c]
----
char *bt_common_get_home_plugin_path(int log_level);
----
+
Typically, when a logging-enabled module calls such a function, it
passes its own log level expression directly (`BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL`):
+
[source,c]
----
path = bt_common_get_home_plugin_path(BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL);
----
+
Otherwise, just pass `BT_LOG_NONE`:
+
----
path = bt_common_get_home_plugin_path(BT_LOG_NONE);
----

[[gen-logging-statements]]
==== Generic logging statement macros

The {bt2} logging statement macros work just like `printf()`
(except the `+BT_LOG*_STR()+` ones) and contain their <<log-levels,log
level>> (short name) in their name.

Each of the following macros evaluate the
<<build-time-log-level,build-time log level>> definition and
<<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>> expression (as defined by
`BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL`) to log conditionally.

See <<logging-instrument-c-file-gen>> and
<<logging-instrument-h-file-gen>> to learn how to be able to use the
following macros.

`+BT_LOGT("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic trace logging statement.

`+BT_LOGD("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic debug logging statement.

`+BT_LOGI("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic info logging statement.

`+BT_LOGW("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic warning logging statement.

`+BT_LOGE("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic error logging statement.

`+BT_LOGF("format string", ...)+`::
    Generic fatal logging statement.

`+BT_LOGT_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string trace logging statement.

`+BT_LOGD_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string debug logging statement.

`+BT_LOGI_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string info logging statement.

`+BT_LOGW_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string warning logging statement.

`+BT_LOGE_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string error logging statement.

`+BT_LOGF_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Generic preformatted string fatal logging statement.

`+BT_LOGT_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory trace logging statement.

`+BT_LOGD_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory debug logging statement.

`+BT_LOGI_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory info logging statement.

`+BT_LOGW_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory warning logging statement.

`+BT_LOGE_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory error logging statement.

`+BT_LOGF_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Generic memory fatal logging statement.

`+BT_LOGT_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string trace logging statement.

`+BT_LOGD_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string debug logging statement.

`+BT_LOGI_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string info logging statement.

`+BT_LOGW_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string warning logging statement.

`+BT_LOGE_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string error logging statement.

`+BT_LOGF_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
        Generic `errno` string fatal logging statement.

[[lib-logging-statements]]
==== Library-specific logging statement macros

The {bt2} library contains an internal logging API based on the
generic logging framework. You can use it to log known {bt2}
objects without having to manually log each member.

See <<logging-instrument-c-file-lib>>
and <<logging-instrument-h-file-lib>> to
learn how to be able to use the following macros.

The library logging statement macros are named `+BT_LIB_LOG*()+` instead
of `+BT_LOG*()+`:

`+BT_LIB_LOGT("format string", ...)+`::
    Library trace logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGD("format string", ...)+`::
    Library debug logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGI("format string", ...)+`::
    Library info logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGW("format string", ...)+`::
    Library warning logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGE("format string", ...)+`::
    Library error logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGF("format string", ...)+`::
    Library fatal logging statement.

`+BT_LIB_LOGW_APPEND_CAUSE("format string", ...)+`::
    Library warning logging statement, and unconditional error cause
    appending.

`+BT_LIB_LOGE_APPEND_CAUSE("format string", ...)+`::
    Library error logging statement, and unconditional error cause
    appending.

The macros above accept the typical `printf()` conversion specifiers
with the following limitations:

* The `+*+` width specifier is not accepted.
* The `+*+` precision specifier is not accepted.
* The `j` and `t` length modifiers are not accepted.
* The `n` format specifier is not accepted.
* The format specifiers defined in `<inttypes.h>` are not accepted,
  except for `PRId64`, `PRIu64`, `PRIx64`, `PRIX64`, `PRIo64`, and
  `PRIi64`.

The {bt2} library custom conversion specifier is accepted. Its
syntax is either `%!u` to format a UUID (`bt_uuid` type), or:

. Introductory `%!` sequence.

. **Optional**: `[` followed by a custom prefix for the printed fields
  of this specifier, followed by `]`. The standard form is to end this
  prefix with `-` so that, for example, with the prefix `tc-`, the
  complete field name becomes `tc-addr`.

. **Optional**: `pass:[+]` to print extended object members. This
  depends on the provided format specifier.

. Format specifier (see below).

The available format specifiers are:

[options="header,autowidth",cols="3"]
|===
|Specifier
|Object
|Expected C type

|`F`
|Trace IR field class
|`+const struct bt_field_class *+`

|`f`
|Trace IR field
|`+const struct bt_field *+`

|`P`
|Trace IR field path
|`+const struct bt_field_path *+`

|`E`
|Trace IR event class
|`+const struct bt_event_class *+`

|`e`
|Trace IR event
|`+const struct bt_event *+`

|`S`
|Trace IR stream class.
|`+const struct bt_stream_class *+`

|`s`
|Trace IR stream
|`+const struct bt_stream *+`

|`a`
|Trace IR packet
|`+const struct bt_packet *+`

|`T`
|Trace IR trace class
|`+const struct bt_trace_class *+`

|`t`
|Trace IR trace
|`+const struct bt_trace *+`

|`K`
|Trace IR clock class
|`+const struct bt_clock_class *+`

|`k`
|Trace IR clock snapshot
|`+const struct bt_clock_snapshot *+`

|`v`
|Value object
|`+const struct bt_value *+`

|`R`
|Integer range set
|`const struct bt_integer_range_set *`

|`n`
|Message
|`+const struct bt_message *+`

|`I`
|Message iterator class
|`struct bt_message_iterator_class *`

|`i`
|Message iterator
|`struct bt_message_iterator *`

|`C`
|Component class
|`struct bt_component_class *`

|`c`
|Component
|`+const struct bt_component *+`

|`p`
|Port
|`+const struct bt_port *+`

|`x`
|Connection
|`+const struct bt_connection *+`

|`g`
|Graph
|`+const struct bt_graph *+`

|`z`
|Interrupter
|`+struct bt_interrupter *+`

|`l`
|Plugin
|`+const struct bt_plugin *+`

|`r`
|Error cause
|`+const struct bt_error_cause *+`

|`o`
|Object pool
|`+const struct bt_object_pool *+`

|`O`
|Object
|`+const struct bt_object *+`
|===

Conversion specifier examples:

* `%!f`
* `%![my-event-]+e`
* `%!t`
* `%!+F`

The ``, `` string (comma and space) is printed between individual
fields, but **not after the last one**. Therefore, you must put this
separator in the format string between two conversion specifiers, for
example:

[source,c]
----
BT_LIB_LOGW("Message: count=%u, %!E, %!+K", count, event_class, clock_class);
----

Example with a custom prefix:

[source,c]
----
BT_LIB_LOGI("Some message: %![ec-a-]e, %![ec-b-]+e", ec_a, ec_b);
----

It is safe to pass `NULL` as any {bt2} object parameter: the macros
only print its null address.

WARNING: Build-time `printf()` format checks are disabled for the
`+BT_LIB_LOG*()+` macros because there are custom conversion specifiers,
so make sure to test your logging statements.

[[comp-logging-statements]]
==== Component-specific logging statement macros

There are available logging macros for components. They prepend a prefix
including the component's name to the logging message.

See <<logging-instrument-c-file-compcls>> and
<<logging-instrument-h-file-compcls>> to learn how to be able to use the
following macros.

The component logging statement macros are named `+BT_COMP_LOG*()+`
instead of `+BT_LOG*()+`:

`+BT_COMP_LOGT("format string", ...)+`::
    Component trace logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGD("format string", ...)+`::
    Component debug logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGI("format string", ...)+`::
    Component info logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGW("format string", ...)+`::
    Component warning logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGE("format string", ...)+`::
    Component error logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGF("format string", ...)+`::
    Component fatal logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGT_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string trace logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGD_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string debug logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGI_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string info logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGW_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string warning logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGE_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string error logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGF_STR("preformatted string")+`::
    Component preformatted string fatal logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGT_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string trace logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGD_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string debug logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGI_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string info logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGW_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string warning logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGE_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string error logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGF_ERRNO("initial message", "format string", ...)+`::
    Component `errno` string fatal logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGT_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory trace logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGD_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory debug logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGI_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory info logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGW_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory warning logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGE_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory error logging statement.

`+BT_COMP_LOGF_MEM(data_ptr, data_size, "format string", ...)+`::
    Component memory fatal logging statement.

==== Conditional logging

`+BT_LOG_IF(cond, statement)+`::
    Execute `statement` only if `cond` is true.
+
Example:
+
--
[source,c]
----
BT_LOG_IF(i < count / 2, BT_LOGD("Log this: i=%d", i));
----
--

To check the <<build-time-log-level,build-time log level>>:

[source,c]
----
#if BT_LOG_ENABLED_DEBUG
...
#endif
----

This tests if the _DEBUG_ level was enabled at build time. This means
that the current, <<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>> _could_ be
_DEBUG_, but it could also be higher. The rule of thumb is to use only
logging statements at the same level in a `BT_LOG_ENABLED_*` conditional
block.

The available definitions for build-time conditions are:

* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_TRACE`
* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_DEBUG`
* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_INFO`
* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_WARNING`
* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_ERROR`
* `BT_LOG_ENABLED_FATAL`

To check the current, <<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>>:

[source,c]
----
if (BT_LOG_ON_DEBUG) {
    ...
}
----

This tests if the _DEBUG_ log level is dynamically turned on
(implies that it's also enabled at build time). This check could have a
noticeable impact on performance.

The available definitions for run-time conditions are:

* `BT_LOG_ON_TRACE`
* `BT_LOG_ON_DEBUG`
* `BT_LOG_ON_INFO`
* `BT_LOG_ON_WARNING`
* `BT_LOG_ON_ERROR`
* `BT_LOG_ON_FATAL`

Those macros check the module-specific log level symbol (defined by
`BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL`).

Never, ever write code which would be executed only to compute the
fields of a logging statement outside a conditional logging scope,
for example:

[source,c]
----
int number = get_number_of_event_classes_with_property_x(...);
BT_LOGD("Bla bla: number=%d", number);
----

Do this instead:

[source,c]
----
if (BT_LOG_ON_DEBUG) {
    int number = get_number_of_event_classes_with_property_x(...);
    BT_LOGD("Bla bla: number=%d", number);
}
----

Or even this:

[source,c]
----
BT_LOGD("Bla bla: number=%d", get_number_of_event_classes_with_property_x(...));
----

=== Guides

[[logging-instrument-c-file-gen]]
==== Instrument a {c-cpp} source file (generic)

To instrument a {c-cpp} source file (`.c`/`.cpp`):

. At the top of the file, before the first `#include` line (if any),
  define your file's <<choose-a-logging-tag,logging tag>> name:
+
--
[source,c]
----
#define BT_LOG_TAG "SUBSYS/MY-MODULE/MY-FILE"
----
--

. Below the line above, define the source file's log level expression,
  `BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL`. This expression is evaluated for each
  <<gen-logging-statements,logging statement>> to know the current
  <<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>>.
+
Examples:
+
[source,c]
----
/* Global log level variable */
#define BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL module_global_log_level
----
+
[source,c]
----
/* Local log level variable; must exist where you use BT_LOG*() */
#define BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL log_level
----
+
[source,c]
----
/* Object's log level; `obj` must exist where you use BT_LOG*() */
#define BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL (obj->log_level)
----

. Include `"logging/log.h"`:
+
[source,c]
----
#include "logging/log.h"
----

. In the file, instrument your code with the
  <<gen-logging-statements,generic logging statement macros>>.

[[logging-instrument-h-file-gen]]
==== Instrument a {c-cpp} header file (generic)

To instrument a {c-cpp} header file (`.h`/`.hpp`), if you have
`static inline` functions in it:

. Do not include `"logging/log.h"`!

. Do one of:

.. In the file, instrument your code with the
   <<gen-logging-statements,generic logging statement macros>>, making
   each of them conditional to the existence of the macro you're using:
+
[source,c]
----
static inline
int some_function(int x)
{
    /* ... */

#ifdef BT_LOGT
    BT_LOGT(...);
#endif

    /* ... */

#ifdef BT_LOGW_STR
    BT_LOGW_STR(...);
#endif

    /* ... */
}
----
+
The {c-cpp} source files which include this header file determine if
logging is enabled or not for them, and if so, what is their
<<choose-a-logging-tag,logging tag>> and <<run-time-log-level,run-time
log level>> expression.

.. Require that logging be enabled:
+
[source,c]
----
/* Protection: this file uses BT_LOG*() macros directly */
#ifndef BT_LOG_SUPPORTED
# error Please include "logging/log.h" before including this file.
#endif
----
+
Then, in the file, instrument your code with the
<<gen-logging-statements,generic logging statement macros>>.

[[logging-instrument-c-file-lib]]
==== Instrument a library {c-cpp} source file

To instrument a library {c-cpp} source file (`.c`/`.cpp`):

. At the top of the file, before the first `#include` line (if any),
  define your file's <<choose-a-logging-tag,logging tag>> name (this
  tag must start with `LIB/`):
+
--
[source,c]
----
#define BT_LOG_TAG "LIB/THE-FILE"
----
--

. Include `"lib/logging.h"`:
+
[source,c]
----
#include "lib/logging.h"
----

. In the file, instrument your code with the
  <<lib-logging-statements,library logging statement macros>> or with
  the <<gen-logging-statements,generic logging statement macros>>.

[[logging-instrument-h-file-lib]]
==== Instrument a library {c-cpp} header file

To instrument a library {c-cpp} header file (`.h`/`.hpp`), if you have
`static inline` functions in it:

. Do not include `"lib/logging.h"`!

. Require that library logging be enabled:
+
[source,c]
----
/* Protection: this file uses BT_LIB_LOG*() macros directly */
#ifndef BT_LIB_LOG_SUPPORTED
# error Please include "lib/logging.h" before including this file.
#endif
----

. In the file, instrument your code with the
  <<lib-logging-statements,library logging statement macros>> or with
  the <<gen-logging-statements,generic logging statement macros>>.

[[logging-instrument-c-file-compcls]]
==== Instrument a component class {c-cpp} source file

To instrument a component class {c-cpp} source file (`.c`/`.cpp`):

. At the top of the file, before the first `#include` line (if any),
  define your file's <<choose-a-logging-tag,logging tag>> name (this tag
  must start with `PLUGIN/` followed by the component class identifier):
+
--
[source,c]
----
#define BT_LOG_TAG "PLUGIN/SRC.MY-PLUGIN.MY-SRC"
----
--

. Below the line above, define the source file's log level expression,
  `BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL`. This expression is evaluated for each
  <<comp-logging-statements,logging statement>> to know the current
  <<run-time-log-level,run-time log level>>.
+
For a component class file, it is usually a member of a local component
private structure variable:
+
[source,c]
----
#define BT_LOG_OUTPUT_LEVEL (my_comp->log_level)
----

. Below the line above, define `BT_COMP_LOG_SELF_COMP` to an expression
  which, evaluated in the context of the
  <<comp-logging-statements,logging statements>>, evaluates to the self
  component address (`+bt_self_component *+`) of the component.
+
This is usually a member of a local component private structure
variable:
+
[source,c]
----
#define BT_COMP_LOG_SELF_COMP (my_comp->self_comp)
----

. Include `"logging/comp-logging.h"`:
+
[source,c]
----
#include "logging/comp-logging.h"
----

. In the component initialization method, make sure to set the
  component private structure's log level member to the initial
  component's log level:
+
[source,c]
----
struct my_comp {
    bt_logging_level log_level;
    /* ... */
};

bt_self_component_status my_comp_init(
        bt_self_component_source *self_comp_src,
        bt_value *params, void *init_method_data)
{
    struct my_comp *my_comp = g_new0(struct my_comp, 1);
    bt_self_component *self_comp =
        bt_self_component_source_as_self_component(self_comp_src);
    const bt_component *comp = bt_self_component_as_component(self_comp);

    BT_ASSERT(my_comp);
    my_comp->log_level = bt_component_get_logging_level(comp);

    /* ... */
}
----

. In the file, instrument your code with the
  <<comp-logging-statements,component logging statement macros>>.

[[logging-instrument-h-file-compcls]]
==== Instrument a component class {c-cpp} header file

To instrument a component class {c-cpp} header file (`.h`/`.hpp`), if
you have `static inline` functions in it:

. Do not include `"logging/comp-logging.h"`!

. Require that component logging be enabled:
+
[source,c]
----
/* Protection: this file uses BT_COMP_LOG*() macros directly */
#ifndef BT_COMP_LOG_SUPPORTED
# error Please include "logging/comp-logging.h" before including this file.
#endif
----

. In the file, instrument your code with the
  <<comp-logging-statements,component logging statement macros>>.

[[choose-a-logging-tag]]
==== Choose a logging tag

Each logging-enabled {c-cpp} source file must define `BT_LOG_TAG` to a
logging tag. A logging tag is a namespace to identify the logging
messages of this specific source file.

In general, a logging tag name _must_ be only uppercase letters, digits,
and the `-`, `.`, and `/` characters.

Use `/` to show the subsystem to source file hierarchy.

For the {bt2} library, start with `LIB/`.

For the CTF writer library, start with `CTF-WRITER/`.

For component classes, use:

[verse]
`PLUGIN/__CCTYPE__.__PNAME__.__CCNAME__[/__FILE__]`

With:

`__CCTYPE__`::
    Component class's type (`SRC`, `FLT`, or `SINK`).

`__PNAME__`::
    Plugin's name.

`__CCNAME__`::
    Component class's name.

`__FILE__`::
    Additional information to specify the source file name or module.

For plugins (files common to many component classes), use:

[verse]
`PLUGIN/__PNAME__[/__FILE__]`

With:

`__PNAME__`::
    Plugin's name.

`__FILE__`::
    Additional information to specify the source file name or module.

[[choose-a-log-level]]
==== Choose a log level

Choosing the appropriate level for your logging statement is very
important.

[options="header,autowidth",cols="1,2,3a,4"]
|===
|Log level |Description |Use cases |Expected impact on performance

|_FATAL_
|
The program, library, or plugin cannot continue to work in this
condition: it must be terminated immediately.

A _FATAL_-level logging statement should always be followed by
`abort()`.
|
* Unexpected return values from system calls.
* Logic error in internal code, for example an unexpected value in a
  `switch` statement.
* Failed assertion (within `BT_ASSERT()`).
* Unsatisfied library precondition (within `BT_ASSERT_PRE()` or
  `BT_ASSERT_PRE_DEV()`).
* Unsatisfied library postcondition (within `BT_ASSERT_POST()` or
  `BT_ASSERT_POST_DEV()`).
|Almost none: always enabled.

|_ERROR_
|
An important error which is somewhat not fatal, that is, the program,
library, or plugin can continue to work after this, but you judge that
it should be reported to the user.

Usually, the program cannot recover from such an error, but it can at
least exit cleanly.
|
* Memory allocation errors.
* Wrong component initialization parameters.
* Corrupted, unrecoverable trace data.
* Failed to perform an operation which should work considering the
  implementation and the satisfied preconditions. For example, the
  failure to create an empty object (no parameters): most probably
  failed internally because of an allocation error.
* Almost any error in terminal elements: CLI and plugins.
|Almost none: always enabled.

|_WARNING_
|
An error which still allows the execution to continue, but you judge
that it should be reported to the user.

_WARNING_-level logging statements are for any error or weird action
that is directly or indirectly caused by the user, often through some
bad input data. For example, not having enough memory is considered
beyond the user's control, so we always log memory errors with an
_ERROR_ level (not _FATAL_ because we usually don't abort in this
condition).
|
* Missing data within something that is expected to have it, but there's
  an alternative.
* Invalid file, but recoverable/fixable.
|Almost none: always enabled.

|_INFO_
|
Any useful information which a non-developer user would possibly
understand.

Anything logged with this level must _not_ happen repetitively on the
fast path, that is, nothing related to each message, for example. This
level is used for sporadic and one-shot events.
|
* CLI or component configuration report.
* Successful plugin, component, or message iterator initialization.
* In the library: anything related to plugins, graphs, component
  classes, components, message iterators, connections, and ports which
  is not on the fast path.
* Successful connection to or disconnection from another system.
* An _optional_ subsystem cannot be loaded.
* An _optional_ field/datum cannot be found.
|
Very little: always enabled.

|_DEBUG_
|
Something that only {bt2} developers would be interested into,
which can occur on the fast path, but not more often than once per
message.

The _DEBUG_ level is the default <<build-time-log-level,build-time log
level>> as, since it's not _too_ verbose, the performance is similar to
an _INFO_ build.
|
* Object construction and destruction.
* Object recycling (except fields).
* Object copying (except fields and values).
* Object freezing (whatever the type, as freezing only occurs in
  developer mode).
* Object interruption.
* Calling user methods and logging the result.
* Setting object properties (except fields and values).
|
Noticeable, but not as much as the _TRACE_ level: could be executed
in production if you're going to need a thorough log for support
tickets without having to rebuild the project.

|_TRACE_
|
Low-level debugging context information (anything that does not fit the
other log levels). More appropriate for tracing in general.
|
* Reference count change.
* Fast path, low level state machine's state change.
* Get or set an object's property.
* Object comparison's intermediate results.
|Huge: not executed in production.
|===

[IMPORTANT]
--
Make sure not to use a _WARNING_ (or higher) log level when the
condition leading to the logging statement can occur under normal
circumstances.

For example, a public function to get some object or
property from an object by name or key that fails to find the value is
not a warning scenario: the user could legitimately use this function to
check if the name/key exists in the object. In this case, use the
_TRACE_ level (or do not log at all).
--

[[message]]
==== Write an appropriate message

Follow those rules when you write a logging statement's message:

* Use an English sentence which starts with a capital letter.

* Start the sentence with the appropriate verb tense depending on the
  context. For example:
+
--
** Beginning of operation (present continuous): _Creating ..._,
   _Copying ..._, _Serializing ..._, _Freezing ..._, _Destroying ..._
** End of operation (simple past): _Created ..._, _Successfully created ..._,
   _Failed to create ..._, _Set ..._ (simple past of _to set_ which is
   also _set_)
--
+
For warning and error messages, you can start the message with _Cannot_
or _Failed to_ followed by a verb if it's appropriate.

* Do not include the log level in the message itself. For example,
  do not start the message with _Error while_ or _Warning:_.

* Do not put newlines, tabs, or other special characters in the message,
  unless you want to log a string with such characters. Note that
  multiline logging messages can be hard to parse, analyze, and filter,
  however, so prefer multiple logging statements over a single statement
  with newlines.

* **If there are fields that your logging statement must record**,
  follow the message with `:` followed by a space, then with the list of
  fields (more about this below). If there are no fields, end the
  sentence with a period.

The statement's fields _must_ be a comma-separated list of
`__name__=__value__` tokens. Keep `__name__` as simple as possible; use
kebab case if possible. If `__value__` is a non-alphanumeric string, put
it between double quotes (`"%s"` specifier). Always use the `PRId64` and
`PRIu64` specifiers to log an `int64_t` or an `uint64_t` value. Use `%d`
to log a boolean value.

Example:

    "Cannot read stream data for indexing: path=\"%s\", name=\"%s\", "
    "stream-id=%" PRIu64 ", stream-fd=%d, "
    "index=%" PRIu64 ", status=%s, is-mapped=%d"

By following a standard format for the statement fields, it is easier to
use tools like https://www.elastic.co/products/logstash[Logstash] or
even https://www.splunk.com/[Splunk] to split fields and analyze logs.

Prefer the following suffixes in field names:

[options="header,autowidth"]
|===
|Field name suffix |Description |Format specifier

|`-addr` |Memory address |`%p`
|`-fd` |File descriptor |`%d`
|`-fp` |File stream (`+FILE *+`) |`%p`
|`-id` |Object's ID |`%" PRIu64 "`
|`-index` |Index |`%" PRIu64 "`
|`-name` |Object's name |`\"%s\"`
|===

=== Output

The log is printed to the standard error stream. A log line contains the
time, the process and thread IDs, the <<log-levels,log level>>, the
<<choose-a-logging-tag,logging tag>>, the source's function name, file
name and line number, and the <<message,message>>.

When {bt2} supports terminal color codes (depends on the
`BABELTRACE_TERM_COLOR` environment variable's value and what the
standard output and error streams are plugged into), _INFO_-level lines
are blue, _WARNING_-level lines are yellow, and _ERROR_-level and
_FATAL_-level lines are red.

Log line example:

----
05-11 00:58:03.691 23402 23402 D VALUES bt_value_destroy@values.c:498 Destroying value: addr=0xb9c3eb0
----

You can easily filter the log with `grep` or `ag`. For example, to keep
only the _DEBUG_-level logging messages that the `FIELD-CLASS` module
generates:

----
$ babeltrace2 --log-level=D /path/to/trace |& ag 'D FIELD-CLASS'
----

== Valgrind

To use Valgrind on an application (for example, the CLI or a test) which
loads libbabeltrace2, use:

----
$ G_SLICE=always-malloc G_DEBUG=gc-friendly PYTHONMALLOC=malloc \
  LIBBABELTRACE2_NO_DLCLOSE=1 valgrind --leak-check=full app
----

`G_SLICE=always-malloc` and `G_DEBUG=gc-friendly` is for GLib and
`PYTHONMALLOC=malloc` is for the Python interpreter, if it is used by
the Python plugin provider (Valgrind will probably show a lot of errors
which originate from the Python interpreter anyway).

`LIBBABELTRACE2_NO_DLCLOSE=1` makes libbabeltrace2 not close the shared
libraries (plugins) which it loads. You need this to see the appropriate
backtrace when Valgrind shows errors.

== Testing

[[test-env]]
=== Environment

Running `make check` in the build directory (regardless of whether the build is
in-tree or out-of-tree) automatically sets up the appropriate environment for
tests to run in, so nothing more is needed.

If building in-tree, you can run single tests from the tree directly:

----
$ ./tests/plugins/sink.text.pretty/test-enum.sh
----

If building out-of-tree, you can get the appropriate environment by sourcing
the `tests/utils/env.sh` file residing in the build directory against which you
want to run tests.

----
$ source /path/to/my/build/tests/utils/env.sh
$ ./tests/plugins/sink.text.pretty/test-enum.sh
----

==== Python

You can use the `tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh` script to run any command
within an environment making the build's `bt2` Python package available,
as well as the testing utility Python modules.

`run-in-py-env.sh` uses <<test-env,`utils.sh`>> which needs to know the
build directory, so make sure you set the `BT_TESTS_BUILDDIR`
environment variable correctly _if you build out of tree_, for example:

----
$ export BT_TESTS_BUILDDIR=/path/to/build/babeltrace/tests
----

You can run any command which needs the `bt2` Python package through
`run-in-py-env.sh`, for example:

----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh ipython3
----

=== Report format

All test scripts output the test results following the
https://testanything.org/[Test Anything Protocol] (TAP) format.

The TAP format has two mechanisms to print additional information about
a test:

* Print a line starting with `#` to the standard output.
+
This is usually done with the `diag()` C function or the `diag` shell
function.

* Print to the standard error.

=== Python bindings

The `bt2` Python package tests are located in
`tests/bindings/python/bt2`.

==== Python test runner

`tests/utils/python/testrunner.py` is {bt2}'s Python test runner
which loads Python files containing unit tests, finds all the test
cases, and runs the tests, producing a TAP report.

You can see the test runner command's help with:

----
$ python3 ./tests/utils/python/testrunner.py --help
----

By default, the test runner reports failing tests (TAP's `not{nbsp}ok`
line), but continues to run other tests. You can use the `--failfast`
option to make the test runner fail as soon as a test fails.

==== Guides

To run all the `bt2` Python package tests:

* Run:
+
----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh ./tests/bindings/python/bt2/test-python-bt2.sh
----
+
or:
+
----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh python3 ./tests/utils/python/testrunner.py \
  ./tests/bindings/python/bt2/ -p '*.py'
----

To run **all the tests** in a test module (for example,
`test_value.py`):

* Run:
+
----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh python3 ./tests/utils/python/testrunner.py \
  ./tests/bindings/python/bt2 -t test_value
----

To run a **specific test case** (for example, `RealValueTestCase` within
`test_value.py`):

* Run:
+
----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh python3 ./tests/utils/python/testrunner.py \
  ./tests/bindings/python/bt2/ -t test_value.RealValueTestCase
----

To run a **specific test** (for example,
`RealValueTestCase.test_assign_pos_int` within `test_value.py`):

* Run:
+
----
$ ./tests/utils/run-in-py-env.sh python3 ./tests/utils/python/testrunner.py \
  ./tests/bindings/python/bt2/ -t test_value.RealValueTestCase.test_assign_pos_int
----

== {cpp} usage

A significant part and, in general, all the new code of {bt2} is written
in {cpp}.

This section shows what's important to know about {cpp} to contribute
to {bt2}.

[IMPORTANT]
====
{bt2} only has {cpp} sources for _internal_ code.

In other words, libbabeltrace2 _must_ expose a pure C99 API to preserve
ABI compatibility over time.
====

=== Standard

The {bt2} project is configured to use the {cpp11} standard.

{cpp11} makes it possible to build {bt2} with a broad range of
compilers, from GCC{nbsp}4.8 and Clang{nbsp}3.3.

=== Common {cpp} code

Many parts of the project need common {cpp} code. You'll find all of it
under `src/cpp-common`.

In general, anything under a namespace named `internal` is internal to
the API containing it. For example, everything under the `bt2::internal`
namespace is internal to the `bt2` namespace and therefore isn't meant
to be used outside the `src/cpp-common/bt2` directory.

==== `bt2`: libbabeltrace2 {cpp} bindings

`src/cpp-common/bt2` contains our internal {cpp} bindings of
the libbabeltrace2 C{nbsp}API, under the `bt2` namespace.

Those bindings are designed to have, as much as possible, no performance
impact. Anything which inherits `bt2::BorrowedObject` contains a single
libbabeltrace2 object pointer.

Pass and return borrowed objects _by value_ (copy).

In general, the following holds:

[options="header,autowidth",cols="2"]
|===
|{cpp} expression
|Equivalent C{nbsp}expression

|`bt2::Xyz`
|`bt_xyz *`

|`const bt2::Xyz`
|`bt_xyz * const`

|`bt2::ConstXyz`
|`const bt_xyz *`

|`const bt2::ConstXyz`
|`const bt_xyz * const`
|===

==== `bt2c`: general common {cpp} code

Similar to the role of `src/common` for C code.

In general, everything in here is under the `bt2c` namespace.

Notable files are:

`align.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::align()` function template: a wrapper of
    `src/common/align.h`.

`c-string-view.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::CStringView` class: a view on a constant null-terminated
    C{nbsp}string.
+
We have this because `bt2s::string_view` doesn't imply null termination,
only a beginning and a length.
+
A `bt2c::CStringView` instance is convertible to `const char *` and may
be empty (the underlying pointer is null).

`call.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::call()` function template: a partial implementation of
    https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/functional[INVOKE].
+
We use this mostly to assign the result of calling an immediately
invoked function expression (lambda) to an `auto` variable without
risking to assign the lambda itself, should we forget the calling
parentheses:
+
[source,cpp]
----
const auto res = bt2c::call([&] {
    /* Complex initialization */
});
----

`endian.hpp`::
    Typed wrappers of `src/compat/endian.h`.

`exc.hpp`::
    Common exception classes.

`fmt.hpp`::
    Common https://fmt.dev/[{fmt}] formatters.

`logging.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::Logger` class and helper `BT_CPPLOG*()` macros for any
    {cpp} logging.
+
When possible, prefer using this over the C{nbsp}logging API.
+
One important benefit is that this API uses {fmt} to format the logging
message instead of `vsnprintf()`.

`prio-heap.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::PrioHeap` class template: an efficient heap data
    structure.

`read-fixed-len-int.hpp`::
    The function templates `bt2c::readFixedLenInt()`,
    `bt2c::readFixedLenIntLe()`, and `bt2c::readFixedLenIntBe()`: read a
    fixed-length integer from a byte buffer.

`safe-ops.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::safe*()` function templates: arithmetic operations which
    assert that there's no possible overflow.

`std-int.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::StdIntT` type alias template: becomes one of the
    `std::*int*_t` types depending on its parameters.
+
For example, `bt2c::StdIntT<32, true>` is `std::int32_t`.

`type-traits.hpp`::
    Common type traits.

`uuid.hpp`::
    The following classes:

`bt2c::Uuid`:::
    Container of a 16-byte
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier[UUID].
+
Provides the static `generate()` method as well as conversion to
`bt2c::UuidView`.

`bt2c::UuidView`:::
    View on a UUID (not a container).
+
Provides byte access, comparison, as well as string conversion methods.
+
Also provides conversion to `bt2c::Uuid`.

`vector.hpp`::
    The `bt2c::vectorFastRemove()` function template: remove an element
    from an `std::vector` instance quickly when the order isn't
    important.

==== `bt2s`: drop-in replacements of {cpp}14 to {cpp}20 STL features

Everything under the `bt2s` namespace has its equivalent under the `std`
namespace, but in {cpp} versions we don't yet have access to, namely:

`make_unique.hpp`::
    `bt2s::make_unique()`, a drop-in replacement of `std::make_unique()`
    ({cpp}14).

`optional.hpp`::
    Drop-in replacement of the `std::optional` API ({cpp}17).

`span.hpp`::
    Drop-in replacement of the `std::span` API ({cpp}20).

`string-view.hpp`::
    Drop-in replacement of the `std::string_view` API ({cpp}17).

==== `vendor`: copies of {cpp} dependencies

This directory contains copies of the source code of {cpp} dependencies
to avoid packaging issues.

They are:

`fmt`::
    https://fmt.dev/[{fmt}].

`nlohmann`::
    https://json.nlohmann.me/[JSON for Modern C++].

`optional-lite`::
    https://github.com/martinmoene/optional-lite[optional lite].
+
IMPORTANT: Use the symbols of `src/cpp-common/bt2s/optional.hpp`, under
the `bt2s` namespace, instead of using this directly.

`span-lite`::
    https://github.com/martinmoene/span-lite[span lite].
+
IMPORTANT: Use the symbols of `src/cpp-common/bt2s/span.hpp`, under the
`bt2s` namespace, instead of using this directly.

`string-view-lite`::
    https://github.com/martinmoene/string-view-lite[string_view lite].
+
IMPORTANT: Use the symbols of `src/cpp-common/bt2s/string-view.hpp`,
under the `bt2s` namespace, instead of using this directly.

=== Automake/Libtool requirements

To add a {cpp} source file to a part of the project, use the `.cpp`
extension and add it to the list of source files in `Makefile.am` as
usual.

If a program or a shared library has a direct {cpp} source file, then
Libtool uses the {cpp} linker to create the result, dynamically
linking important runtime libraries such as libstdc++ and libgcc_s.

Because a Libtool _convenience library_ is just an archive (`.a`), it's
_not_ dynamically linked to runtime libraries, even if one of its direct
sources is a {cpp} file. This means that for each program or shared
library named `my_target` in `Makefile.am` which is linked to a
convenience library having {cpp} sources (recursively), you _must_ do
one of:

* Have at least one direct {cpp} source file in the
  `+*_my_target_SOURCES+` list.

* Add:
+
----
nodist_EXTRA_my_target_SOURCES = dummy.cpp
----
+
See
https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/automake.html#Libtool-Convenience-Libraries[Libtool
Convenience Libraries] to learn more.

For a given program or library, you _cannot_ have a C{nbsp}file and a
{cpp}{nbsp}file having the same name, for example `list.c` and
`list.cpp`.

=== Coding style

==== Whitespaces, indentation, and line breaks

All the project's {cpp} files follow the
https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html[clang-format]
https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html[style] of the
`.clang-format` file for whitespaces, indentation, and line breaks.

You _must_ format modified and new {cpp} files with clang-format before
you create a contribution patch.

You need clang-format{nbsp}15 to use the project's `.clang-format` file.

To automatically format all the project's {cpp} files, run:

----
$ ./tools/format-cpp.sh
----

To only format the {cpp} files of a given directory:

----
$ ./tools/format-cpp.sh ./src/cli
----

Use the `FORMATTER` environment variable to override the default
formatter (`clang-format{nbsp}-i`):

----
$ FORMATTER='my-clang-format-15 -i' ./tools/format-cpp.sh
----

==== Naming

* Use camel case with a lowercase first letter for:
** Variable names: `size`, `objSize`.
** Function/method names: `size()`, `formatAndPrint()`.

* Use camel case with an uppercase first letter for:
** Types: `Pistachio`, `NutManager`.
** Template parameters: `PlanetT`, `TotalSize`.

* Use snake case with uppercase letters for:
** Definition/macro names: `MARK_AS_UNUSED()`, `SOME_FEATURE_EXISTS`.
** Enumerators: `Type::SIGNED_INT`, `Scope::FUNCTION`.

* Use only lowercase letters and digits for namespaces: `mylib`, `bt2`.

* Use the `T` suffix for type template parameters and the `V` suffix for
  non-type template parameters:
+
[source,cpp]
----
template <typename NameT, typename ItemT, unsigned int SizeV = 0>
----

* Name a template parameter pack `ArgTs`.
+
[source,cpp]
----
template <typename NameT, typename... ArgTs>
----

* Use an underscore prefix for private and protected methods and member
  type names: `_tryConnect()`, `_NodeType`.

* Use the prefix `_m` for private and protected member variable names:
  `_mLogger`, `_mSize`, `_mFieldClass`.
+
This is to avoid name clashes with private/protected getters/setters.

* Name setters and getters like the property name, without the `set` and
  `get` prefixes.

* Use the `is` or `has` prefix, if possible, to name the functions which
  return `bool`.
+
However, try to keep the name readable. For example, prefer
`colorIsBlue()` over `isColorBlue()`.

=== Coding convention

In general, the project's contributors make an effort to follow,
for {cpp11} code:

* The
  https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md[{cpp} Core Guidelines].

* Scott Meyers's
  "`https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/effective-modern-c/9781491908419/[Effective Modern {cpp}]`".

Here are a few important reminders:

* Namespace your code.

* Create one header/source file pair per class when possible.
+
For a class named `MyClass`, name the corresponding files `my-class.hpp`
and `my-class.cpp`.

* Use the `inline` keyword, not `static inline`, for header-only
  functions that are not templates.

* When defining a class, use this order:
+
--
. Friends (without any preceding access specifier).

. Public types and type aliases.
+
Private/protected types may be here too if they can't be lower.

. Constructors, whatever their access.

. Destructor (always public).

. Copy-assignment and move-assignment operators.

. Public methods.

. Protected types and type aliases.

. Protected methods.

. Private types and type aliases.

. Private methods.

. Protected data members.

. Private data members.
--

* Declare variables as close to where they're used as possible.

* In general, try to avoid variables if it doesn't lead to more lines.
+
For example, given:
+
[source,cpp]
----
const auto size = getSize(myObj, 23);
auto& obj = this->_objForSize(size);

abc::sendObj(obj, SendOpts::WAIT);
----
+
Prefer this:
+
[source,cpp]
----
abc::sendObj(this->_objForSize(getSize(myObj, 23)), SendOpts::WAIT);
----

* If you really need variables, then scope them to avoid "`leaking`"
  them:
+
[source,cpp]
----
doSomeStuff(123, &obj);

{
    const auto status = tryChange(obj);

    BT_CPPLOGD("New status: {}.", status);
    BT_ASSERT(status == Status::CONTINUE);
}

doMoreStuff(&obj);
----
+
This also means to either use a dedicated, named method/function or to
use `bt2c::call()` with an immediately invoked function expression
(lambda) to perform complex initialization of an ideally `const`
variable:
+
[source,cpp]
----
const auto size = bt2c::call([this] {
    auto& sender = this->_curSender();

    if (sender.strategy() == Strategy::ACK) {
        return sender.strategySize();
    } else if (sender.strategy() == Strategy::NACK) {
        return 0;
    }

    return _mDefSize;
});
----

* Always use `bt2c::call()` to call an immediately invoked function
  expression (see the previous point).

* If possible, initialize object members without a default value with
  the initializer list of a constructor, not in the constructor body.
+
If the initialization is complex, either use a dedicated, named
method/function or `bt2c::call()` with an immediately invoked function
expression (lambda):
+
[source,cpp]
----
MyObj::MyObj(const std::size_t size) :
    _mSize {size},
    _mOtherObj {bt2c::call([size] {
        /* Complex initialization here */
    })}
{
}
----

* Use `auto` when possible.
+
Use `auto&` instead of `const auto&` when you know that the type is
`const` anyway.
+
Don't use `auto *`.

* Use `const` as much as possible, even for pointers
  (`+const char * const+`) and numeric values (`const unsigned int`)
  which never need to change.

* Prefer the `pass:[MyObj myObj {...}]` initialization form over
  `pass:[auto myObj = MyObj {...}]`.

* Implement simple setters, getters, and one-liners in header files and
  everything else that's not a template in source files, including
  constructors.

* Make methods `const noexcept` or `const` as much as possible.

* Make constructors `explicit` unless you really need an implicit
  constructor (which is rare), including default constructors:
+
[source,cpp]
----
explicit Meow();
----

* Use `std::unique_ptr` to manage memory when possible.
+
However, use references (`+*my_unique_ptr+`) and raw pointers
(`+my_unique_ptr.get()+`) when not transferring ownership.

* Use `nullptr`, not `NULL` nor 0.

* Return by value (rvalue) instead of by output parameter (non-const
  lvalue reference), even complex objects, unless you can prove that the
  performance is improved when returning by parameter.

* For a function parameter or a return value of which the type needs to
  be a reference or pointer, use:
+
If the value is mandatory:::
    A reference.
If the value is optional:::
    A raw pointer.

* Don't use `+std::move()+` when you already have an rvalue, which
  means:
** Don't write `+return std::move(...);+` as this can interfere with
   RVO.
** Don't use `+std::move()+` with a function call
   (`+std::move(func())+`).

* For each possible move/copy constructor or assignment operator, do one
  of:
** Write a custom one.
** Mark it as defaulted (`default`)
** Mark it as deleted (`delete`).

* Use scoped enumerations (`+enum class+`).

* Mark classes known to be final with the `final` keyword.

* Use type aliases (`using`), not type definitions (`typedef`).

* In a `.cpp` file, use anonymous namespaces for local symbols instead
  of `static` or `inline`.

* Prefer a function in an anonymous namespace in a `.cpp` file over a
  private static method if it doesn't need private access to an object.

* Don't pollute the global namespace:
** Don't use `using namespace xyz` anywhere.
** Use only namespace aliases in source files (`.cpp`), trying to
   use them in the smallest possible scope (function, or even smaller).

* Return a structure with named members instead of a generic container
  such as `std::pair` or `std::tuple`.

* When a class inherits a base class with virtual methods, use the
  `override` keyword to mark overridden virtual methods, and do not use
  the `virtual` keyword again.

* Define overloaded operators only if their meaning is obvious,
  unsurprising, and consistent with the corresponding built-in
  operators.
+
For example, use `+|+` as a bitwise- or logical-or, not as a shell-style
pipe.

* Use RAII wrappers when managing system resources or interacting with
  C{nbsp}libraries.
+
In other words, don't rely on ``goto``s and error labels to clean up as
you would do in{nbsp}C.
+
Use the RAII, Luke.

* Throw an exception when there's an unexpected, exceptional condition,
  https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/exceptions#ctors-can-throw[including from
  a constructor], instead of returning a status code.

* Accept a by-value parameter and move it (when it's moveable) when you
  intend to copy it anyway.
+
You can do this with most STL containers.
+
Example:
+
[source,cpp]
----
void Obj::doSomething(std::string str)
{
    _mName = std::move(str);
    /* ... */
}
----

.`baby.hpp`
====
This example shows a {cpp} header which follows the {bt2} {cpp} coding
convention.

[source,cpp]
----
/*
 * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Harry Burnett <hburnett@reese.choco>
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 */

#ifndef BABELTRACE_BABY_HPP
#define BABELTRACE_BABY_HPP

#include <string>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>

namespace life {

class Toy;

/*
 * A baby is a little human.
 */
class Baby : public Human
{
    friend class Parent;

public:
    using Toys = std::unordered_set<Toy>;

    enum class Gender
    {
        MALE,
        FEMALE,
        OTHER,
    };

    explicit Baby() = default;
    explicit Baby(const Toys& toys);
    Baby(const Baby&) = delete;
    Baby(Baby&&) = delete;

protected:
    explicit Baby(Gender initialGender = Gender::OTHER);

public:
    ~Baby();
    Baby& operator=(const Baby&) = delete;
    Baby& operator=(Baby&&) = delete;

    /*
     * Eats `weight` grams of food.
     */
    void eat(unsigned long weight);

    /*
     * Sleeps for `duration` seconds.
     */
    void sleep(double duration);

    /*
     * Sets this baby's name to `name`.
     */
    void name(std::string name)
    {
        _mName = std::move(name);
    }

    /*
     * This baby's name.
     */
    const std::string& name() const noexcept
    {
        return _mName;
    }

protected:
    void _addTeeth(unsigned long index);
    void _grow(double size) override;

private:
    std::string _mName {"Paul"};
    Toys _mToys;
};

} /* namespace life */

#endif /* BABELTRACE_BABY_HPP */
----
====

== Python Usage

=== Formatting

All Python code must be formatted using the version of
https://github.com/psf/black[Black] specified in `dev-requirements.txt`.

All Python imports must be sorted using the version of
https://pycqa.github.io/isort/[isort] indicated in `dev-requirements.txt`.